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PloS One 2017Cardiac glycosides (CGs) including digitalis, digoxin and digitoxin are used in the treatment of congestive heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Pre-clinical studies... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Cardiac glycosides (CGs) including digitalis, digoxin and digitoxin are used in the treatment of congestive heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Pre-clinical studies have investigated the anti-neoplastic properties of CGs since 1960s. Epidemiological studies concerning the association between CGs use and cancer risk yielded inconsistent results. We have performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize the effects of CGs on cancer risk and mortality.
METHODS
PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane library, Medline and Web of Knowledge were searched for identifying relevant studies. Summary relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using random-effects model.
RESULTS
We included 14 case-control studies and 15 cohort studies published between 1976 and 2016 including 13 cancer types. Twenty-four studies reported the association between CGs and cancer risk and six reported the association between CGs and mortality of cancer patients. Using CGs was associated with a higher risk of breast cancer (RR = 1.330, 95% CI: 1.247-1.419). Subgroup analysis showed that using CGs increased the risk of ER+ve breast cancer but not ER-ve. Using CGs wasn't associated with prostate cancer risk (RR = 1.015, 95% CI: 0.868-1.87). However, CGs decreased the risk in long term users and showed a protective role in decreasing the risk of advanced stages. CGs use was associated with increased all-cause mortality (HR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.248-1.46) but not cancer-specific mortality (HR = 1.075, 95% CI: 0.968-1.194).
CONCLUSION
The anti-tumor activity of CGs observed in pre-clinical studies requires high concentrations which can't be normally tolerated in humans. However, the estrogen-like activity of CGs could be responsible for increasing the risk of certain types of tumors.
Topics: Cardiac Glycosides; Female; Humans; Male; Neoplasms; Observational Studies as Topic; Risk Factors
PubMed: 28591151
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178611 -
Reviews on Environmental Health Sep 2023Despite in recent decades, several studies on the concentration of aflatoxins M1(AFM1) in various milks have been studied, as we know, no systematic review,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
REVIEWS
Despite in recent decades, several studies on the concentration of aflatoxins M1(AFM1) in various milks have been studied, as we know, no systematic review, meta-analysis and carcinogenic risk assessment study was conducted in Iran till now.
OBJECTIVES
In this study, a systematic review was conducted to collect, meta-analysis and carcinogenic risk assessment of the quantitative data regarding the prevalence and concentration of AFM1 in several types of milk produced in Iran.
CONTENT
In our study, the concentration and prevalence of AFM1 in different types of milk (Raw, pasteurized, and UHT) from 113 original articles in Iran using searching the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct and Google Scholar (in Persian and English) databases from 2002 to august 2021 were collected. The concentration of AFM1 was meta-analyzed using the random effect model (REM) based on type of milk (raw, pasteurized and UHT) subgroups and Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) approach was used to assess safety risks and investigate carcinogenic effects of AFM1 using Crystal-Ball software (Version 11.1.3, Oracle, Inc., USA).
SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK
The 113 original article (In English and Persian) were included in this review. Meta-analysis indicated lower and upper of AFM1 in subgroups of raw, pasteurized and UHT milk in Iran was 9, 720, 2.7, 230.2, 19.23, and 221.6 ng/kg respectively. The Point estimate for carcinogenic risk of AFM1 showed as result of age increasing, the carcinogenic risk of Aflatoxin M 1 decreases and concentration of Aflatoxin M1 (ng/liter), plays the most effective role in carcinogenic risk of AFM1.
CONCLUSION
The presence of AFM1 in milk and its products due to its high toxicity and carcinogenic properties is a public health concern that the results show that the risk of carcinogenesis is higher at younger ages (less than 20 years). As a result, there is a strong association between consumption of raw milk, pasteurized milk and UHT and the risk of cancer in children and adults in Iran.
Topics: Adult; Child; Humans; Animals; Milk; Iran; Aflatoxin M1; Carcinogens; Food Contamination; Risk Assessment; Carcinogenesis
PubMed: 35749130
DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0050 -
British Journal of Sports Medicine Nov 2018To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the relationship between prenatal exercise and glycaemic control. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the relationship between prenatal exercise and glycaemic control.
DESIGN
Systematic review with random-effects meta-analysis and meta-regression.
DATA SOURCES
Online databases were searched up to 6 January 2017.
STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA
Studies of all designs were included (except case studies and reviews) if they were published in English, Spanish or French, and contained information on the population (pregnant women without contraindication to exercise), intervention (subjective or objective measures of frequency, intensity, duration, volume or type of acute or chronic exercise, alone ('exercise-only') or in combination with other intervention components (eg, dietary; 'exercise+cointervention') at any stage of pregnancy), comparator (no exercise or different frequency, intensity, duration, volume and type of exercise) and outcome (glycaemic control).
