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Health & Social Care in the Community Nov 2022Increased rates of domestic violence (DV) have been associated with events such as public holidays, seasonal variations, disasters and economic crises. Sport is seen as... (Review)
Review
Increased rates of domestic violence (DV) have been associated with events such as public holidays, seasonal variations, disasters and economic crises. Sport is seen as gendered, exemplifying hegemonic masculinity and associated violence, with the link between sporting culture and violence against women well recognised. This paper reports on a systematic review of empirical research literature exploring the link between major sporting events and incidence of DV. We searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus and Proquest Central databases from inception to December 2020 for quantitative studies examining major sports events and reports of DV using a pre-post comparison design. Study quality was assessed using the Kmet quality assessment tool. The review identified 1445 records following duplicate removal. Once screened and assessed for eligibility, 12 studies met the inclusion criteria. Results are presented qualitatively due to the heterogeneity across studies. Most studies originated in North America and the United Kingdom, used police records as their data source for measuring incidences of DV and few looked beyond the day of the sports event for recorded incidences of DV. Studies reviewed suggested that there is an association between certain major sports events and increased reporting of DV. However, studies' findings conflicted with regards to whether increases were associated with contact sports, the rivalry between competing teams, whether the events were emotionally salient and whether alcohol was a contributing factor. In conclusion, there is limited research globally. Heterogeneity and conflicting findings mean that more research is needed to understand the associations and inform community prevention/interventions to address DV.
Topics: Male; Female; Humans; Domestic Violence; Police; Sports; United Kingdom; Masculinity
PubMed: 36129100
DOI: 10.1111/hsc.14028 -
The American Journal of Occupational... Sep 2022The lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, asexual, and other dissident gender and sexuality (LGBTQIA+) population is prone to experiencing violence and... (Review)
Review
IMPORTANCE
The lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, asexual, and other dissident gender and sexuality (LGBTQIA+) population is prone to experiencing violence and social deprivation. Although occupational therapy research and practice has addressed populations experiencing various forms of discrimination, few studies have focused on the LGBTQIA+ population as an area of concern.
OBJECTIVE
To map, characterize, and analyze peer-reviewed journal articles related to the LGBTQIA+ population in the occupational therapy literature.
DATA SOURCES
We searched for journal articles published up to December 2021 indexed in the Virtual Health Library, CINAHL, SciELO Citation Index, SCOPUS, and Web of Science.
STUDY SELECTION AND DATA COLLECTION
We used Arksey and O'Malley's methodology and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) extension for scoping reviews. Included articles articulated occupational therapy practice, education, research, and theoretical analysis in relation to LGBTQIA+.
FINDINGS
Forty-three articles published from 1987 to 2021 met the inclusion criteria. They included 28 research articles, 9 reflection articles, 3 experience reports, and 3 literature reviews.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
Articles primarily offered general recommendations and possible professional contributions. More studies that seek to ascertain the effectiveness and limitations of occupational therapy practice with the LGBTQIA+ population are needed. With its diverse theoretical and methodological assumptions, occupational therapy can offer support so that professionals can alleviate these people's suffering in oppressive conditions and contribute to a more just society. What This Article Adds: This scoping review provides an overview of academic publications in occupational therapy on the LGBTQIA+ population, identifies dominant topics and gaps in this context, and points to ways to advance occupational therapy's contributions and actions that consider the needs and demands of people of dissident genders and sexualities.
