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Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) Feb 2016Although post-activation potentiation (PAP) has been extensively examined following the completion of a conditioning activity (CA), the precise effects on subsequent... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Although post-activation potentiation (PAP) has been extensively examined following the completion of a conditioning activity (CA), the precise effects on subsequent jump, sprint, throw, and upper-body ballistic performances and the factors modulating these effects have yet to be determined. Moreover, weaker and stronger individuals seem to exhibit different PAP responses; however, how they respond to the different components of a strength-power-potentiation complex remains to be elucidated.
OBJECTIVES
This meta-analysis determined (1) the effect of performing a CA on subsequent jump, sprint, throw, and upper-body ballistic performances; (2) the influence of different types of CA, squat depths during the CA, rest intervals, volumes of CA, and loads during the CA on PAP; and (3) how individuals of different strength levels respond to these various strength-power-potentiation complex components.
METHODS
A computerized search was conducted in ADONIS, ERIC, SPORTDiscus, EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, and PubMed databases up to March 2015. The analysis comprised 47 studies and 135 groups of participants for a total of 1954 participants.
RESULTS
The PAP effect is small for jump (effect size [ES] = 0.29), throw (ES = 0.26), and upper-body ballistic (ES = 0.23) performance activities, and moderate for sprint (ES = 0.51) performance activity. A larger PAP effect is observed among stronger individuals and those with more experience in resistance training. Plyometric (ES = 0.47) CAs induce a slightly larger PAP effect than traditional high-intensity (ES = 0.41), traditional moderate-intensity (ES = 0.19), and maximal isometric (ES = -0.09) CAs, and a greater effect after shallower (ES = 0.58) versus deeper (ES = 0.25) squat CAs, longer (ES = 0.44 and 0.49) versus shorter (ES = 0.17) recovery intervals, multiple- (ES = 0.69) versus single- (ES = 0.24) set CAs, and repetition maximum (RM) (ES = 0.51) versus sub-maximal (ES = 0.34) loads during the CA. It is noteworthy that a greater PAP effect can be realized earlier after a plyometric CA than with traditional high- and moderate-intensity CAs. Additionally, shorter recovery intervals, single-set CAs, and RM CAs are more effective at inducing PAP in stronger individuals, while weaker individuals respond better to longer recovery intervals, multiple-set CAs, and sub-maximal CAs. Finally, both weaker and stronger individuals express greater PAP after shallower squat CAs.
CONCLUSIONS
Performing a CA elicits small PAP effects for jump, throw, and upper-body ballistic performance activities, and a moderate effect for sprint performance activity. The level of potentiation is dependent on the individual's level of strength and resistance training experience, the type of CA, the depth of the squat when this exercise is employed to elicit PAP, the rest period between the CA and subsequent performance, the number of set(s) of the CA, and the type of load used during the CA. Finally, some components of the strength-power-potentiation complex modulate the PAP response of weaker and stronger individuals in a different way.
Topics: Athletic Performance; Exercise; Humans; Isometric Contraction; Muscle Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Physical Conditioning, Human; Plyometric Exercise; Publication Bias; Resistance Training; Rest
PubMed: 26508319
DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0415-7 -
Journal of Anatomy Jan 2019The moment arm of a muscle represents its leverage or torque-producing capacity, and is indicative of the role of the muscle in joint actuation. The objective of this...
The moment arm of a muscle represents its leverage or torque-producing capacity, and is indicative of the role of the muscle in joint actuation. The objective of this study was to undertake a systematic review of the moment arms of the major muscles spanning the glenohumeral joint during abduction, flexion and axial rotation. Moment arm data for the deltoid, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis and teres minor were reported when measured using the geometric and tendon excursion methods. The anterior and middle sub-regions of the deltoid had the largest humeral elevator moment arm values of all muscles during coronal- and scapular-plane abduction, as well as during flexion. The pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi and teres major had the largest depressor moment arms, with each of these muscles exhibiting prominent leverage in shoulder adduction, and the latissimus dorsi and teres major also in extension. The rotator cuff muscles had the largest axial rotation moment arms regardless of the axial position of the humerus. The supraspinatus had the most prominent elevator moment arms during early abduction in both the coronal and scapular planes as well as in flexion. This systematic review shows that the rotator cuff muscles function as humeral rotators and weak humeral depressors or elevators, while the three sub-regions of the deltoid behave as substantial humeral elevators throughout the range of humeral motion. The pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi and teres major are significant shoulder depressors, particularly during abduction. This study provides muscle moment arm data on functionally relevant shoulder movements that are involved in tasks of daily living, including lifting and pushing. The results may be useful in quantifying shoulder muscle function during specific planes of movement, in designing and validating computational models of the shoulder, and in planning surgical procedures such as tendon transfer surgery.
