-
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Sep 2020This study presents a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of temporal processing in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and developmental dyslexia (DD), two... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
This study presents a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of temporal processing in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and developmental dyslexia (DD), two neurodevelopmental disorders in which temporal processing deficits have been highly researched. The results provide strong evidence for impairments in temporal processing in both ASD (g = 0.48) and DD (g = 0.82), as measured by judgments of temporal order and simultaneity. In individual analyses, multisensory temporal processing was impaired for both ASD and DD, and unisensory auditory, visual and tactile processing were all impaired in DD. In ASD, speech stimuli showed moderate impairment effect sizes, whereas nonspeech stimuli showed small effects. Greater reading and spelling skills in DD were associated with greater temporal precision. Temporal deficits did not show changes with age in either disorder. In addition to more clearly defining temporal impairments in ASD and DD, the results highlight common and distinct patterns of temporal processing between these disorders. Deficits are discussed in relation to existing theoretical models, and recommendations are made for future research.
Topics: Auditory Perception; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Autistic Disorder; Dyslexia; Humans; Time Perception; Visual Perception
PubMed: 32544540
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.06.013 -
Early Intervention in Psychiatry Apr 2016Social media platforms are commonly used for the expression of suicidal thoughts and feelings, particularly by young people. Despite this, little is known about the ways... (Review)
Review
AIM
Social media platforms are commonly used for the expression of suicidal thoughts and feelings, particularly by young people. Despite this, little is known about the ways in which social media can be used for suicide prevention. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review to identify current evidence pertaining to the ways in which social media are currently used as a tool for suicide prevention.
METHODS
Medline, PsycInfo, Embase, CINHAL and the Cochrane Library were searched for articles published between 1991 and April 2014. English language articles with a focus on suicide-related behaviour and social media were included. No exclusion was placed on study design.
RESULTS
Thirty studies were included; 4 described the development of social media sites designed for suicide prevention, 6 examined the potential of social media in terms of its ability to reach or identify people at risk of suicide, 15 examined the ways in which people used social media for suicide prevention-related purposes, and 5 examined the experiences of people who had used social media sites for suicide prevention purposes. No intervention studies were identified.
CONCLUSION
Social media platforms can reach large numbers of otherwise hard-to-engage individuals, may allow others to intervene following an expression of suicidal ideation online, and provide an anonymous, accessible and non-judgmental forum for sharing experiences. Challenges include difficulties controlling user behaviour and accurately assessing risk, issues relating to privacy and confidentiality and the possibility of contagion. Social media appears to hold significant potential for suicide prevention; however, additional research into its safety and efficacy is required.
Topics: Humans; Social Media; Suicide Prevention
PubMed: 25702826
DOI: 10.1111/eip.12229 -
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Nov 2020Just as happy people see the proverbial glass as half-full, 'optimistic' or 'pessimistic' responses to ambiguity might also reflect affective states in animals.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Just as happy people see the proverbial glass as half-full, 'optimistic' or 'pessimistic' responses to ambiguity might also reflect affective states in animals. Judgement bias tests, designed to measure these responses, are an increasingly popular way of assessing animal affect and there is now a substantial, but heterogeneous, literature on their use across different species, affect manipulations, and study designs. By conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of 459 effect sizes from 71 studies of non-pharmacological affect manipulations on 22 non-human species, we show that animals in relatively better conditions, assumed to generate more positive affect, show more 'optimistic' judgements of ambiguity than those in relatively worse conditions. Overall effects are small when considering responses to all cues, but become more pronounced when non-ambiguous training cues are excluded from analyses or when focusing only on the most divergent responses between treatment groups. Task type (go/no-go; go/go active choice), training cue reinforcement (reward-punishment; reward-null; reward-reward) and sex of animals emerge as potential moderators of effect sizes in judgement bias tests.
Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cognition; Cues; Judgment; Optimism; Pessimism
PubMed: 32682742
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.07.012 -
Rheumatology International Mar 2016Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is an autoinflammatory disease, which can be well controlled with lifelong use of colchicine. Since studies dealing with the efficacy... (Review)
Review
Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is an autoinflammatory disease, which can be well controlled with lifelong use of colchicine. Since studies dealing with the efficacy and safety of colchicine were conducted mainly in the sixties and seventies of the previous century, it seems that this topic needs to be updated. Recently, an international expert panel was undertaken for the establishment of recommendations on how to manage FMF. We aimed to summarize the efficacy and safety of the current treatments available to prevent FMF attacks and to avert the appearance of amyloidosis secondary to FMF. A systematic review was performed. Two reviewers and methodologist established the protocol of the review and the epidemiological questions in PICO terms. MEDLINE through PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Trials Register all up to May 31, 2014, were searched, and only randomized controlled trials or quasicontrolled trials were accepted. For each study, a judgment on risk of bias was then rated as high, moderate, or low. Of 1222 initially captured publications, 153 articles were studied in detail. Finally, only seven studies met all criteria and were included. Among these seven studies, four were randomized crossover clinical trials of colchicine including a total of 57 patients, one RCT of Andrographis paniculata Herba Nees extract employed in 24 patients, one randomized crossover clinical trial of Rilonacept used in 12 patients, and one RCT of interferon treating 34 acute abdominal attacks in 22 patients. The quality of the colchicine trials was low compared with the other drugs trials. Safety was not clearly mentioned in the trials. Colchicine is an effective treatment in FMF.
Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Colchicine; Familial Mediterranean Fever; Humans; Interferons; Plant Extracts; Recombinant Fusion Proteins; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 26687683
DOI: 10.1007/s00296-015-3408-9 -
Journal of Voice : Official Journal of... Aug 2022To analyze the prevalence of work-related voice disorders (WRVD) among the voice professionals. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To analyze the prevalence of work-related voice disorders (WRVD) among the voice professionals.
METHODS
The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021250121). The search was performed in the Embase, Lilacs, Medline, SCOPUS, and Web of Sciences databases. There were no limitations to the year of publication and the search included observational studies which reported data on the prevalence of dysphonia in voice professionals measured through vocal complaints, vocal self-assessment, the auditory-perceptual judgment of the voice, and laryngoscopy examinations. The critical appraisal instrument for studies reporting prevalence data was used to analyze the risk of bias of the studies. Data analysis was performed using Jamovi and R software with a significance level of 5%.
RESULTS
The initial search identified 561 articles, 73 of which were finally included and analyzed. The total number of participants was 63,126. Dysphonia was diagnosed in 45,996 participants based on a vocal complaint, 12,843 using vocal self-assessment, 1,254 using the auditory-perceptual judgment, and 1,683 using laryngoscopies. The prevalence of total dysphonia was 44.0 (95% CI 38.47; 49.69). The prevalence of vocal complaints was 43.9% (95% CI 37.37; 50.52), 42.5% (95% CI 28.57; 57.08) for self-assessment, 53.0% (95% CI 29.87; 77.19) for auditory-perceptual judgment, and 36.9% (95% CI 18.62; 57.08) for laryngoscopic examination. In the auditory-perceptual judgment, voice professionals in class 3 (moderate quality, high demand) had a higher prevalence of dysphonia than those in class 4 (moderate quality, moderate demand) (P = 0.04). In the auditory-perceptual judgment (P = 0.04), there was a higher prevalence of dysphonia in teachers than among other voice professionals non-teachers, and in the laryngeal evaluation, no differences were found between professionals (P = 0.8).
CONCLUSION
There was a high prevalence of dysphonia in voice professionals, especially in the detection by auditory-perceptual judgment. High vocal demand and being a teacher influenced the increase in the prevalence of WRVD.
PubMed: 36057482
DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2022.07.030 -
International Journal of Nursing Studies Jun 2022The incidence of prostate cancer is increasing across the world, with over 1.2 million men diagnosed in 2018. Survival rates have increased significantly however the... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The incidence of prostate cancer is increasing across the world, with over 1.2 million men diagnosed in 2018. Survival rates have increased significantly however the morbidity remains high. Men do report unmet sexual health needs post prostatectomy, despite this, many do not pursue treatment.
OBJECTIVES
To explore men's perceptions of the education and support they receive surrounding post-prostatectomy erectile dysfunction and penile rehabilitation.
DESIGN
Systematic review and qualitative analysis based on Joanna Briggs Institute's methodology for conducting synthesis.