Topics: Female; Gender Identity; Humans; Male; Occupational Therapy; Sexual Behavior; Sexual and Gender Minorities; Sexuality
PubMed: 36107763
DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2022.049322 -
Forensic Science International Aug 2016Gender differences in substance use/abuse have been the focus of research in the last 15 years. Initiation, use patterns, acceleration of disease course, and... (Review)
Review
Gender differences in substance use/abuse have been the focus of research in the last 15 years. Initiation, use patterns, acceleration of disease course, and help-seeking patterns are known to be influenced by gender differences with regard to biological, psychological, cultural and socioeconomic factors. This paper presents a systematic review of published data on gender differences in the use/abuse of psychoactive and psychotic drugs, focusing on the importance of a multidisciplinary approach. The basis for this paper was obtained by Medline searches using the search terms "human" and "gender", combined with individual drug names or "drugs of abuse". The reference lists of these papers were further checked for other relevant studies. The gender difference in drug abuse is more evident in adults than in adolescents (13-19 years): adult men are 2-3 times more likely than women to develop drug abuse/dependence disorders and approximately 4 times as likely to have an alcohol use disorder. Such prevalence rates have not been observed in adolescents. Differences between men and women involve: (i) the biological response to the drug, (ii) the progression to drug dependence, and (iii) the comorbid psychiatric diagnoses, which may be due to both sociocultural factors and innate biological differences. A crucial role played by ovarian hormones (oestrogens and progesterone) has been documented in both human and animal model studies. Epidemiological data on how particular psychobiological and physiological characteristics in females influence vulnerability to both drug addiction and toxicological consequences of drugs are still in their infancy. Significant gaps remain in our knowledge, which are primarily attributable to the lack of empirical data that only a systematic and multidisciplinary approach to the topic can generate. The introduction of gender into forensic toxicological evaluations may help elucidate the relationship between the body's absorption of abused drugs (alone or in combination) and the onset of intoxications, both lethal and none.
Topics: Female; Forensic Toxicology; Gender Identity; Humans; Male; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 26836148
DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.01.014 -
European Journal of Oncology Nursing :... Jun 2023Psychosocial health varies depending on demographic and clinical factors and the social context in which individuals grow and live. Sexual and gender minority (SGM)... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
Psychosocial health varies depending on demographic and clinical factors and the social context in which individuals grow and live. Sexual and gender minority (SGM) populations experience health disparities due to systemic factors that privilege cisgender and heterosexual identities. We reviewed the literature on the psychosocial, sociodemographic, and clinical factors in SGM groups with cancer and described the associations among these factors.
METHODS
We conducted a systematic review according to Fink's methodology and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines in the PubMed, PsycInfo, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and LGBTQ+ Life databases. Quantitative articles published in English or Spanish were included. Grey literature and studies with participants in hospice care were excluded. The quality of the publications was assessed with the Joanna Briggs Institute criticalappraisal tools.
RESULTS
The review included 25 publications. In SGM groups, systemic cancer treatment was associated with worse psychosocial outcomes; and older age, employment, and higher income were associated with better psychosocial outcomes.
CONCLUSIONS
SGM groups with cancer are different from their heterosexual cisgender peers in sociodemographic, psychosocial, and clinical factors. Clinical and sociodemographic factors are associated with psychosocial outcomes among SGM individuals with cancer.
Topics: Humans; Sociodemographic Factors; Sexual Behavior; Gender Identity; Sexual and Gender Minorities; Heterosexuality; Neoplasms
PubMed: 37290162
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejon.2023.102343 -
European Psychiatry : the Journal of... Sep 2015Over the last 50 years, several studies have provided estimates of the prevalence of transsexualism. The variation in reported prevalence is considerable and may be... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Over the last 50 years, several studies have provided estimates of the prevalence of transsexualism. The variation in reported prevalence is considerable and may be explained by factors such as the methodology and diagnostic classification used and the year and country in which the studies took place. Taking these into consideration, this study aimed to critically and systematically review the available literature measuring the prevalence of transsexualism as well as performing a meta-analysis using the available data.
METHODS
Databases were systematically searched and 1473 possible studies were identified. After initial scrutiny of the article titles and removal of those not relevant, 250 studies were selected for further appraisal. Of these, 211 were excluded after reading the abstracts and a further 18 after reading the full article. This resulted in 21 studies on which to perform a systematic review, with only 12 having sufficient data for meta-analysis. The primary data of the epidemiological studies were extracted as raw numbers. An aggregate effect size, weighted by sample size, was computed to provide an overall effect size across the studies. Risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. The relative weighted contribution of each study was also assessed.
RESULTS
The overall meta-analytical prevalence for transsexualism was 4.6 in 100,000 individuals; 6.8 for trans women and 2.6 for trans men. Time analysis found an increase in reported prevalence over the last 50 years.