Topics: Arm; Biomechanical Phenomena; Humans; Movement; Muscle, Skeletal; Range of Motion, Articular; Shoulder Joint
PubMed: 30411350
DOI: 10.1111/joa.12903 -
Effects of Evening Exercise on Sleep in Healthy Participants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) Feb 2019Current recommendations advise against exercising in the evening because of potential adverse effects on sleep. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Current recommendations advise against exercising in the evening because of potential adverse effects on sleep.
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the extent to which evening exercise affects sleep and whether variables such as exercise intensity or duration modify the response.
METHODS
A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Cochrane, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL databases. Studies evaluating sleep after a single session of evening physical exercise compared to a no-exercise control in healthy adults were included. All analyses are based on random effect models.
RESULTS
The search yielded 11,717 references, of which 23 were included. Compared to control, evening exercise significantly increased rapid eye movement latency (+ 7.7 min; p = 0.032) and slow-wave sleep (+ 1.3 percentage points [pp]; p = 0.041), while it decreased stage 1 sleep (- 0.9 pp; p = 0.001). Moderator analyses revealed that a higher temperature at bedtime was associated with lower sleep efficiency (SE) (b = - 11.6 pp; p = 0.020) and more wake after sleep onset (WASO; b = + 37.6 min; p = 0.0495). A higher level of physical stress (exercise intensity relative to baseline physical activity) was associated with lower SE (- 3.2 pp; p = 0.036) and more WASO (+ 21.9 min; p = 0.044). Compared to cycling, running was associated with less WASO (- 12.7 min; p = 0.037). All significant moderating effects disappeared after removal of one study.
CONCLUSION
Overall, the studies reviewed here do not support the hypothesis that evening exercise negatively affects sleep, in fact rather the opposite. However, sleep-onset latency, total sleep time, and SE might be impaired after vigorous exercise ending ≤ 1 h before bedtime.
Topics: Exercise; Humans; Sleep; Time Factors
PubMed: 30374942
DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-1015-0 -
Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) Mar 2023The current literature on the chronic effects of static stretching (SS) exercises on muscle strength and power is unclear and controversial. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Chronic Effects of Static Stretching Exercises on Muscle Strength and Power in Healthy Individuals Across the Lifespan: A Systematic Review with Multi-level Meta-analysis.
BACKGROUND
The current literature on the chronic effects of static stretching (SS) exercises on muscle strength and power is unclear and controversial.
OBJECTIVE
We aimed to examine the chronic effects of SS exercises on muscle strength and power as well as flexibility in healthy individuals across the lifespan.
DESIGN
Systematic review with meta-analysis of (randomized) controlled trials.
DATA SOURCES
A systematic literature search was conducted in the databases PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and SPORTDiscus up to May 2022.
ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES
We included studies that investigated the chronic effects of SS exercises on at least one muscle strength and power outcome compared to an active/passive control group or the contralateral leg (i.e., using between- or within-study designs, respectively) in healthy individuals, irrespective of age, sex, and training status.