METHODS
Based on the protocol registered with PROSPERO, data were collected from the following electronic databases: MEDLINE, Web of Science, CINAHL, Psycinfo, The Cochrane Library and Embase. Titles and abstracts were screened against the inclusion and exclusion criteria, full texts were then screened, and the methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institutes Critical Appraisal Checklist for Qualitative Research by two independent reviewers.
RESULTS
Synthesised findings were extracted from 13 articles; four synthesised findings were identified from nine categories with 57 findings and 108 illustrations. The findings related to a perceived lack of education and support regarding all aspects of sexuality post prostatectomy. Practitioners' knowledge of gay, bisexual and single men's needs was particularly lacking. Nurses and nurse practitioners were considered to contribute positively to educational needs.
CONCLUSIONS
The synthesised findings demonstrated that men do not receive sufficient education and support to initiate penile rehabilitation post-prostatectomy. Men need a holistic approach to altered sexuality and practitioners should facilitate education and treatment in a non-judgmental and all-inclusive approach.
Topics: Erectile Dysfunction; Humans; Male; Prostatectomy; Qualitative Research; Sexual Behavior; Sexuality
PubMed: 35395575
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2022.104212 -
Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and... Nov 2021The syndromes of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or mild neurocognitive disorder (MiND), often prodromal to dementia (Major Neurocognitive Disorder), are characterized...
INTRODUCTION
The syndromes of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or mild neurocognitive disorder (MiND), often prodromal to dementia (Major Neurocognitive Disorder), are characterized by acquired clinically significant changes in one or more cognitive domains despite preserved independence. Mild impairment has significant medicolegal consequences for an affected person and their care system. We review the more common etiologies of MiND and provide a systematic review of its medicolegal implications.
METHODS
We conducted a systematic review of the peer-reviewed English literature on medicolegal aspects of MCI or MiND using comprehensive search terms and expanding our review to include sources cited by these reports.
RESULTS
Impairment of memory, executive function, social cognition, judgment, insight or abstraction can alter an individual's abilities in a variety of areas that include decision making, informed consent, designation of a surrogate decision-maker such as a health care proxy, understanding and management of financial affairs, execution of a will, or safe driving.
CONCLUSION
Even mild cognitive impairment can have significant behavioral consequences. Clinicians can assist care partners and persons with MCI or MiND by alerting them to the medicolegal concerns that often accompany cognitive decline. Early recognition and discussion can help a care system manage medicolegal risk more effectively and promote thoughtful advance planning.
Topics: Cognitive Dysfunction; Executive Function; Humans; Neuropsychological Tests
PubMed: 32935606
DOI: 10.1177/0891988720957092 -
Schizophrenia Research Feb 2020Voice atypicalities have been a characteristic feature of schizophrenia since its first definitions. They are often associated with core negative symptoms such as flat... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Voice atypicalities have been a characteristic feature of schizophrenia since its first definitions. They are often associated with core negative symptoms such as flat affect and alogia, and with the social impairments seen in the disorder. This suggests that voice atypicalities may represent a marker of clinical features and social functioning in schizophrenia. We systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed the evidence for distinctive acoustic patterns in schizophrenia, as well as their relation to clinical features. We identified 46 articles, including 55 studies with a total of 1254 patients with schizophrenia and 699 healthy controls. Summary effect sizes (Hedges'g and Pearson's r) estimates were calculated using multilevel Bayesian modeling. We identified weak atypicalities in pitch variability (g = -0.55) related to flat affect, and stronger atypicalities in proportion of spoken time, speech rate, and pauses (g's between -0.75 and -1.89) related to alogia and flat affect. However, the effects were mostly modest (with the important exception of pause duration) compared to perceptual and clinical judgments, and characterized by large heterogeneity between studies. Moderator analyses revealed that tasks with a more demanding cognitive and social component showed larger effects both in contrasting patients and controls and in assessing symptomatology. In conclusion, studies of acoustic patterns are a promising but, yet unsystematic avenue for establishing markers of schizophrenia. We outline recommendations towards more cumulative, open, and theory-driven research.