CONCLUSIONS
The overall prevalence of transsexualism reported in the literature is increasing. However, it is still very low and is mainly based on individuals attending clinical services and so does not provide an overall picture of prevalence in the general population. However, this study should be considered as a starting point and the field would benefit from more rigorous epidemiological studies acknowledging current changes in the classification system and including different locations worldwide.
Topics: Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Prevalence; Transsexualism
PubMed: 26021270
DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.04.005 -
The Lancet. Public Health Dec 2021Transgender and gender non-conforming (TGNC) individuals are at a high risk of adverse mental health outcomes due to minority stress-the stress faced by individuals...
Transgender and gender non-conforming (TGNC) individuals are at a high risk of adverse mental health outcomes due to minority stress-the stress faced by individuals categorised as stigmatised social minority groups. This systematic review sought to summarise the key mental health findings of the research on TGNC individuals in mainland China. We also aimed to consolidate research on the topic, identify specific mental health disparities, and offer new perspectives for future research to inform both policy and clinical practice. An extensive search of the literature, published in English and Chinese, was done between Jan 1, 1990, and Aug 1, 2021, using PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, Wanfang (in Chinese), and CNKI (in Chinese). Overall, two qualitative and 28 quantitative articles were identified. The quantitative findings showed a high prevalence of mental health problems, such as depression, anxiety, substance use disorders, and stress-related issues, and greater disparities in psychological wellbeing. High prevalence is also reported in suicidality and self-harm behaviours in this group. Across the two qualitative studies, attributable factors included gender-related discrimination, barriers to accessing health services, low social support, decreased knowledge and awareness of HIV prevention, and demographic characteristics-such as marital status, educational level, and gender identity. This Review also found little evidence of gender-affirming care and mental health interventions in mainland China. Following from these results, the next step is to integrate multi-level, social-psychological interventions with education to reduce cultural stereotypes and transphobia in mainland China. Political and social implications are also discussed to inform a standard set of guidelines for transgender-inclusive health-care services, including advocating for funding to create these special care programmes and services.
Topics: Anxiety; China; Depression; Female; Gender Identity; Humans; Male; Mental Health; Self Concept; Self-Injurious Behavior; Sexual and Gender Minorities; Social Stigma; Stereotyping; Stress, Psychological; Suicidal Ideation; Transgender Persons
PubMed: 34838199
DOI: 10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00236-X -
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Apr 2023Epigenomic modifications of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene have been postulated to underlie the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental, psychiatric, and... (Review)
Review
Epigenomic modifications of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene have been postulated to underlie the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental, psychiatric, and neurological conditions. This systematic review summarizes current evidence investigating the association of BDNF epigenomic modifications (DNA methylation, non-coding RNA, histone modifications) with brain-related phenotypes in humans. A novel contribution is our creation of an open access web-based application, the BDNF DNA Methylation Map, to interactively visualize specific positions of CpG sites investigated across all studies for which relevant data were available. Our literature search of four databases through September 27, 2021 returned 1701 articles, of which 153 met inclusion criteria. Our review revealed exceptional heterogeneity in methodological approaches, hindering the identification of clear patterns of robust and/or replicated results. We summarize key findings and provide recommendations for future epigenomic research. The existing literature appears to remain in its infancy and requires additional rigorous research to fulfill its potential to explain BDNF-linked risk for brain-related conditions and improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying their pathogenesis.
