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Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2022This article introduces a systematic review on arousal classification based on electrodermal activity (EDA) and machine learning (ML). From a first set of 284 articles... (Review)
Review
This article introduces a systematic review on arousal classification based on electrodermal activity (EDA) and machine learning (ML). From a first set of 284 articles searched for in six scientific databases, fifty-nine were finally selected according to various criteria established. The systematic review has made it possible to analyse all the steps to which the EDA signals are subjected: acquisition, pre-processing, processing and feature extraction. Finally, all ML techniques applied to the features of these signals for arousal classification have been studied. It has been found that support vector machines and artificial neural networks stand out within the supervised learning methods given their high-performance values. In contrast, it has been shown that unsupervised learning is not present in the detection of arousal through EDA. This systematic review concludes that the use of EDA for the detection of arousal is widely spread, with particularly good results in classification with the ML methods found.
Topics: Galvanic Skin Response; Machine Learning; Arousal; Neural Networks, Computer; Support Vector Machine
PubMed: 36433482
DOI: 10.3390/s22228886 -
Behaviour Research and Therapy Oct 2022This systematic review and meta-analysis examines the effect of Cognitive Bias Modification for attention (CBM-A) and interpretation (CBM-I) on reducing the targeted... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
This systematic review and meta-analysis examines the effect of Cognitive Bias Modification for attention (CBM-A) and interpretation (CBM-I) on reducing the targeted biases and investigates moderators of each approach. PsycINFO, PsychArticles, and PubMED databases were searched for randomized-controlled studies published before March 2020 with pre- and post-CBM cognitive bias outcome measures, resulting in 91 CBM-A (n = 5914 individuals) and 70 CBM-I samples (n = 4802 individuals). Random-effects models and Hedge's g calculation showed significant medium overall effects of bias reduction with moderate to high heterogeneity (CBM-A g = 0.49 [0.36, 0.64], I = 85.19%; CBM-I g = 0.58 [0.48, 0.68], I = 70.92%). Effect sizes did not differ between approaches and remained significant after trim-and-fill adjustment for possible publication bias. Moderator variables were investigated with meta-regression and subgroup analyses. Participant age, symptom type, control condition and number of trials moderated CBM-A; student and clinical status moderated CBM-I effect size. Results support attention and interpretation modification in controlled laboratory and variable (online) training settings for non-clinical and clinical samples across various symptom types (anxiety, depression, substance use, eating disorders). Further empirical evidence is necessary to determine optimal sample and methodological combinations most strongly associated with adaptive behavioral outcomes.
Topics: Anxiety Disorders; Attentional Bias; Bias; Cognition; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Humans
PubMed: 36037642
DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2022.104180 -
F1000Research 2022. Bruxism is a topic of much controversy and is continually debated in the field of dentistry due to the multifaceted clinical relationship that results in painful...
. Bruxism is a topic of much controversy and is continually debated in the field of dentistry due to the multifaceted clinical relationship that results in painful conditions and consequences to patients. The aim of this review was to determine the effectiveness of a smartphones app in monitoring awake bruxism. PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42021271190). The eligibility criteria were as followed: observational studies, case-control studies, studies that reported odds ratios, and studies on awake bruxism. The following keywords were searched: [smartphones apps] AND [apps] AND [awake bruxism], OR [sleep bruxism], OR [sleep hygiene], OR [parasomnias], AND [habits]. . All the included studies found that the use of the smartphone app allows controlled awake bruxism monitoring. The results also show that the slepp bruxism and awake bruxism are interactive, having negative synergism and substantially increasing the risks of temporomandibular joint pain and temporomandibular disorders. . In the awake bruxims it was possible to identify 70% symptoms through the different frequencies of behavior provided by the App, within the present technological tools have become daily in young and adult population. The app is effective and easy to use by patients, effectively limiting biases the time of evaluation.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Mobile Applications; Wakefulness; Sleep Bruxism; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders; Habits
PubMed: 36606116
DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.110673.2 -
Neurosurgical Review Dec 2022Augmented and virtual reality (AR, VR) are becoming promising tools in neurosurgery. AR and VR can reduce challenges associated with conventional approaches via the... (Review)
Review
Augmented and virtual reality (AR, VR) are becoming promising tools in neurosurgery. AR and VR can reduce challenges associated with conventional approaches via the simulation and mimicry of specific environments of choice for surgeons. Awake craniotomy (AC) enables the resection of lesions from eloquent brain areas while monitoring higher cortical and subcortical functions. Evidence suggests that both surgeons and patients benefit from the various applications of AR and VR in AC. This paper investigates the application of AR and VR in AC and assesses its prospective utility in neurosurgery. A systematic review of the literature was performed using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Our search results yielded 220 articles. A total of six articles consisting of 118 patients have been included in this review. VR was used in four papers, and the other two used AR. Tumour was the most common pathology in 108 patients, followed by vascular lesions in eight patients. VR was used for intraoperative mapping of language, vision, and social cognition, while AR was incorporated in preoperative training of white matter dissection and intraoperative visualisation and navigation. Overall, patients and surgeons were satisfied with the applications of AR and VR in their cases. AR and VR can be safely incorporated during AC to supplement, augment, or even replace conventional approaches in neurosurgery. Future investigations are required to assess the feasibility of AR and VR in various phases of AC.