RESULTS
A total of 58 studies (n=8699) were included. There was 'very low' quality evidence showing that an acute bout of exercise was associated with a decrease in maternal blood glucose from before to during exercise (6 studies, n=123; mean difference (MD) -0.94 mmol/L, 95% CI -1.18 to -0.70, I=41%) and following exercise (n=333; MD -0.57 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.72 to -0.41, I=72%). Subgroup analysis showed that there were larger decreases in blood glucose following acute exercise in women with diabetes (n=26; MD -1.42, 95% CI -1.69 to -1.16, I=8%) compared with those without diabetes (n=285; MD -0.46, 95% CI -0.60 to -0.32, I=62%). Finally, chronic exercise-only interventions reduced fasting blood glucose compared with no exercise postintervention in women with diabetes (2 studies, n=70; MD -2.76, 95% CI -3.18 to -2.34, I=52%; 'low' quality of evidence), but not in those without diabetes (9 studies, n=2174; MD -0.05, 95% CI -0.16 to 0.05, I=79%).
CONCLUSION
Acute and chronic prenatal exercise reduced maternal circulating blood glucose concentrations, with a larger effect in women with diabetes.
Topics: Blood Glucose; Diabetes, Gestational; Exercise; Female; Humans; Hypoglycemia; Insulin; Pregnancy; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 30337462
DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099829 -
Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) Jan 2023The effects of exercise training (Ex), dietary interventions (DIs), and a combination of Ex and DI (Ex + DI) on leptin and adiponectin have been established. However,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The impact of exercise and dietary interventions on circulating leptin and adiponectin in individuals who are overweight and those with obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
The effects of exercise training (Ex), dietary interventions (DIs), and a combination of Ex and DI (Ex + DI) on leptin and adiponectin have been established. However, less is known regarding the comparisons of Ex with DI and of Ex + DI with either Ex or DI alone. The aim of the present meta-analysis is to compare the effects of Ex with those of DI and those of Ex + DI with those of either Ex or DI alone on circulating leptin and adiponectin in individuals who are overweight and those with obesity. PubMed, Web of Science, and MEDLINE were searched to identify original articles, published through June 2022, that compared the effects of Ex with those of DI and/or the effects of Ex + DI with those of Ex and/or DI on leptin and adiponectin in individuals with BMIs (in kg/m) of ≥25 and aged 7-70 y. Standardized mean differences (SMDs), weighted mean differences, and 95% CIs were calculated using random-effect models for outcomes. Forty-seven studies, comprising 3872 participants who were overweight and those with obesity, were included in the current meta-analysis. DI reduced the concentration of leptin (SMD: -0.30; P = 0.001) and increased the concentration of adiponectin (SMD: 0.23; P = 0.001) compared with Ex, as did Ex + DI (leptin: SMD: -0.34; P = 0.001; adiponectin: SMD: 0.37; P = 0.004) compared with Ex alone. However, Ex + DI did not affect the concentration of adiponectin (SMD: 0.10; P = 0.11) and led to inconsistent and nonsignificant changes in the concentration of leptin (SMD: -0.13; P = 0.06) compared with DI alone. Subgroup analyses showed that age, BMI, duration of intervention, type of supervision, quality of the study, and magnitude of energy restriction are sources of heterogeneity. Our results suggest that Ex alone was not as effective as DI or Ex + DI for decreasing leptin and increasing adiponectin in individuals with overweight and obesity. However, Ex + DI was not more effective than DI alone, suggesting that diet plays a critical role in beneficially altering the concentrations of leptin and adiponectin. This review was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42021283532.
Topics: Humans; Leptin; Overweight; Adiponectin; Obesity; Exercise
PubMed: 36811585
DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2022.10.001 -
Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine... Jul 2017Available studies in the literature on the selenium levels in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are inconsistent with some studies reporting its decrease in the circulation,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Available studies in the literature on the selenium levels in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are inconsistent with some studies reporting its decrease in the circulation, while others reported an increase or no change as compared to controls.
AIM
The objective of this study was to perform a meta-analysis of circulatory (plasma/serum and blood), erythrocyte and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) selenium levels in AD compared controls. We also performed a meta-analysis of the correlation coefficients (r) to demonstrate the associations between selenium and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in AD patients.
METHODS
All major databases were searched for eligible studies. We included 12 case-control/observational studies reporting selenium concentrations in AD and controls. Pooled-overall effect size as standardized mean difference (SMD) and pooled r-values were generated using Review Manager 5.3 and MedCalc 15.8 software.