RESULTS
The main findings of 41 studies indicated trivial-to-small positive effects of chronic SS exercises on muscle strength (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.21, [95% confidence interval 0.10-0.32], p = 0.001) and power (SMD = 0.19, 95% confidence interval 0.12-0.26], p < 0.001). For flexibility, moderate-to-large increases were observed (SMD = 0.96, [95% confidence interval 0.70-1.22], p < 0.001). Subgroup analyses, taking the participants' training status into account, revealed a larger muscle strength improvement for sedentary (SMD = 0.58, p < 0.001) compared with recreationally active participants (SMD = 0.16, p = 0.029). Additionally, larger flexibility gains were observed following passive (SMD = 0.97, p < 0.001) compared with active SS exercises (SMD = 0.59, p = 0.001). The chronic effects of SS on muscle strength were moderated by the proportion of female individuals in the sample (β = 0.004, p = 0.042), with higher proportions experiencing larger gains. Other moderating variables included mean age (β = 0.011, p < 0.001), with older individuals showing larger muscle strength gains, and the number of repetitions per stretching exercise and session (β = 0.023, p = 0.004 and β = 0.013, p = 0.008, respectively), with more repetitions associated with larger muscle strength improvements. Muscle power was also moderated by mean age (β = 0.006, p = 0.007) with larger gains in older individuals. The meta-regression analysis indicated larger flexibility gains with more repetitions per session (β = 0.094, p = 0.016), more time under stretching per session (β = 0.090, p = 0.026), and more total time under stretching (β = 0.078, p = 0.034).
CONCLUSIONS
The main findings indicated that chronic SS exercises have the potential to improve muscle strength and power. Such improvements appear to benefit sedentary more than recreationally active participants. Likewise, chronic SS exercises result in a marked enhancement in flexibility with larger effects of passive, as compared with active, SS. The results of the meta-regression analysis for muscle strength indicated larger benefits of chronic SS exercises in samples with higher proportions of female, older participants, and a higher number of repetitions per stretching exercise and session. For muscle power, results suggested larger gains for older participants. Regarding flexibility, findings indicated larger benefits following a higher number of repetitions per exercise and a longer time under stretching per session as well as a longer total time under stretching.
Topics: Humans; Female; Aged; Muscle Stretching Exercises; Longevity; Muscle Strength; Resistance Training
PubMed: 36719536
DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01806-9 -
Journal of Sports Science & Medicine Sep 2021Although it is well known that both stretching and foam rolling can acutely increase the range of motion (ROM) and affect performance, the effects of a combined... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Although it is well known that both stretching and foam rolling can acutely increase the range of motion (ROM) and affect performance, the effects of a combined treatment (foam rolling and stretching) are not yet clear. Hence, the purpose of this meta-analysis was to compare the combined effect to that of stretching or foam rolling alone on both ROM and performance. We assessed the effect of a combined treatment on ROM and compared it to the effect of stretching, foam rolling, and a control condition by applying a random-effect meta-analysis. We also applied the same model to compare the effect of the combined treatment on performance. Moreover, by applying a mixed-effect model, we performed subgroup analyses with the stretching technique, type of foam rolling, tested muscles, type of task, and the order of the combined treatment. We found a significant overall effect on ROM change when comparing the combined treatment with the control condition (effect size (ES) = -0.332); however, no significant effect was found when comparing it to stretching (ES = 0.032) or foam rolling alone (ES = -0.225). The meta-analysis revealed no significant overall effect on performance when the combined treatment was compared to stretching alone (ES = -0.029). However, the subgroup analysis for performance revealed a superior effect for the combined treatment compared to stretching alone, but only if foam rolling was followed by stretching (ES = -0.17), and not vice versa. Athletes do not have to combine stretching with foam rolling since no additional effect was observed. However, to increase performance, the combination of foam rolling followed by stretching can lead to greater improvements.