Topics: Humans; Wakefulness; Augmented Reality; Virtual Reality; Craniotomy; Neurosurgical Procedures
PubMed: 36529827
DOI: 10.1007/s10143-022-01929-7 -
PloS One 2016Awake craniotomy (AC) renders an expanded role in functional neurosurgery. Yet, evidence for optimal anaesthesia management remains limited. We aimed to summarise the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Awake craniotomy (AC) renders an expanded role in functional neurosurgery. Yet, evidence for optimal anaesthesia management remains limited. We aimed to summarise the latest clinical evidence of AC anaesthesia management and explore the relationship of AC failures on the used anaesthesia techniques.
METHODS
Two authors performed independently a systematic search of English articles in PubMed and EMBASE database 1/2007-12/2015. Search included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), observational trials, and case reports (n>4 cases), which reported anaesthetic approach for AC and at least one of our pre-specified outcomes: intraoperative seizures, hypoxia, arterial hypertension, nausea and vomiting, neurological dysfunction, conversion into general anaesthesia and failure of AC. Random effects meta-analysis was used to estimate event rates for four outcomes. Relationship with anaesthesia technique was explored using logistic meta-regression, calculating the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals [95%CI].
RESULTS
We have included forty-seven studies. Eighteen reported asleep-awake-asleep technique (SAS), twenty-seven monitored anaesthesia care (MAC), one reported both and one used the awake-awake-awake technique (AAA). Proportions of AC failures, intraoperative seizures, new neurological dysfunction and conversion into general anaesthesia (GA) were 2% [95%CI:1-3], 8% [95%CI:6-11], 17% [95%CI:12-23] and 2% [95%CI:2-3], respectively. Meta-regression of SAS and MAC technique did not reveal any relevant differences between outcomes explained by the technique, except for conversion into GA. Estimated OR comparing SAS to MAC for AC failures was 0.98 [95%CI:0.36-2.69], 1.01 [95%CI:0.52-1.88] for seizures, 1.66 [95%CI:1.35-3.70] for new neurological dysfunction and 2.17 [95%CI:1.22-3.85] for conversion into GA. The latter result has to be interpreted cautiously. It is based on one retrospective high-risk of bias study and significance was abolished in a sensitivity analysis of only prospectively conducted studies.
CONCLUSION
SAS and MAC techniques were feasible and safe, whereas data for AAA technique are limited. Large RCTs are required to prove superiority of one anaesthetic regime for AC.
Topics: Anesthesia; Craniotomy; Female; Humans; Male; Wakefulness
PubMed: 27228013
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156448 -
Journal of Affective Disorders Mar 2023Cognitive models of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) implicate heightened attention allocation to stimuli related to one's obsessions in the disorder. Recently, to... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
INTRODUCTION
Cognitive models of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) implicate heightened attention allocation to stimuli related to one's obsessions in the disorder. Recently, to overcome several limitations of reaction time-based measures, eye-tracking methodology has been increasingly used in attentional research.
METHODS
A meta-analysis of studies examining attention allocation towards OCD-related vs. neutral stimuli, using eye-tracking methodology and a group-comparison design, was conducted conforming to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Separate meta-analyses were performed for attentional vigilance (both latency and location of first fixations) and maintenance (total dwell time and total fixation count, conjointly). Each meta-analysis was conducted twice - once including all studies (main analysis) and once only including studies using the free-viewing paradigm (secondary analysis).
RESULTS
The systematic search yielded a total of nine studies. Of those, eight provided the needed data to be included in the meta-analysis. No evidence emerged for vigilance via latency to first fixation. Vigilance reflected via first fixation location emerged in the main analysis, but not in the secondary one. Evidence for attentional maintenance was found only when analyzing free-viewing studies exclusively (the secondary analysis).
LIMITATIONS
To increase the accuracy of the research question, correlational studies were excluded, resulting in a small number of available studies.
