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The Journal of Antibiotics Sep 2020Ivermectin proposes many potentials effects to treat a range of diseases, with its antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-cancer properties as a wonder drug. It is highly...
Ivermectin proposes many potentials effects to treat a range of diseases, with its antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-cancer properties as a wonder drug. It is highly effective against many microorganisms including some viruses. In this comprehensive systematic review, antiviral effects of ivermectin are summarized including in vitro and in vivo studies over the past 50 years. Several studies reported antiviral effects of ivermectin on RNA viruses such as Zika, dengue, yellow fever, West Nile, Hendra, Newcastle, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, chikungunya, Semliki Forest, Sindbis, Avian influenza A, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome, Human immunodeficiency virus type 1, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Furthermore, there are some studies showing antiviral effects of ivermectin against DNA viruses such as Equine herpes type 1, BK polyomavirus, pseudorabies, porcine circovirus 2, and bovine herpesvirus 1. Ivermectin plays a role in several biological mechanisms, therefore it could serve as a potential candidate in the treatment of a wide range of viruses including COVID-19 as well as other types of positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. In vivo studies of animal models revealed a broad range of antiviral effects of ivermectin, however, clinical trials are necessary to appraise the potential efficacy of ivermectin in clinical setting.
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; Betacoronavirus; Cell Line; DNA Viruses; Disease Models, Animal; Global Health; Humans; Ivermectin; Molecular Structure; RNA Viruses; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 32533071
DOI: 10.1038/s41429-020-0336-z -
Cytokine Dec 2016It has been demonstrated that IL-2 plays a dual role in induction/suppression of immune responses via activation of conventional and regulatory T lymphocytes,... (Review)
Review
It has been demonstrated that IL-2 plays a dual role in induction/suppression of immune responses via activation of conventional and regulatory T lymphocytes, respectively. IL-2 contacts complete IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) which contains CD25 (α chain) on the antigen specific activated T helper and cytotoxic lymphocytes and also T regulatory cells. Additionally, previous investigations revealed that polyoma BK virus (PBK) reactivation and induction of PBK associated nephropathy (PBKAN) is a main complication following renal transplantation. Based on the important dual roles played by IL-2 in the immune responses, it may be hypothesized that IL-2/IL-2R interaction could be considered a potential mechanism against/toward PBK reactivation and also PBKAN. Accordingly, the aim of the current review article is to determine the roles of IL-2 IL-2/IL-2R interaction in PBK reactivation and PBKAN complications.
Topics: Animals; BK Virus; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Humans; Interleukin-2; Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit; Kidney Diseases; Polyomavirus Infections; Receptors, Interleukin-2; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory; Tumor Virus Infections
PubMed: 27718431
DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.09.023 -
Frontiers in Medicine 2022Autoinflammatory diseases (AID) are rare diseases presenting with episodes of sterile inflammation. These involve multiple organs and can cause both acute organ damage...
INTRODUCTION
Autoinflammatory diseases (AID) are rare diseases presenting with episodes of sterile inflammation. These involve multiple organs and can cause both acute organ damage and serious long-term effects, like amyloidosis. Disease-specific anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategies are established for some AID. However, their clinical course frequently includes relapsing, uncontrolled conditions. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches are needed. Janus Kinase inhibitors (JAKi) block key cytokines of AID pathogenesis and can be a potential option.
METHODS
A systematic review of the literature in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines was conducted. Three databases (MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) were searched for publications regarding the use of JAKi for AID. Data from the included publications was extracted and a narrative synthesis was performed. Criteria for defining treatment response were defined and applied.
RESULTS
We report data from 38 publications with a total of 101 patients describing the effects of JAKi in AID. Data on Type I Interferonopathies, Adult-Onset Still's Disease (AOSD), Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (sJIA), Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF), and Behçet's Syndrome (BS) was identified. From a total of 52 patients with type I interferonopathies, in seven patients (7/52, 13.5%) a complete response was achieved, most (35/52, 67.3%) showed a partial response and a minority (10/52, 19.2%) showed no treatment response. For AOSD, a complete or a partial response was achieved by eleven (11/26, 42.3%) patients each. Two sJIA patients achieved complete response (2/4, 50%) and in two cases (2/4, 50%) a partial response was reported. Half of FMF patients showed a complete response and the other half had a partial one (3/6, 50.0%). Amongst BS patients most achieved a partial response (8/13, 61.5%). Five patients showed no response to therapy (5/13, 38.5%). Overall, the most frequent AEs were upper respiratory tract infections (17), pneumonia (10), BK virus viremia (10) and viruria (4), herpes zoster infection (5), viral gastroenteritis (2) and other infections (4).