Topics: Adult; Athletic Performance; Female; Humans; Male; Muscle Stretching Exercises; Muscle, Skeletal; Physical Functional Performance; Range of Motion, Articular; Sports Equipment; Warm-Up Exercise; Young Adult
PubMed: 34267594
DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.535 -
Journal of Strength and Conditioning... Aug 2016Balsalobre-Fernández, C, Santos-Concejero, J, and Grivas, GV. Effects of strength training on running economy in highly trained runners: a systematic review with... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Balsalobre-Fernández, C, Santos-Concejero, J, and Grivas, GV. Effects of strength training on running economy in highly trained runners: a systematic review with meta-analysis of controlled trials. J Strength Cond Res 30(8): 2361-2368, 2016-The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials to determine the effect of strength training programs on the running economy (RE) of high-level middle- and long-distance runners. Four electronic databases were searched in September 2015 (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE, and CINAHL) for original research articles. After analyzing 699 resultant original articles, studies were included if the following criteria were met: (a) participants were competitive middle- or long-distance runners; (b) participants had a V[Combining Dot Above]O2max >60 ml·kg·min; (c) studies were controlled trials published in peer-reviewed journals; (d) studies analyzed the effects of strength training programs with a duration greater than 4 weeks; and (e) RE was measured before and after the strength training intervention. Five studies met the inclusion criteria, resulting in a total sample size of 93 competitive, high-level middle- and long-distance runners. Four of the 5 included studies used low to moderate training intensities (40-70% one repetition maximum), and all of them used low to moderate training volume (2-4 resistance lower-body exercises plus up to 200 jumps and 5-10 short sprints) 2-3 times per week for 8-12 weeks. The meta-analyzed effect of strength training programs on RE in high-level middle- and long-distance runners showed a large, beneficial effect (standardized mean difference [95% confidence interval] = -1.42 [-2.23 to -0.60]). In conclusion, a strength training program including low to high intensity resistance exercises and plyometric exercises performed 2-3 times per week for 8-12 weeks is an appropriate strategy to improve RE in highly trained middle- and long-distance runners.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Energy Metabolism; Female; Humans; Male; Plyometric Exercise; Resistance Training; Running; Young Adult
PubMed: 26694507
DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001316 -
Physical Therapy in Sport : Official... Mar 20231) determine the primary impairment addressed by each exercise included in exercise-based rehabilitation programs for patients with an acute ankle sprain; 2) Determine... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
1) determine the primary impairment addressed by each exercise included in exercise-based rehabilitation programs for patients with an acute ankle sprain; 2) Determine whether prescribed exercises incorporate complex tasks associated with ankle sprain injury mechanisms?
METHODS
We searched databases CINAHL, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials, PEDro, Google Scholar for RCT's including patients with acute ankle sprains, managed through exercise-based rehabilitation. Risk of bias was assessed by the Risk of Bias 2 tool. Exercises were analysed based on: the primary impairment(s) addressed; direction of movement; base of support; weightbearing status; flight phase. (PROSPERO: CRD42020210858) RESULTS: We included fourteen RCT's comprising 177 exercises. Neuromuscular function was addressed in 44% of exercises, followed by performance tasks (23%), and muscle strengthening (20%). Exercises were limited to movements across the sagittal plane (48%), with 31% incorporating multiplanar movements. Weight bearing exercises were almost divided equally between single-limb (59/122) and double leg stance exercises (61/122). Eighteen percent of all exercises incorporated a flight phase.
CONCLUSIONS
Rehabilitation after LAS comprises simple exercises in the sagittal plane that do not reflect mechanisms of re-injury. Future interventions should incorporate more open chain joint position sense training, multiplanar single limb challenges, and jumping and landing exercises.
Topics: Humans; Reinjuries; Ankle Injuries; Exercise Therapy; Exercise; Sprains and Strains; Ankle Joint
PubMed: 36716507
DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2023.01.008 -
Physical Therapy Jan 2018Researchers recently investigated the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) in helping children with cerebral palsy (CP) to improve motor function. A systematic review... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Researchers recently investigated the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) in helping children with cerebral palsy (CP) to improve motor function. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using a meta-analytic method to examine the effectiveness of VR in children with CP was thus needed.
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to update the current evidence about VR by systematically examining the research literature.
DATA SOURCES
A systematic literature search of PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, ERIC, PsycINFO, and Web of Science up to December 2016 was conducted.
STUDY SELECTION
Studies with an RCT design, children with CP, comparisons of VR with other interventions, and movement-related outcomes were included.
DATA EXTRACTION
A template was created to systematically code the demographic, methodological, and miscellaneous variables of each RCT. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale was used to evaluate the study quality. Effect size was computed and combined using meta-analysis software. Moderator analyses were also used to explain the heterogeneity of the effect sizes in all RCTs.
DATA SYNTHESIS
. The literature search yielded 19 RCT studies with fair to good methodological quality. Overall, VR provided a large effect size ( = 0.861) when compared with other interventions. A large effect of VR on arm function ( = 0.835) and postural control ( = 1.003) and a medium effect on ambulation ( = 0.755) were also found. Only the VR type affected the overall VR effect: an engineer-built system was more effective than a commercial system.
