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Nutricion Hospitalaria Dec 2022Introduction: the main treatment for people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) corresponds to cognitive behavioral therapy in conjunction with pharmacotherapy. Together...
Introduction: the main treatment for people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) corresponds to cognitive behavioral therapy in conjunction with pharmacotherapy. Together they seek to attenuate the behavioral symptoms of these patients, as well as to increase their social functionality. However, other strategies have become popular to achieve the same goal of classical treatment. Particularly, nutritional interventions are positioned above others, and it is necessary to investigate their effectiveness, considering that children with ASD present a marked food selectivity, as well as gastrointestinal alterations. Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of nutritional interventions in the behavioral symptomatology of infants with ASD. Methods: a systematic search was carried out in the Scopus and PubMed databases, in Spanish and English. The filters of clinical studies and original articles were used, choosing only nutritional interventions in children under 19 years of age and who had had at least 4 weeks of intervention. Results: evidence was found on gluten- and casein-free diets, ketogenic diet, omega-3 supplementation, prebiotics/probiotics, and vitamins/minerals presenting positive results in most of the articles analyzed; however, the heterogeneity presented requires a greater body of evidence to promote its use. Conclusion: the five types of nutritional interventions evaluated show varied evidence that does not allow defining the degree of effectiveness between one or the other in terms of behavioral improvements in the population with ASD.
Topics: Child; Humans; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Diet; Probiotics; Caseins; Prebiotics
PubMed: 36454020
DOI: 10.20960/nh.04155 -
Nutrients Jul 2018Epidemiological studies are inconclusive regarding the association between dietary fiber intake and endometrial cancer risk. Thus, we aimed to conduct a meta-analysis to... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Epidemiological studies are inconclusive regarding the association between dietary fiber intake and endometrial cancer risk. Thus, we aimed to conduct a meta-analysis to clarify the association between dietary fiber and endometrial cancer risk. We searched the PubMed and ISI Web databases for relevant studies through March 2018. The association between dietary fiber and endometrial cancer risk was evaluated by conducting a meta-analysis including 3 cohort and 12 case⁻control studies. A significant negative association was observed between total dietary fiber intake and endometrial cancer risk in 11 case⁻control studies (odds ratios (OR) 0.76, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.64⁻0.89, ² = 35.2%, = 0.117), but a marginal positive association was observed in three cohort studies (relative risk (RR) 1.22, 95% CI: 1.00⁻1.49, ² = 0.0%, = 0.995). Particularly, a negative association was observed in North America (OR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.59⁻0.83, ² = 8.9%, = 0.362). In addition, a positive association was observed in cereal fiber (RR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.03⁻1.52, ² = 0.0%, = 0.530, 3 cohort studies) and a negative association was observed in vegetable fiber (OR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.58⁻0.94, ² = 0.0%, = 0.445, 3 case⁻control studies). In conclusion, negative associations with endometrial cancer risk were observed for higher total dietary fiber intake and higher vegetable fiber intake in the case⁻control studies. However, results from the cohort studies suggested positive relationships of higher total fiber intake and higher cereal fiber intake with endometrial cancer risk.
Topics: Dietary Fiber; Endometrial Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Risk Factors
PubMed: 30037138
DOI: 10.3390/nu10070945 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Sep 2023Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a multisystem disease; the importance of growth and nutritional status is well established given their implications for lung function and overall... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a multisystem disease; the importance of growth and nutritional status is well established given their implications for lung function and overall survivability. Furthermore, it has been established that intestinal microbial imbalance and inflammation are present in people with CF. Oral prebiotics are commercially available substrates that are selectively utilised by host intestinal micro-organisms and may improve both intestinal and overall health.
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the benefits and harms of prebiotics for improving health outcomes in children and adults with CF.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis Trials Register compiled from electronic database searches and handsearching of journals and conference abstract books. We also searched the reference lists of relevant articles and reviews. Date of last search: 19 October 2022. We also searched PubMed and online trials registries. Date of last search: 13 January 2023.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs assessing the efficacy of prebiotics in children and adults with CF. We planned to only include the first treatment period from cross-over RCTs, regardless of washout period.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
We did not identify any relevant trials.