CONCLUSION
The results from this systematic review show that JAKi can be beneficial in certain AID. The risk of AEs, especially viral infections, should be considered. To accurately assess the risk benefit ratio of JAKi for AID, clinical trials should be conducted.
PubMed: 35833101
DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.930071 -
Clinical Transplantation Nov 2023BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis (BKV-HC) is an intractable complication leading to higher mortality and prolonged hospitalization among allogeneic hematopoietic... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE AND BACKGROUND
BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis (BKV-HC) is an intractable complication leading to higher mortality and prolonged hospitalization among allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT) recipients. Therefore, identifying the potential risk factors of BKV-HC after allo-HCT is crucial to improve prognosis and for early prevention. However, the risk factors for BKV-HC remain debatable. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify the risk factors for BKV-HC, for early prevention of the occurrence of BKV-HC and to improve the quality of life and prognosis of allo-HCT recipients.
METHODS
We searched relevant studies from PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library up to February 2023. The odds ratios (ORs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of all risk factors were calculated to evaluate their effects on the occurrence of BKV-HC.
RESULTS
Overall, 11 studies involving 2556 allo-HCT recipients were included in this meta-analysis. All included studies were retrospective and published between 2013 and 2022. We found that male sex (OR = 1.32; 95% CI, 1.07-1.62; p = .009, I = 34%), haploidentical donor (OR = 1.84; 95% CI, 1.18-2.87; p = .007, I = 23%), myeloablative conditioning (OR = 1.76; 95% CI, 1.36-2.28; p < .0001, I = 45%), acute graft versus host disease (aGVHD) (OR = 2.73; 95% CI, 2.02-3.69; p < .0001, I = 46%), chronic graft versus host disease (cGVHD) (OR = 1.71; 95% CI, 1.12-2.60; p = .01, I = 0%), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation (OR = 3.13; 95% CI, 1.12-8.78; p = .03, I = 79%) were significantly associated with BKV-HC in the univariable analysis.
CONCLUSIONS
Our meta-analysis indicated that male sex, haploidentical donor, myeloablative conditioning, aGVHD, cGVHD, and CMV reactivation were potential risk factors for BKV-HC.
Topics: Humans; Male; BK Virus; Retrospective Studies; Quality of Life; Cystitis; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Hemorrhage; Risk Factors; Graft vs Host Disease; Cytomegalovirus Infections; Polyomavirus Infections; Tumor Virus Infections
PubMed: 37676427
DOI: 10.1111/ctr.15121 -
International Journal of Surgery... Mar 2019BK virus is a major cause of late onset haemorrhagic cystitis in patients undergoing Haematopoietic Cell Transplantation (HCT). The evidence for the management of BK...
BACKGROUND
BK virus is a major cause of late onset haemorrhagic cystitis in patients undergoing Haematopoietic Cell Transplantation (HCT). The evidence for the management of BK Virus Associated Haemorrhagic Cystitis (BKV-HC) is limited. Much of the published data consists of non-randomised case series and case reports. To our knowledge this is the first systematic review for the management of BKV-HC in both paediatric and adult populations. Our primary outcome was to examine the evidence for strategies of 1) prevention and 2) cessation of haematuria associated with BKV. Secondary outcomes were to assess the toxicity of treatment strategies and devise management recommendations for clinicians.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We performed a systematic review of the PubMed and Central databases to evaluate the current evidence. A search protocol was prepared and registered with the PROSPERO database (CRD42017082442). The review was conducted in accordance to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement and AMSTAR (Assessing the methodological quality of systematic reviews) guidelines. Results were classified by treatment type. Qualitative analysis of included articles was performed, and grades of recommendations were devised for each treatment.
RESULTS
Of 896 titles screened, 44 articles were included for qualitative analysis. The overall quality of evidence was low. There is insufficient evidence to recommend prophylactic quinolones. 40 studies evaluated treatments for established BKV-HC. There are no high-quality comparative studies. Cidofovir is the most studied treatment but quality of evidence is low, and grade of recommendation is weak. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy, Fibrin glue, Leflunomide, Sodium Pentosan Polysulfate, Intravesical Alum and Radiological embolisation have all been described but the effectiveness of these treatments is unclear.