LIMITATIONS
The RCTs included in this study were of fair to good quality, had a high level of heterogeneity and small sample sizes, and used various intervention protocols.
CONCLUSIONS
Then compared with other interventions, VR seems to be an effective intervention for improving motor function in children with CP.
Topics: Adolescent; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Movement; Postural Balance; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Treatment Outcome; Virtual Reality; Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
PubMed: 29088476
DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzx107 -
Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) Jan 2021Cold-water immersion (CWI) is one of the main recovery methods used in sports, and is commonly utilized as a means to expedite the recovery of performance during periods... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Cold-water immersion (CWI) is one of the main recovery methods used in sports, and is commonly utilized as a means to expedite the recovery of performance during periods of exercise training. In recent decades, there have been indications that regular CWI use is potentially harmful to resistance training adaptations, and, conversely, potentially beneficial to endurance training adaptations. The current meta-analysis was conducted to assess the effects of the regular CWI use during exercise training on resistance (i.e., strength) and endurance (i.e., aerobic exercise) performance alterations.
METHODS
A computerized literature search was conducted, ending on November 25, 2019. The databases searched were MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and SPORTDiscus. The selected studies investigated the effects of chronic CWI interventions associated with resistance and endurance training sessions on exercise performance improvements. The criteria for inclusion of studies were: (1) being a controlled investigation; (2) conducted with humans; (3) CWI performed at ≤ 15 °C; (4) being associated with a regular training program; and (5) having performed baseline and post-training assessments.
RESULTS
Eight articles were included before the review process. A harmful effect of CWI associated with resistance training was verified for one-repetition maximum, maximum isometric strength, and strength endurance performance (overall standardized mean difference [SMD] = - 0.60; Confidence interval of 95% [CI95%] = - 0.87, - 0.33; p < 0.0001), as well as for Ballistic efforts performance (overall SMD = - 0.61; CI95% = - 1.11, - 0.11; p = 0.02). On the other hand, selected studies verified no effect of CWI associated with endurance training on time-trial (mean power), maximal aerobic power in graded exercise test performance (overall SMD = - 0.07; CI95% = - 0.54, 0.53; p = 0.71), or time-trial performance (duration) (overall SMD = 0.00; CI95% = - 0.58, 0.58; p = 1.00).
CONCLUSIONS
The regular use of CWI associated with exercise programs has a deleterious effect on resistance training adaptations but does not appear to affect aerobic exercise performance.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
PROSPERO CRD42018098898.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Cold Temperature; Exercise; Humans; Immersion; Resistance Training; Water
PubMed: 33146851
DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01362-0 -
Journal of Manipulative and... Jun 2022The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the reliability and, where possible, the validity of cervicocephalic proprioceptive (CCP) tests in healthy adults... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the reliability and, where possible, the validity of cervicocephalic proprioceptive (CCP) tests in healthy adults and clinical populations.
METHODS
A systematic search, utilizing 7 databases from the earliest possible date to April 14, 2021, identified studies that measured reliability of CCP tests. Studies were screened for eligibility, and included studies were appraised using Quality Appraisal Tool for Studies of Diagnostic Reliability (QAREL) and Quality Assessment and Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 Tool (QUADAS-2) tools. Validity outcomes were assessed for included studies.
RESULTS
Of 34 included studies, 29 investigated reliability for sense of position tests, 10 involved sense of movement tests, and 1 used a sense of force test. The head to neutral test was reliable and valid when 6 or more repetitions were performed within the test, discriminating between those with and without neck pain. Head tracking tests were reliable with 6 repetitions, and 1 study found discriminative validity in a whiplash population. Studies that found discriminative validity in sense of position reported mean joint position error generally >4.5° in the neck pain group and <4.5° in the asymptomatic group. No sense of force test was applied to a clinical population. Convergent validity analysis showed that these proprioceptive tests have low correlations with each other.
CONCLUSION
The reliability and validity of CCP tests for sense of position and movement are dependent upon equipment and repetitions. Six repetitions are generally required for good reliability, and joint position error >4.5° is likely to indicate impairment in sense of position.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Neck Pain; Reproducibility of Results; Proprioception; Movement; Whiplash Injuries
PubMed: 36270904
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2022.08.005