CONCLUSIONS
OCD may be characterized by vigilance, but mainly in tasks entailing specific demands and/or goals. Conversely, attentional maintenance may be evident only when using tasks that pose no requirements or demands for participants.
Topics: Humans; Eye-Tracking Technology; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; Attention; Reaction Time; Wakefulness
PubMed: 36610593
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.141 -
Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology.... Aug 2015To understand how reading can be disrupted in patients with good acuity, it is important to realize the complexities that underlie this task, which normally seems so... (Review)
Review
To understand how reading can be disrupted in patients with good acuity, it is important to realize the complexities that underlie this task, which normally seems so effortless. The process of reading is an interplay among vision, eye movements, attention, and linguistic processing, and impairments in any of these functions can result in reduced reading efficiency. The goal of this review is to provide a systematic review of these functions that can help clinicians generate a logical and useful differential diagnosis of impaired reading in the patient with 20/20 vision.
Topics: Attention; Dyslexia, Acquired; Eye Movements; Humans; Linguistics; Reading; Vision, Ocular; Visual Acuity; Visual Fields
PubMed: 26257217
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2015.05.013 -
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Aug 2022Subitizing is the fast and accurate enumeration of small sets. Whether attention is necessary for subitizing remains controversial considering (1) subitizing is claimed... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Subitizing is the fast and accurate enumeration of small sets. Whether attention is necessary for subitizing remains controversial considering (1) subitizing is claimed to be "pre-attentive", and (2) existing experimental methods and results are inconsistent. To determine whether manipulations to attention demonstratively affect subitizing, the current study comprises a systematic review and meta-analysis. Results from fourteen studies (22 experiments, 35 comparisons) suggest that changes to attentional demands interferes with enumeration of small sets; leading to slower response times, lower accuracy, and poorer Weber acuity (p < .010; p < .001; p < .001; respectively)-notwithstanding a potential publication bias. A unifying framework is proposed to explain the role of attention in visual enumeration, with progressively greater attentional involvement from estimation to subitizing to counting. Our findings suggest attention is integral for subitizing and highlights the need to emphasise attentional mechanisms into neurocognitive models of numerosity processing. We also discuss the possible role of attention in numerical processing difficulties (e.g., dyscalculia).
Topics: Attention; Humans; Mathematics; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Reaction Time
PubMed: 35772633
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104753 -
Sleep Medicine Clinics Dec 2023This scoping review aimed to synthesize evidence on sleep disturbances in female shift workers. The update Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and... (Review)
Review
This scoping review aimed to synthesize evidence on sleep disturbances in female shift workers. The update Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews was used. Twelve studies were included, four of which used actigraphy to assess sleep duration, efficiency, and latency. Seven studies evaluated the quality of sleep and three verified the sleepiness of women. This review adds to the body of evidence as the findings are homogeneous and allow a robust conclusion, suggesting that night shift work may be a potential factor for adverse effects on sleep of female shift workers.
Topics: Humans; Female; Shift Work Schedule; Sleep; Sleep Wake Disorders; Wakefulness; Actigraphy
PubMed: 38501525
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2023.06.016 -
Archives of Sexual Behavior Feb 2023Many reviews on sexual arousal in humans focus on different brain imaging methods and behavioral observations. Although neurotransmission in the brain is mainly... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Many reviews on sexual arousal in humans focus on different brain imaging methods and behavioral observations. Although neurotransmission in the brain is mainly performed through electrochemical signals, there are no systematic reviews of the electrophysiological correlates of sexual arousal. We performed a systematic search on this subject and reviewed 255 studies including various electrophysiological methods. Our results show how neuroelectric signals have been used to investigate genital somatotopy as well as basic genital physiology during sexual arousal and how cortical electric signals have been recorded during orgasm. Moreover, experiments on the interactions of cognition and sexual arousal in healthy subjects and in individuals with abnormal sexual preferences were analyzed as well as case studies on sexual disturbances associated with diseases of the nervous system. In addition, 25 studies focusing on brain potentials during the interaction of cognition and sexual arousal were eligible for meta-analysis. The results showed significant effect sizes for specific brain potentials during sexual stimulation (P3: Cohen's d = 1.82, N = 300, LPP: Cohen's d = 2.30, N = 510) with high heterogeneity between the combined studies. Taken together, our review shows how neuroelectric methods can consistently differentiate sexual arousal from other emotional states.
Topics: Humans; Brain; Emotions; Orgasm; Sexual Behavior; Sexuality
PubMed: 32016814
DOI: 10.1007/s10508-019-01547-3