MAIN RESULTS
We did not identify any relevant trials for inclusion in this review.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
This review did not find any evidence for the use of prebiotics in people with CF. Until such evidence is available, it is reasonable for clinicians to follow any local guidelines and to discuss the use of dietary prebiotics with their patients. Large and robust RCTs assessing the dietary prebiotics of inulin or galacto-oligosaccharides or fructo-oligosaccharides, or any combination of these, are needed. Such studies should be of at least 12 months in duration and assess outcomes such as growth and nutrition, gastrointestinal symptoms, pulmonary exacerbations, lung function, inflammatory biomarkers, hospitalisations, intestinal microbial profiling, and faecal short-chain fatty acids. Trials should include both children and adults and aim to be adequately powered to allow for subgroup analysis by age.
Topics: Adult; Child; Humans; Cystic Fibrosis; Feces; Hospitalization; Inflammation; Nutritional Status; Prebiotics
PubMed: 37753791
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD015236.pub2 -
Cureus Sep 2023Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a significant global health concern, necessitating effective preventive measures. Dietary fiber has gained attention as a potential... (Review)
Review
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a significant global health concern, necessitating effective preventive measures. Dietary fiber has gained attention as a potential cardiovascular risk factor modifier. Although its effects on various CVD risk markers such as cholesterol levels and blood glucose levels have been explored, the relationship between dietary fiber and blood pressure remains somewhat elusive across the different studies conducted worldwide. In this systematic review, we conducted an extensive analysis of recent research from a global perspective, aiming to elucidate the relationship between dietary fiber intake and blood pressure. From an initial pool of more than 24,500 articles retrieved from PubMed and Google Scholar, we rigorously selected 11 studies published in the last decade (post-2013) to ensure up-to-date insights. These selected studies encompass diverse populations from different regions worldwide, allowing for a comprehensive global assessment. Our analysis revealed a positive overall impact of increased dietary fiber intake on blood pressure levels. Despite variations in study parameters, consistent trends were observed across multiple continents. This systematic review underscores the potential of dietary fiber intake to reduce blood pressure and improve cardiovascular health globally. This review serves as a global analysis and updates on the developments about the potential association between dietary fiber and blood pressure levels. While the findings are promising, further research is essential to elucidate underlying mechanisms and ensure global consistency. Collaborative efforts and ongoing investigation are crucial for harnessing the cardiovascular benefits of dietary fiber and addressing the worldwide burden of hypertension.
PubMed: 37900495
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46116 -
Frontiers in Nutrition 2023Dietary factors may affect the incidence of colorectal serrated polyps (SP). However, its effects on SP are unclear as epidemiological studies on this topic have showed...
BACKGROUND
Dietary factors may affect the incidence of colorectal serrated polyps (SP). However, its effects on SP are unclear as epidemiological studies on this topic have showed inconsistent results. The present systematic review and meta-analysis sought to evaluate the effects of dietary factors on SPs.
METHODS
Studies regarding the association between dietary factors and SPs were identified by searching PubMed, Cochrane library, Embase and Chinese Biomedical Literature database from inception until 27 February 2023. Search terms include serrated, hyperplastic, adenoma, polyps, colorectal, rectal, rectum and risk. Heterogeneity was assessed using statistics. The meta-analysis was conducted by using a random-effects model, and the pooled effects were expressed with odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Probable sources of heterogeneity were identified through meta-regression. Subgroup analysis were based on lesion types, study designs, countries, and so on.
RESULTS
28 studies were ultimately eligible after scanning, and five dietary factors including vitamin D, calcium, folate, fiber and red or processed meat were excerpted. Higher intakes of vitamin D (OR = 0.95, 95%CI:0.90-1.02), calcium (OR = 0.97, 95%CI: 0.91-1.03) and folate (OR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.6-1.13) were not significantly associated with SP. Fiber intake (OR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.82-0.99) was a protective factor against SPs. Red meat intake increased the risk of SPs by 30% for the highest versus lowest intakes (OR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.13-1.51). For different lesion types, higher folate intake was associated with a decreased risk of HPs (OR = 0.59, 95%CI: 0.44-0.79), and higher vitamin D intake decreased the risk of SPs including SSA/P (OR = 0.93, 95%CI: 0.88-0.98).
CONCLUSIONS
Higher dietary fiber intake plays an effective role in preventing SP, while red meat intake is associated with an increased risk of SP. This evidence provides guidance for us to prevent SP from a dietary perspective.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?, RecordID=340750.
