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Nutrients Jul 2023The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the level of adherence to the DASH diet on hypertension risk by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis. A... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the level of adherence to the DASH diet on hypertension risk by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis. A systematic literature search was performed. Two independent investigators performed the study selection, data abstraction, and assessment of the included studies. The meta-analysis was performed separately with the adjusted hazard (HR) or incident rate ratios (IRR) and the odds ratios (OR) of the highest compared to the lowest DASH diet adherence scores using a random effects model. A total of 12 studies were included in the qualitative and quantitative synthesis. When cohort studies reporting HR were pooled together, high adherence to the DASH diet was associated with a lower risk of hypertension (HR: 0.81, 95% CI 0.73-0.90, = 69%, PI 0.61-1.08) compared to the low adherence. When cross-sectional studies reporting OR were combined, high adherence to the DASH diet was also related to a lower risk of hypertension (OR: 0.80, 95% CI 0.70-0.91, = 81%, PI 0.46-1.39). The findings suggest that high adherence to the DASH diet has a positive effect on reducing hypertension risk compared to low adherence. These data strengthen and are in line with all hypertension guidelines, indicating that lifestyle changes should start early even in populations with normal blood pressure.
Topics: Humans; Dietary Approaches To Stop Hypertension; Cross-Sectional Studies; Hypertension; Blood Pressure; Cohort Studies; Diet
PubMed: 37513679
DOI: 10.3390/nu15143261 -
The British Journal of Nutrition Feb 2021Increasing evidence suggests that high consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) is associated with an increase in non-communicable diseases, overweight and obesity.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Increasing evidence suggests that high consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) is associated with an increase in non-communicable diseases, overweight and obesity. The present study systematically reviewed all observational studies that investigated the association between UPF consumption and health status. A comprehensive search of MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar was conducted, and reference lists of included articles were checked. Only cross-sectional and prospective cohort studies were included. At the end of the selection process, twenty-three studies (ten cross-sectional and thirteen prospective cohort studies) were included in the systematic review. As regards the cross-sectional studies, the highest UPF consumption was associated with a significant increase in the risk of overweight/obesity (+39 %), high waist circumference (+39 %), low HDL-cholesterol levels (+102 %) and the metabolic syndrome (+79 %), while no significant associations with hypertension, hyperglycaemia or hypertriacylglycerolaemia were observed. For prospective cohort studies evaluating a total population of 183 491 participants followed for a period ranging from 3·5 to 19 years, highest UPF consumption was found to be associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality in five studies (risk ratio (RR) 1·25, 95 % CI 1·14, 1·37; P < 0·00001), increased risk of CVD in three studies (RR 1·29, 95 % CI 1·12, 1·48; P = 0·0003), cerebrovascular disease in two studies (RR 1·34, 95 % CI 1·07, 1·68; P = 0·01) and depression in two studies (RR 1·20, 95 % CI 1·03, 1·40; P = 0·02). In conclusion, increased UPF consumption was associated, although in a limited number of studies, with a worse cardiometabolic risk profile and a higher risk of CVD, cerebrovascular disease, depression and all-cause mortality.
Topics: Cohort Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet; Food Handling; Health Status; Humans
PubMed: 32792031
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114520002688 -
International Journal of Sport... Jun 2016Humans consuming vegetarian-based diets are observed to have reduced relative risk for many chronic diseases. Similarly, regular physical activity has also been shown to... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Humans consuming vegetarian-based diets are observed to have reduced relative risk for many chronic diseases. Similarly, regular physical activity has also been shown to assist in preventing, and reducing the severity of these conditions. Many people, including athletes, acknowledge these findings and are adopting a vegetarian-based diet to improve their health status. Furthermore, athletes are incorporating this approach with the specific aim of optimizing physical performance. To examine the evidence for the relationship between consuming a predominately vegetarian-based diet and improved physical performance, a systematic literature review was performed using the SCOPUS database. No date parameters were set. The keywords vegetarian OR vegan AND sport OR athlete OR training OR performance OR endurance were used to identify relevant literature. Included studies (i) directly compared a vegetarian-based diet to an omnivorous/mixed diet, (ii) directly assessed physical performance, not biomarkers of physical performance, and (iii) did not use supplementation emulating a vegetarian diet. Reference lists were hand searched for additional studies. Seven randomized controlled trials and one cross-sectional study met the inclusion criteria. No distinguished differences between vegetarian-based diets and omnivorous mixed diets were identified when physical performance was compared. Consuming a predominately vegetarian-based diet did not improve nor hinder performance in athletes. However, with only 8 studies identified, with substantial variability among the studies' experimental designs, aims and outcomes, further research is warranted.