Topics: Humans; Brain; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; DNA Methylation; Epigenomics; Phenotype
PubMed: 36764636
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105078 -
The Science of the Total Environment Dec 2022Nutrient imbalance (i.e., deficiency and toxicity) of microelements is an outstanding environmental issue that influences each aspect of ecosystems. Although the crucial... (Review)
Review
Nutrient imbalance (i.e., deficiency and toxicity) of microelements is an outstanding environmental issue that influences each aspect of ecosystems. Although the crucial roles of microelements in entire lifecycle of plants have been widely acknowledged, the effective control of microelements is still neglected due to the narrow safe margins. Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans and animals. Although it is not believed to be indispensable for plants, many literatures have reported the significance of Se in terms of the uptake, accumulation, and detoxification of essential microelements in plants. However, most papers only concerned on the antagonistic effect of Se on metal elements in plants and ignored the underlying mechanisms. There is still a lack of systematic review articles to summarize the comprehensive knowledge on the connections between Se and microelements in plants. In this review, we conclude the bidirectional effects of Se on micronutrients in plants, including iron, zinc, copper, manganese, nickel, molybdenum, sodium, chlorine, and boron. The regulatory mechanisms of Se on these micronutrients are also analyzed. Moreover, we further emphasize the role of Se in alleviating element toxicity and adjusting the concentration of micronutrients in plants by altering the soil conditions (e.g., adsorption, pH, and organic matter), promoting microbial activity, participating in vital physiological and metabolic processes, generating element competition, stimulating metal chelation, organelle compartmentalization, and sequestration, improving the antioxidant defense system, and controlling related genes involved in transportation and tolerance. Based on the current understanding of the interaction between Se and these essential elements, future directions for research are suggested.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Selenium; Micronutrients; Manganese; Copper; Molybdenum; Ecosystem; Antioxidants; Nickel; Boron; Chlorine; Trace Elements; Plants; Zinc; Soil; Iron; Sodium
PubMed: 36096215
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158673 -
Psychopathology 2017According to the concept of "male depression," depression among men might be underdiagnosed and undertreated because of gender differences in symptoms and coping. There... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
According to the concept of "male depression," depression among men might be underdiagnosed and undertreated because of gender differences in symptoms and coping. There is evidence that men experience atypical depressive symptoms including irritability, aggression, substance abuse, and increased risk behavior. To date, a substantial number of qualitative studies on men's views on depression has been conducted in the last few decades.
METHODS
Based on a systematic review and metasynthesis of qualitative studies on men's subjective perspectives on depression, we aim at a comprehensive understanding of men's subjective views on depression with a specific focus on masculinity constructions.
RESULTS
Based on 34 studies assessed as appropriate for the study, 2 overarching subthemes could be identified: normative expectations regarding masculinity ideals and men's subjective perspectives of depression as "weakness." Men's strategies include denial of "weakness" and "closing up." Further themes include suicide, masculinity ideals as a healthy resource, and alternative masculinities.
DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS
Traditional masculinity values might serve as barriers but also as facilitators to adaptive coping strategies in depressed men. More research is needed to study the dimensions and role of alternative masculinities in the context of depression.
Topics: Adult; Aggression; Depression; Female; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Male; Masculinity; Men's Health; Middle Aged; Qualitative Research; Sexual Partners
PubMed: 28285304
DOI: 10.1159/000455256 -
Clinical Child and Family Psychology... Jun 2021In recent years, there has been a proliferation of research regarding transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) people. The stigma and legal discriminations that this... (Review)
Review
In recent years, there has been a proliferation of research regarding transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) people. The stigma and legal discriminations that this population faces have obvious and documented repercussions for mental health. In 2015, the American Psychological Association (APA) published Guidelines for Psychological Practice with TGNC People. The APA noted that due to the nuances of working with TGNC youth and the dearth of related literature, the guidelines focus primarily on TGNC adults. To date, there has not been a systematic review of risk and resilience factors for mental health among TGNC children, adolescents, and young adults under the age of 25. Forty-four peer-reviewed articles met inclusion criteria for this systematic review, and were evaluated for their methodological rigor and their findings. Common risk factors for negative mental health variables included physical and verbal abuse, exposure to discrimination, social isolation, poor peer relations, low self-esteem, weight dissatisfaction, and age. Across studies, older children and adolescents tended to report higher rates of psychological distress. Resilience-promoting factors for mental health were also documented, including parent connectedness, social support, school safety and belonging, and the ability to use one's chosen name. By synthesizing the existing literature using a resilience-focused and minority stress framework, the present review provides clinicians and researchers with a coherent evidence-base to better equip them to promote psychological adaptation and wellbeing among TGNC youth.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Gender Identity; Humans; Mental Health; Protective Factors; Social Support; Transgender Persons; Young Adult
PubMed: 33594611
DOI: 10.1007/s10567-021-00344-6