PubMed: 37575321
DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1187539 -
International Journal of Environmental... Nov 2021The burden of pancreatic cancer varies greatly across countries, with the number of deaths, incident cases, and disability-adjusted life years more than doubling in... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The burden of pancreatic cancer varies greatly across countries, with the number of deaths, incident cases, and disability-adjusted life years more than doubling in recent years, and with high-income countries having the highest incidence and mortality rates. We conducted this systematic review with meta-analysis with the goal of summarizing the current evidence on dietary fiber intake and its role in reducing the risk of pancreatic cancer, given the importance of identifying risk factors. This systematic review followed the guidelines of the Cochrane Collaboration and the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020. The structured literature search was conducted on PubMed/Medline and Scopus, combining free text words and medical subject headings. Our review contained 18 records at the end of the process. Our results show that dietary fiber intake reduces the risk of pancreatic cancer. When the analysis was differentiated according to the type of fiber considered, sub-grouped by gender (reduction of around 60% among women), and when case-control studies were conducted, the strength of the association increased. Clinicians and policymakers should improve interventions to raise the population's awareness regarding the consumption of high-fiber diets, both in practice and in terms of public health policy.
Topics: Case-Control Studies; Dietary Fiber; Female; Humans; Incidence; Observational Studies as Topic; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Risk Factors
PubMed: 34770068
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111556 -
European Journal of Clinical... Mar 2020Inulin, consisting of repetitive fructosyl units linked by β(2,1) bonds, is a readily fermentable fiber by intestinal bacteria that generates large quantities of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Inulin, consisting of repetitive fructosyl units linked by β(2,1) bonds, is a readily fermentable fiber by intestinal bacteria that generates large quantities of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). In individuals with constipation, it was reported that inulin ingestion was associated with a significant increase in stool frequency, suggesting a potential impact of inulin on human gut microbiota composition. Progress in high-throughput technologies allow assessment of human-associated microbiomes in terms of diversity and taxonomic or functional composition, and can identify changes in response to a specific supplementation. Hence, to understand the effects of inulin on the human gut microbiome is pivotal to gain insight into their mechanisms of action.
METHODS
Here, we conducted a systematic review of human studies in adult individuals showing the effects of inulin on the gut microbiome. We searched in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus databases for articles in English published in peer-reviewed journals and indexed up until March 2019. We used multiple search terms capturing gut microbiome, gut microflora, intestinal microbiota, intestinal flora, gut microbiota, gut flora, microbial gut community, gut microbial composition, and inulin.
RESULTS
Overall, nine original articles reported the effects of inulin on microbiome composition in adult humans, most of them being randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials (n = 7). Studies varied significantly in design (3 studies associated inulin and oligofructose), supplementation protocols (from 5 to 20 gr per day of inulin consumed) and in microbiome assessment methods (16S sequencing, n = 7). The most consistent change was an increase in Bifidobacterium. Other concordant results included an increase in relative abundance of Anaerostipes, Faecalibacterium, and Lactobacillus, and a decrease in relative abundance of Bacteroides after inulin supplementation.
CONCLUSIONS
Our systematic review assessed the evidence for the effects of inulin supplementation on the human gut microbiome. However, these in vivo studies did not confirm in vitro experiments as the taxonomic alterations were not associated with increase in short-chain fatty acids levels.
Topics: Clinical Studies as Topic; Dietary Supplements; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Inulin; Microbiota
PubMed: 31707507
DOI: 10.1007/s10096-019-03721-w -
Medicine Sep 2018The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies investigating the relationship between dietary fiber intake and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies investigating the relationship between dietary fiber intake and subsite-specific colon cancer.The PubMed database was searched to identify relevant cohort studies published from inception to August 2016 in order to examine individually the association between dietary fiber intake and the risk of proximal colon cancer (PCC), and that between dietary fiber intake and the risk of distal colon cancer (DCC). We searched the reference lists of the studies included in our analysis as well as those listed in the published meta-analyses. A random-effects model was used to compute summary risk estimates. Heterogeneity was assessed using I and Q statistics. Publication bias was assessed with the Egger's and Begg's tests, with a P value of P < .10 indicating publication bias. All statistical tests were 2-sided.We identified and included 11 prospective cohort studies in the final meta-analysis. The risks of PCC and DCC among individuals in the highest dietary fiber intake quartile/quintile were 14% (relative risk [RR] = 0.86, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.78-0.95) and 21% (RR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.71-0.87) lower, respectively, than those among individuals with the lowest dietary fiber intake. In a subgroup analysis, the inverse association observed in the sex-based subgroup was apparent only for men with PCC. Dietary fiber intake was inversely associated with DCC for both men and women. In addition, dietary fiber intake appeared to be inversely associated with PCC only in European countries, whereas this association was observed for DCC in both European countries and the United States.Our findings reveal that dietary fiber intake is associated inversely with the risk of both PCC and DCCs.