Topics: Athletes; Athletic Performance; Diet; Diet, Vegetarian; Exercise; Humans; Muscle Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Nutritional Status; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Sports
PubMed: 26568522
DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0231 -
Nutrients Nov 2021Various nutritional therapies have been proposed in rheumatoid arthritis, particularly diets rich in ω-3 fatty acids, which may lead to eicosanoid reduction. Our aim... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Various nutritional therapies have been proposed in rheumatoid arthritis, particularly diets rich in ω-3 fatty acids, which may lead to eicosanoid reduction. Our aim was to investigate the effect of potentially anti-inflammatory diets (Mediterranean, vegetarian, vegan, ketogenic) on pain. The primary outcome was pain on a 10 cm visual analogue scale. Secondary outcomes were C-reactive protein levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, health assessment questionnaire, disease activity score 28, tender/swollen joint counts, weight, and body mass index. We searched MEDLINE (OVID), Embase (Elsevier), and CINAHL for studies published from database inception to 12 November 2021. Two authors independently assessed studies for inclusion, extracted study data, and assessed the risk of bias. We performed a meta-analysis with all eligible randomized controlled trials using RevMan 5. We used mean differences or standardized mean differences and the inverse variance method of pooling using a random-effects model. The search retrieved 564 unique publications, of which we included 12 in the systematic review and 7 in the meta-analysis. All studies had a high risk of bias and the evidence was very low. The main conclusion is that anti-inflammatory diets resulted in significantly lower pain than ordinary diets (-9.22 mm; 95% CI -14.15 to -4.29; = 0.0002; 7 RCTs, 326 participants).
Topics: Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Arthralgia; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diet, Healthy; Diet, Ketogenic; Diet, Mediterranean; Diet, Vegan; Diet, Vegetarian; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Male; Middle Aged; Observational Studies as Topic; Pain Management; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 34959772
DOI: 10.3390/nu13124221 -
International Journal of Environmental... May 2021Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic non-degenerative disease characterized by the presence of multiple symptoms such as chronic pain, which negatively influence the quality... (Review)
Review
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic non-degenerative disease characterized by the presence of multiple symptoms such as chronic pain, which negatively influence the quality of life of sufferers, most of whom are women. Currently, there is no effective treatment to limit the impact of these symptoms. The aim of this research is to review the scientific evidence on the effect of following a vegetarian or vegan diet on fibromyalgia patients. A systematic review included the original articles that answered the research question. These articles were in 2021 in the PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases. The research used the PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses) guidelines. No time restriction was applied, and grey literature was not included. The evaluation of the methodological quality of the articles was carried out using the following different scales: STROBE (strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology), PEDro (Physiotherapy Evidence Database), and MMAT (Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool) scales. A total of 88 studies were analyzed, of which 6 investigations were included in this systematic review ( = 4 clinical trials and = 2 cohort studies). These investigations show significant improvements in biochemical parameters, quality of life, quality of sleep, pain at rest and general health status when following mainly plant-based dietary patterns. In conclusion, these findings are promising but interpretation of the findings is limited due to the methodological quality of the studies. Well-designed clinical trials are needed to consolidate these dietary recommendations in FM patients.