RESULTS
Random-effects meta-analysis indicated a decrease in circulatory (SMD=-0.44), erythrocellular (SMD=-0.52) and CSF (SMD=-0.14) selenium levels in AD patients compared to controls. Stratified meta-analysis demonstrated that the selenium levels were decreased in both the subgroups with (SMD=-0.55) and without (SMD=-0.37) age matching between AD and controls. Our results also demonstrated a direct association between decreased selenium levels and GPx in AD.
CONCLUSION
This meta-analysis suggests that circulatory selenium concentration is significantly lower in AD patients compared to controls and this decrease in selenium is directly correlated with an important antioxidant enzyme, the GPx, in AD.
Topics: Aged; Alzheimer Disease; Erythrocytes; Female; Glutathione Peroxidase; Humans; Male; Publication Bias; Regression Analysis; Selenium
PubMed: 28595794
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.04.005 -
ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science Jul 2023Methamphetamine exists as two stereoisomers: -(+)-methamphetamine ((+)-MAMP) and -(-)-methamphetamine ((-)-MAMP). The (+)-MAMP stereoisomer is a well-known central... (Review)
Review
Methamphetamine exists as two stereoisomers: -(+)-methamphetamine ((+)-MAMP) and -(-)-methamphetamine ((-)-MAMP). The (+)-MAMP stereoisomer is a well-known central nervous system stimulant, available as a pharmaceutical and clandestine drug of abuse. However, the (-)-MAMP stereoisomer is less well understood despite commercial availability for over 30 years as an over-the-counter (OTC) nasal decongestant in the Vicks Vapor Inhaler (a product of Procter & Gamble). Recently, several generic versions have become available, decreasing the cost and increasing the availability of (-)-MAMP-containing nasal sprays to consumers. Despite widespread commercial availability and use in the United States, a paucity of literature exists on the pharmacology of (-)-MAMP in humans. This knowledge gap is problematic, given the difficulty in separating (-)-MAMP and (+)-MAMP isomers in laboratory assays for workplace drug testing, suspected impaired drivers, post-mortem investigations, and assessment of drug involvement in crimes. In response, this systematic review of the literature coalesces and summarizes available knowledge of (-)-MAMP pharmacology in humans. It was found that available knowledge relies heavily on urine drug and metabolite concentrations, systematic pharmacokinetics studies are lacking, and existing knowledge has been derived from a total of 99 unique participants. The impacts of highlighted gaps in the literature are discussed, focusing on forensic toxicology and law enforcement, and future research directions are suggested.
PubMed: 37470013
DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00019 -
A systematic review and meta-analysis of macrolides in the management of adult patients with asthma.Allergology International : Official... Jul 2024The efficacy of macrolides in the management of asthma has been studied but remains controversial. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of macrolides in... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
The efficacy of macrolides in the management of asthma has been studied but remains controversial. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of macrolides in the management of adult patients with asthma.
METHODS
Randomized controlled trials of macrolides used in adult patients with asthma were searched for in MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and Igaku Chuo Zasshi databases to evaluate the efficacy and safety of macrolides.
RESULTS
Seventeen reports with macrolide treatment durations ranging from 6 to 48 weeks were included. Macrolides did not reduce exacerbations requiring hospitalization, severe exacerbations, or rescue use of short-acting beta-2 agonist inhalers; improve lung function; decrease peripheral blood or sputum neutrophil counts; or decrease fractional exhaled nitric oxide compared to placebo. Macrolides statistically improved asthma control and quality of life but by less than the minimal clinically important difference. Peripheral blood eosinophil counts as well as serum and sputum eosinophilic cationic protein concentrations were significantly decreased with macrolides compared to placebo. The improvement of asthma symptoms and airway hyperresponsiveness varied by study. The safety profile of macrolides was comparable to that of placebo.
CONCLUSIONS
Although macrolides have some useful clinical aspects, there is not sufficient evidence to recommend their use in the management of adult patients with asthma.
Topics: Humans; Asthma; Macrolides; Adult; Treatment Outcome; Anti-Asthmatic Agents; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Quality of Life
PubMed: 38296770
DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2024.01.002 -
Environmental Toxicology and... Oct 2017Correlation between exposure to glyphosate and sperm concentrations is important in reproductive toxicity risk assessment for male reproductive functions. Many studies... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Correlation between exposure to glyphosate and sperm concentrations is important in reproductive toxicity risk assessment for male reproductive functions. Many studies have focused on reproductive toxicity on glyphosate, however, results are still controversial. We conducted a systematic review of epidemiological studies on the association between glyphosate exposure and sperm concentrations of rodents. The aim of this study is to explore the potential adverse effects of glyphosate on reproductive function of male rodents.