CONCLUSION
There remains no clear specific treatment for BKV-HC. An effective multi-disciplinary approach leading to early recognition and initiation of treatment is encouraged. The development of novel therapies followed by well-designed clinical studies are urgently needed.
Topics: Adult; BK Virus; Child; Cystitis; Hemorrhage; Humans; Polyomavirus Infections; Tumor Virus Infections
PubMed: 30711618
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2019.01.019 -
Transplantation Reviews (Orlando, Fla.) Jul 2015The significance of BK viruria and viremia in non-renal solid organ transplants is poorly understood. A systematic review was performed reviewing the incidence and... (Review)
Review
The significance of BK viruria and viremia in non-renal solid organ transplants is poorly understood. A systematic review was performed reviewing the incidence and implications of BK virus replication in non-renal solid organ transplants. Ninety-seven studies were identified, of which 18 including lung, heart, liver and pancreas transplants were included. The overall incidence of BK viruria and viremia was 20% and 3% respectively and 17 cases of BK nephropathy were identified. Heart transplant recipients had a higher overall incidence of BK viremia than other non-renal organ types, and the majority of cases of BK virus-associated nephropathy were in heart transplant recipients. The incidence of BK viremia was significantly lower in non-renal solid organ transplants than that of renal transplant recipients and BK virus-associated nephropathy was rare. BK virus-associated nephropathy may be considered in heart transplant recipients who have unexplained and persistent renal dysfunction not attributable to other causes.
Topics: BK Virus; Female; Graft Rejection; Graft Survival; Humans; Male; Organ Transplantation; Polyomavirus Infections; Postoperative Complications; Prevalence; Prognosis; Risk Assessment; Tumor Virus Infections; Viremia; Virus Replication
PubMed: 25736693
DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2015.02.004 -
Archives of Virology Jan 2023Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infectious disease in children. Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of the main pathogens, and coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6) has... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infectious disease in children. Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of the main pathogens, and coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6) has gradually become the dominant pathogen of HFMD in recent years. This study was conducted mainly to assess the serological prevalence of EV-A71 and CVA6 antibodies in people of different ages, sexes, and regions through a systematic review and meta-analysis. A comprehensive study was performed based on the EV-A71 and CVA6 serological literature published before May 2022. Heterogeneity analysis (Cochrane's Q test and the I statistic) and random effect models were adopted. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were used to identify potential sources of heterogeneity in the data, and all analysis was performed using STATA version 16.0. This study included 71 studies involving 55,176 people from 13 countries that met the inclusion criteria. The serological prevalence of EV-A71 antibody in different studies was 4.31-88.8%, and that of CVA6 antibody was 40.8-80.9%. Meta-analysis results showed that the serum positive rate for EV-A71 antibody was 45.9% (95% CI: 37.6-54.1%). The rate in the Chinese population was 47.8% (95% CI: 42.4-53.2%), and in the other countries, it was 38% (95% CI: 23-55%). The serum positive rate for CVA6 antibody was 58.3% (95% CI: 46.5-70.2%). The rate in the Chinese population was 49.1% (95% CI: 38.3-59.9%), and in the other countries, it was 68% (95% CI: 51-83%). Subgroup analysis was also conducted. The seroprevalence of EV-A71 and CVA6 antibodies is related to age rather than gender or region. The rates of EV-A71 and CVA6 seropositivity are considerably lower in children younger than five years of age. However, the rates gradually increase with age. The findings of this study suggest that children under five years of age may be susceptible to EV-A71 and CVA6. Thus, safety education and vaccination should be strengthened accordingly. This study provides a basis for understanding the risk factors for EV-A71 and CVA6 infection in China and for deciding how to formulate standard preventive measures to prevent the spread of the virus.