Topics: Diet; Diet, Vegan; Female; Fibromyalgia; Humans; Male; Quality of Life; Vegetarians
PubMed: 34066603
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094955 -
Nutrition Reviews Oct 2015It is well established in the literature that healthier diets cost more than unhealthy diets. (Review)
Review
CONTEXT
It is well established in the literature that healthier diets cost more than unhealthy diets.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this review was to examine the contribution of food prices and diet cost to socioeconomic inequalities in diet quality.
DATA SOURCES
A systematic literature search of the PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases was performed.
STUDY SELECTION
Publications linking food prices, dietary quality, and socioeconomic status were selected.
DATA EXTRACTION
Where possible, review conclusions were illustrated using a French national database of commonly consumed foods and their mean retail prices.
DATA SYNTHESIS
Foods of lower nutritional value and lower-quality diets generally cost less per calorie and tended to be selected by groups of lower socioeconomic status. A number of nutrient-dense foods were available at low cost but were not always palatable or culturally acceptable to the low-income consumer. Acceptable healthier diets were uniformly associated with higher costs. Food budgets in poverty were insufficient to ensure optimum diets.
CONCLUSIONS
Socioeconomic disparities in diet quality may be explained by the higher cost of healthy diets. Identifying food patterns that are nutrient rich, affordable, and appealing should be a priority to fight social inequalities in nutrition and health.
Topics: Commerce; Costs and Cost Analysis; Diet; Energy Intake; Feeding Behavior; Food; Humans; Nutritional Status; Nutritive Value; Poverty; Social Class; Socioeconomic Factors
PubMed: 26307238
DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuv027 -
Maturitas May 2022Diet has been suggested to play a role in determining the age at natural menopause; however, the evidence is inconsistent. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Diet has been suggested to play a role in determining the age at natural menopause; however, the evidence is inconsistent.
OBJECTIVE
We systematically reviewed and evaluated published research about associations between diet and onset of natural menopause (ONM).
METHODS
We searched 6 databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane, PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar) through January 21,2021 to identify prospective studies assessing the association between diet and ONM. Two independent reviewers extracted data using a predesigned data-collection form. Pooled hazard risks (HRs) were calculated using random effect models.
RESULTS
Of the 6,137 eligible references we reviewed, we included 15 articles in our final analysis. Those 15 articles included 91,554 women out of 298,413 who experienced natural menopause during follow-up. Overall, there were 89 food groups investigated, 38 macronutrients and micronutrients, and 6 dietary patterns. Among the food groups, higher intake of green and yellow vegetables was associated with earlier age of ONM, while high intakes of some dairy products, such as low-fat, skimmed milk, and low intake of alcohol were associated with a later onset. We observed no consistent association between macronutrient and micronutrient intake and ONM. Our results suggests that a vegetarian diet could be associated with early ONM; we did not observe any other consistent effect from other dietary patterns. Limitations included the number of studies, lack of replication studies and the research being of an observational nature; most studies (11/15) were at medium risk of bias.
CONCLUSION
Although some food items were associated with ONM, the overall evidence about associations between diet and ONM remains controversial. Prospero id: CRD42021232087.
Topics: Dairy Products; Diet; Female; Humans; Menopause; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 35337609
DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2021.12.008 -
Current Diabetes Reports Aug 2021To assess the pleiotropic effects of ketogenic diets (KD) on glucose control, changes in medication, and weight loss in individuals with type 2 diabetes, and to evaluate... (Review)
Review
To assess the pleiotropic effects of ketogenic diets (KD) on glucose control, changes in medication, and weight loss in individuals with type 2 diabetes, and to evaluate its practical feasibility RECENT FINDINGS: KD results in improved HbA1c already after 3 weeks, and the effect seems to persist for at least 1 year. This is associated with a reduction in glucose-lowering medications. The weight loss observed after a short time period seems to be maintained with a long-term diet. Adequate support (supportive psychological counseling, enhancing positive affectivity, reinforcing mindful eating) is necessary to achieve a benefit and to assure adherence. Despite the documented decrease in HbA1, a definitive causal effect of KD remains to be proven. KD should be performed under strict medical supervision. Future research should clarify how compliance can be maximized and how ketosis can be optimally monitored.