METHODS
Systematic and comprehensive literature search was performed in MEDLINE, TOXLINE, Embase, WANFANG and CNKI databases with different combinations of glyphosate exposure and sperm concentration. 8 studies were eventually identified and random-effect model was conducted. Heterogeneity among study results was calculated via chi-square tests. Ten independent experimental datasets from these eight studies were acquired to synthesize the random-effect model.
RESULTS
A decrease in sperm concentrations was found with mean difference of sperm concentrations(MDsperm)=-2.774×10/sperm/g/testis(95%CI=-0.969 to -4.579) in random-effect model after glyphosate exposure. There was also a significant decrease after fitting the random-effect model: MDsperm=-1.632×10/sperm/g/testis (95%CI=-0.662 to -2.601).
CONCLUSIONS
The results of meta-analysis support the hypothesis that glyphosate exposure decreased sperm concentration in rodents. Therefore, we conclude that glyphosate is toxic to male rodent's reproductive system.
Topics: Animals; Environmental Exposure; Glycine; Herbicides; Male; Rodentia; Sperm Count; Spermatozoa; Glyphosate
PubMed: 28846991
DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.07.015 -
Food Microbiology Apr 2022Scientific advances in pathogen decontamination offer great potential to reduce Campylobacter spp. during primary processing. The aim of this study was to collate data... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Systematic-review and meta-analysis on effect of decontamination interventions on prevalence and concentration of Campylobacter spp. during primary processing of broiler chickens.
Scientific advances in pathogen decontamination offer great potential to reduce Campylobacter spp. during primary processing. The aim of this study was to collate data from eligible studies using systematic review, meta-analysis followed by meta-regression. Random effect meta-analysis revealed heterogenous (τ = 0.6, I = 98 %) pooled reduction in Campylobacter concentration of 0.6 log CFU/carcass and a decrease in relative risk of Campylobacter spp. prevalence in broiler carcasses by 57.2 %. Decontamination interventions during Inside-Outside-Carcass-Wash were most effective on concentration (0.8 log CFU/carcass) while those during evisceration were most effective on prevalence (78.0 % decrease in relative risk). Physical decontamination was more effective on Campylobacter prevalence (68.7 % decrease in relative risk) compared chemical treatment (30.3 %). Application through immersion was superior on Campylobacter concentration (0.9 log CFU/carcass odds reduction) to spraying (0.5 log CFU/carcass odds reduction). Publication bias and small study effect were observed in trials on Campylobacter prevalence but not for concentration. The meta-regression revealed four and seven potential modifier variables for concentration and prevalence respectively. This meta-analysis provides an overview of the expected magnitude in Campylobacter spp. concentration and prevalence with application of decontamination interventions on broiler carcasses along the slaughter process and forms a basis of quantitative microbial risk assessment and derivation of intervention measures. Even though modest microbial concentration reduction is reported there was a large decrease in contamination prevalence during processing interventions.
Topics: Abattoirs; Animals; Campylobacter; Chickens; Colony Count, Microbial; Decontamination; Food Contamination; Food Handling; Food Microbiology; Poultry; Prevalence
PubMed: 34809949
DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103923 -
Iranian Journal of Public Health Oct 2022The association between congenital heart defects (CHDs) and selenium (Se) is still unclear. We aimed to systematically review and quantitative analyze the potential... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The association between congenital heart defects (CHDs) and selenium (Se) is still unclear. We aimed to systematically review and quantitative analyze the potential relationship between maternal Se exposure and CHDs in the offspring.
METHODS
PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus databases were searched from inception up to August 2021 for relevant studies. Methodological quality of the studies was assessed through Newcastle-Ottawa scale. The Standard mean difference (SMD) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to compare maternal Se levels between CHDs groups and control groups using a random-effects model.
RESULTS
Four articles covering five studies were included in the systematic review, and three articles covering four studies were included in the meta-analysis. One study measured Se concentrations in maternal hair and found a positive correlation between high concentrations and increased risk of CHDs in offspring. However, one study on cord blood, and one on whole blood illustrated that Se exposure was associated with decreased risk of CHDs. There was no significant association found between serum Se levels and CHDs in two studies. Pooled results showed decreased Se levels in the circulation of mothers with CHDs offspring (SMD = -108.27, 95% CI: -192.72, -23.82), with statistically significant heterogeneity ( = 99.8%, < 0.001) but not in hair, as compared with controls.
CONCLUSION
Low maternal Se status may be associated with increased risk of CHDs in offspring. However, further larger-scale studies with strict and consistent design methods are still required to investigate this issue.
PubMed: 36415814
DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v51i10.10974