Topics: Colonic Neoplasms; Diet; Dietary Fiber; Humans; Observational Studies as Topic; Risk Factors
PubMed: 30200062
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000011678 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology May 2015To investigate fiber and prebiotic supplementation of enteral nutrition (EN) for diarrhea, fecal microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
AIM
To investigate fiber and prebiotic supplementation of enteral nutrition (EN) for diarrhea, fecal microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs).
METHODS
MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Academic Search Premier, and Web of Science databases were searched for human experimental and observational cohort studies conducted between January 1990 and June 2014. The keywords used for the literature search were fiber, prebiotics and enteral nutrition. English language studies with adult patient populations on exclusive EN were selected. Abstracts and/or full texts of selected studies were reviewed and agreed upon by two independent researchers for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Tools used for the quality assessment were Jadad Scale and the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network Critical Appraisal of the Medical Literature.
RESULTS
A total of 456 possible articles were retrieved, and 430 were excluded due to lack of appropriate data. Of the 26 remaining studies, only eight investigated the effects of prebiotics. Results of the meta-analysis indicated that overall, fiber reduces diarrhea in patients receiving EN (OR = 0.47; 95%CI: 0.29-0.77; P = 0.02). Subgroup analysis revealed a positive effect of fiber supplementation in EN towards diarrhea in stable patients (OR = 0.31; 95%CI: 0.19-0.51; P < 0.01), but not in critically ill patients (OR = 0.89; 95%CI: 0.41-1.92; P = 0.77). Prebiotic supplementation in EN does not improve the incidence of diarrhea despite its manipulative effect on bifidobacteria concentrations and SCFA in healthy humans. In addition, the effect of fiber and/or prebiotic supplementation towards fecal microbiota and SCFA remain disputable.
CONCLUSION
Fiber helps minimize diarrhea in patients receiving EN, particularly in non-critically ill patients. However, the effect of prebiotics in moderating diarrhea is inconclusive.
Topics: Chi-Square Distribution; Critical Illness; Diarrhea; Dietary Fiber; Enteral Nutrition; Fatty Acids; Feces; Humans; Incidence; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Microbiota; Odds Ratio; Prebiotics; Risk Factors; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 25954112
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i17.5372 -
Nutrients Jan 2022The gut microbiota is a key factor in the correct development of the gastrointestinal immune system. Studies have found differences between the gut microbiota of...
The gut microbiota is a key factor in the correct development of the gastrointestinal immune system. Studies have found differences between the gut microbiota of newborns delivered by cesarean section compared to those vaginally delivered. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of ingestion of probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics during pregnancy and/or lactation on the development of the gut microbiota of the C-section newborns. We selected experimental studies in online databases from their inception to October 2021. Of the 83 records screened, 12 met the inclusion criteria. The probiotics used belonged to the genera , , , and , or a combination of those, with dosages varying between 2 × 10 and 9 × 10 CFU per day, and were consumed during pregnancy and/or lactation. Probiotic strains were combined with galacto-oligosaccharides, fructo-oligosaccharides, or bovine milk-derived oligosaccharides in the synbiotic formulas. Probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic interventions led to beneficial gut microbiota in cesarean-delivered newborns, closer to that in vaginally delivered newborns, especially regarding colonization. This effect was more evident in breastfed infants. The studies indicate that this beneficial effect is achieved when the interventions begin soon after birth, especially the restoration of bifidobacterial population. Changes in the infant microbial ecosystem due to the interventions seem to continue after the end of the intervention in most of the studies. More interventional studies are needed to elucidate the optimal synbiotic combinations and the most effective strains and doses for achieving the optimal gut microbiota colonization of C-section newborns.
Topics: Bifidobacterium; Breast Feeding; Cesarean Section; Ecosystem; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Lactation; Lactobacillus; Male; Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Prebiotics; Pregnancy; Prenatal Care; Probiotics; Synbiotics
PubMed: 35057522
DOI: 10.3390/nu14020341