Topics: Child; Humans; Child, Preschool; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Enterovirus; Enterovirus Infections; Antibodies, Viral; China; Enterovirus A, Human
PubMed: 36609748
DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05642-0 -
The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical... Mar 2016Previous studies regarding the prevention of BK viremia following renal transplantation with fluoroquinolone have yielded conflicting results. The purpose of this... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Previous studies regarding the prevention of BK viremia following renal transplantation with fluoroquinolone have yielded conflicting results. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the evidence regarding the efficacy of fluoroquinolone in preventing BK polyomavirus infection following renal transplantation. We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for research articles published prior to January 2015 using keywords such as "fluoroquinolone," "BK viremia," and "renal transplantation." We extracted all types of study published in English. The primary outcome was BK viremia and viruria at 1 year post-transplantation. Secondary outcomes were BK virus-associated nephropathy (BKVN), graft failure, and fluoroquinolone-resistant infection. We identified eight trials, including a total of 1477 participants with a mean duration of fluoroquinolone prophylaxis of >1 month. At 1 year, fluoroquinolone prophylaxis was not associated with a decreased incidence of BK viremia [risk ratio (RR), 0.84; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.58-1.20). No significant differences in BKVN (RR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.37-2.11), risk of graft failure due to BKVN (RR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.29-1.59), or fluoroquinolone-resistant infection (RR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.64-1.83) were observed between the fluoroquinolone prophylaxis and control groups. The results of this study suggest that fluoroquinolone is ineffective in preventing BK polyomavirus infection following renal transplantation.
Topics: BK Virus; Fluoroquinolones; Genetic Heterogeneity; Graft Rejection; Humans; Kidney Transplantation; Polyomavirus Infections; Publication Bias; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 27106006
DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2016.01.004 -
Food and Environmental Virology Sep 2021Water and wastewater virological quality is a significant public health issue. Viral agents include emerging and re-emerging pathogens characterized by extremely small... (Review)
Review
Water and wastewater virological quality is a significant public health issue. Viral agents include emerging and re-emerging pathogens characterized by extremely small size, and high environmental stability. Since the mainly used conventional disinfection methods are usually not able to achieve complete disinfection of viral and other microbial targets, in real water and wastewater matrices, effective strategies for the treatment, use and reuse of water and the development of next-generation water supply systems are required. The scope of the present systematic review was to summarize research data on the application of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for viral disinfection of water and wastewater. A literature survey was conducted using the electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. This comprehensive research yielded 23 records which met the criteria and were included and discussed in this review. Most of the studies (14/23) used only MS2 bacteriophage as an index virus, while the remaining studies (9/23) used two or more viral targets, including phages (MS2, T4, T7, phiX174, PRD-1, S2, ϕB124-14, ϕcrAssphage) and/or Adenovirus, Aichivirus, Norovirus (I, II, IV), Polyomavirus (JC and BK), Sapovirus, Enterovirus, Coxsackievirus B3, Echovirus, and Pepper mild mottle virus. The vast majority of the studies applied a combination of two or more treatments and the most frequently used process was ultraviolet light-hydrogen peroxide (UV/HO) advanced oxidation. The review is expected to highlight the potential of the AOPs for public health protection from the waterborne viral exposure.
Topics: Disinfection; Hydrogen Peroxide; Ultraviolet Rays; Wastewater; Water; Water Purification
PubMed: 34125359
DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09481-1 -
Reviews in Medical Virology Nov 2015Several studies associating BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) and prostate cancer (PCa) suggested that this virus may exert its oncogenic activity at early stages of cancer... (Review)
Review
Several studies associating BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) and prostate cancer (PCa) suggested that this virus may exert its oncogenic activity at early stages of cancer development. The BKPyV oncogene, the large T antigen (LTag), has frequently been detected in areas of proliferative inflammatory atrophy, which is considered a precursor lesion leading to prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and overt PCa. In a recently updated systematic review, the presence of BKPyV was significantly higher in PCa tissues than in healthy control tissues, providing an indication for a link between BKPyV infection and cancer risk. In addition, recent original investigations highlighted an association between expression of the virus and the clinical course of PCa. For example, by studying immune responses elicited against BKPyV LTag, a significant association between LTag positive cancer lesions and a peculiar regulatory profiling has been observed in PCa patients with evidence of disease recurrence after surgical radical prostatectomy. Lastly, a study carried out in a larger cohort of patients undergoing radical prostatectomy revealed the IgG response against LTag as an independent predictor of disease recurrence. Although a full picture of the mechanisms potentially responsible for the involvement of BKPyV in PCa is not available yet, continuing work on this topic should help to refine the potential role of BKPyV in PCa patients, perhaps revealing unsuspected associations with the clinical course of this disease.
Topics: Antigens, Viral, Tumor; BK Virus; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Male; Polyomavirus Infections; Prostatic Neoplasms; Tumor Virus Infections
PubMed: 26308483
DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1851