Topics: Aphasia; Bayes Theorem; Humans; Schizophrenia; Speech; Voice
PubMed: 31839552
DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.11.031 -
Journal of Oral Rehabilitation Jul 2022The evidence on the relationship between anxiety and depression and patients with distinct subtypes of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is uncertain, so a thorough... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
The evidence on the relationship between anxiety and depression and patients with distinct subtypes of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is uncertain, so a thorough review study on the topic is still missing.
OBJECTIVES
This systematic review investigated the distribution and severity of anxiety and depression in patients diagnosed with different subtypes of TMD.
METHODS
The study is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020150562) and it followed the PRISMA 2020 Statement. We searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and SciELO databases (last search: 12 March 2021) and the reference list from the included studies. Study eligibility criteria consisted of: (i) patients diagnosed with TMD using the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC/TMD) or Diagnostic Criteria (DC/TMD) instruments; (ii) assessment of anxiety and/or depression with validated psychological instruments and (iii) allocation of patients into a minimum of two distinct TMD subtypes with at least one group having myofascial pain (comparison group). Analyses were carried out using RevMan 5.3.5 statistical package and random- or fixed-effects models (α = 0.05). The quality of evidence was assessed based on review authors' judgment derived from a 10-item appraisal tool for prevalence studies and with the Newcastle-Ottawa scale.
RESULTS
Of the 4086 records identified in total, 24 were eligible for inclusion; meta-analyses were conducted with 20 studies. In total, 3678 subjects were included in the review. Most of the studies found that patients with myofascial pain showed similar occurrence and severity of anxiety/depression as compared to other subtypes of TMD, although the average prevalence seemed to be higher among the diagnoses consisting of myofascial pain (muscular TMD). Despite the moderate-to-high heterogeneity, anxiety and depression were more frequently distributed within patients with myofascial pain (p = .001). TMD patients without myofascial pain presented less severe levels of anxiety and depression than patients with only myofascial pain (p ≤ .01). The type of psychological instrument seems to affect the assessment of both anxiety and depression emotional states.
CONCLUSION
The findings of this review suggest that patients with myofascial pain are more anxious and more depressed than patients with other subtypes of TMD.
IMPLICATIONS
Considering that anxiety and depression are differently distributed within the TMD population, a proper assessment of the psychological state of patients seems essential to offer an adequate treatment and management of each specific subtype of TMD.
Topics: Anxiety; Depression; Humans; Myofascial Pain Syndromes; Pain; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
PubMed: 35398904
DOI: 10.1111/joor.13331 -
Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and... 2022Cutaneous drug eruptions are a significant source of morbidity, mortality, and cost to the healthcare system. Identifying the culprit drug is essential; however, despite... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Cutaneous drug eruptions are a significant source of morbidity, mortality, and cost to the healthcare system. Identifying the culprit drug is essential; however, despite numerous methods being published, there are no consensus guidelines.
OBJECTIVES
Conduct a scoping review to identify all published methods of culprit drug identification for cutaneous drug eruptions, compare the methods, and generate hypotheses for future causality assessment studies.
ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA
Peer-reviewed publications involving culprit drug identification methods.
SOURCES OF EVIDENCE
Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials.
CHARTING METHODS
Registered PRISMA-ScR format protocol on Open Science Forum.
RESULTS
In total, 109 studies and 26 reviews were included comprising 656,635 adverse drug events, most of which were cutaneous. There were 54 methods of culprit drug identification published, categorized as algorithms, probabilistic approaches, and expert judgment. Algorithms had higher sensitivity and positive predictive value, but lower specificity and negative predictive value. Probabilistic approaches had lower sensitivity and positive predictive value, but higher specificity and negative predictive value. Expert judgment was subjective, less reproducible, but the most frequently used to validate other methods. Studies suggest that greater accuracy may be achieved by specifically assessing cutaneous drug eruptions and using combinations of causality assessment categories.
CONCLUSIONS
Culprit drug identification for adverse drug reactions remains a challenge. Many methods have been published, but there are no consensus guidelines. Using causality assessment methods specifically for cutaneous drug eruptions and combining aspects of the different causality assessment categories may improve efficacy. Further studies are needed to validate this hypothesis.
Topics: Algorithms; Consensus; Drug Eruptions; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Exanthema; Humans
PubMed: 34798794
DOI: 10.1177/12034754211027509