Topics: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; Diet, Ketogenic; Humans; Ketosis; Weight Loss
PubMed: 34448957
DOI: 10.1007/s11892-021-01399-z -
European Journal of Nutrition Sep 2021This review provides an updated overview of observational and intervention studies investigating the effect of a low-FODMAP (fermentable oligo-, di- and monosaccharides,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
PURPOSE
This review provides an updated overview of observational and intervention studies investigating the effect of a low-FODMAP (fermentable oligo-, di- and monosaccharides, and polyols) diet (LFD) on gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, quality of life (QoL), nutritional adequacy, and gut microbiome in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients.
METHODS
We systematically searched available literature until October 2020 for studies that investigated the effect of LFDs on GI symptoms, QoL, nutritional adequacy, and the gut microbiome in IBS patients. The data were represented as standardized mean differences (SMD) for IBS severity, and as mean differences (MD) for IBS-QoL. Meta-analyses were performed for the quantitative analyses using random effects models with inverse variance weighing.
RESULTS
Twelve papers (nine parallel trials, three crossover studies) were included for the meta-analysis. The LFD reduced IBS severity by a moderate-to-large extent as compared to a control diet (SMD - 0.66, 95% CI - 0.88, - 0.44, I = 54%). When analyzing only studies that used the validated IBS-SSS questionnaire, a mean reduction of 45 points (95% CI - 77, - 14; I = 89%) was observed. Subgroup analyses on adherence, age, intervention duration, IBS subtype, outcome measure, and risk of bias revealed no significantly different results. The LFD also increased IBS-QoL scores, when compared with a control diet (MD 4.93; 95% CI 1.77, 8.08; I = 42%).
CONCLUSIONS
The low-FODMAP diet reduces GI symptoms and improves quality of life in IBS subjects as compared to control diets. Future work is required to obtain definitive answers regarding potential long-term effects of such diets on nutritional adequacy and the gut microbiome.
PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER
CRD42020175157.
Topics: Adult; Diet; Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; Disaccharides; Fermentation; Humans; Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Monosaccharides; Oligosaccharides; Quality of Life
PubMed: 33585949
DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02473-0 -
Nutrition and Health Jun 2023A recent meta-analysis found low-carbohydrate, high-protein diets (> 3.4 g/kg of bodyweight/day) (g/kg/day) decreased men's total testosterone (∼5.23 nmol/L)... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
A recent meta-analysis found low-carbohydrate, high-protein diets (> 3.4 g/kg of bodyweight/day) (g/kg/day) decreased men's total testosterone (∼5.23 nmol/L) [Whittaker and Harris (2022) Low-carbohydrate diets and men's cortisol and testosterone: systematic review and meta-analysis. . DOI: 10.1177/02601060221083079]. This finding has generated substantial discussion, however, it has often lacked clarity and context, with the term 'high-protein' being used unqualified. Firstly, diets < 3.4 g/kg/day are not associated with a consistent decrease in testosterone. Secondly, the average protein intake is ∼1.3 g/kg/day, conventional 'high-protein' diets are ∼1.8-3 g/kg/day and the vast majority of athletes are < 3.4 g/kg/day; meaning very few individuals will ever surpass 3.4 g/kg/day. To avoid such confusion in the future, the following definitions are proposed: very high (> 3.4 g/kg/day), high (1.9-3.4 g/kg/day), moderate (1.25-1.9 g/kg/day) and low (<1.25 g/kg/day). Using these, very high-protein diets (> 3.4 g/kg/day) appear to decrease testosterone, however high- and moderate-protein diets (1.25-3.4 g/kg/day) do not.
Topics: Male; Humans; Testosterone; Body Weight; Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; Nutritional Status; Diet, High-Protein
PubMed: 36266956
DOI: 10.1177/02601060221132922