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Journal of Neurology Aug 2018Although existing studies show that reactivation of the human endogenous retrovirus (HERVs) plays a leading role in multiple sclerosis (MS) progression, the... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Although existing studies show that reactivation of the human endogenous retrovirus (HERVs) plays a leading role in multiple sclerosis (MS) progression, the practitioners are yet to establish effective approaches for managing MS without jeopardizing the patients' immune systems.
AIM
To provide up-to-date knowledge on the specific roles played by the reactivation of the HERVs in the pathogenesis of MS.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A systematic review of 70 peer-reviewed journals accessed via PubMed was conducted. The searches generated more than 600 sources that were evaluated based on three step in and exclusion criteria. The selected sources were critically analyzed vis-à-vis the paper's hypothesis which posits that the HERVs reactivation does not directly cause the MS, but triggers a demyelination process by promoting the pathogenic effects of the retroviruses. The paper further documents the advancements in the therapeutic applications resulting from the immunohistological analysis and pathological studies aimed at minimizing the adverse consequences of the HERVs reactivation.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Only three out of the 70 reviewed sources did not find provide evidence linking the reactivation of HERV and MS progression. On the other hand, overwhelming pieces of evidence confirm that the reactivations often drive the demyelinating plaques by initiating microglial inflammation. Pathological examinations reveal that the inflammatory monocytes (Ly6ChiCCR2 + CX3CR1lo) trigger the reactivation of the malignant T cells that are responsible for the progression of MS. These findings are promoting new discoveries as far as managing MS is concerned.
Topics: Endogenous Retroviruses; Humans; Multiple Sclerosis; Retroviridae Infections
PubMed: 29423611
DOI: 10.1007/s00415-018-8783-1 -
Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences Sep 2019Acinetobacter baumannii is an important opportunistic nosocomial pathogen. Class 1 integrons in A. baumannii plays a significant role in antibiotic resistance.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Acinetobacter baumannii is an important opportunistic nosocomial pathogen. Class 1 integrons in A. baumannii plays a significant role in antibiotic resistance. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of integrons and antibiotic resistance pattern in A. baumannii isolated from clinical samples of Iranian patients.
METHODS
The Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and the keywords with the help of Boolean operators ("AND" or "OR") were used alone or in combination to conduct the search. The searching process was conducted in the Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases and, also Iranian databases. The search was restricted to relevant English and Persian cross-sectional publications reporting the prevalence of Int1 in A. baumannii isolated from clinical samples from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2018. The data were analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software. Regarding the heterogeneity of studies, the random effects model was used. Cochrane Q and I tests was used to evaluate statistical heterogeneity between the studies.
RESULTS
Fifteen studies were included in the analysis. The combined prevalence of class 1 integrons in A. baumannii was 55.2% (95% CI: 44.8-65.1). The pooled prevalence of MDR A. baumannii isolates was 68.1%. The highest resistance belonged to Aztreonam, followed by Ciprofloxacin, and Ceftazidime with a resistance rate of 97.6%, 92.8%, and 91.6%, respectively. Tobramycin was reported as an effective antibiotic.
CONCLUSIONS
The present study reported an alarmingly high prevalence of class 1 Integrons, and MDR isolates of A. baumannii recovered from clinical samples that should be considered.
Topics: Acinetobacter Infections; Acinetobacter baumannii; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Humans; Integrons; Iran; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Prevalence
PubMed: 31666786
DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v29i5.15 -
Current Molecular Medicine May 2023HERVs are human endogenous retroviruses, which represent about 8% of the human genome, and have various physiological functions, especially in pregnancy, embryo...
INTRODUCTION
HERVs are human endogenous retroviruses, which represent about 8% of the human genome, and have various physiological functions, especially in pregnancy, embryo development and placenta formation. However, their involvement in diseases is not well defined. Some studies have observed changes in HERV expression according to age.
OBJECTIVE
Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to analyze their role in pathogenesis and usage as diagnosis or prognosis biomarkers in aging disorders.
METHODS
In this study, a search on the Pubmed interface was performed for papers published from January 1953 to June 1, 2021.
RESULTS
45 articles have been included, which matched the eligibility criteria and evaluated the following diseases: breast cancer, prostate cancer, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), osteoarthritis, Alzheimer's disease, immuno-senescence, cognitive impairment, cataract, glaucoma and hypertension.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the results suggested that HERVs play a role in the pathogenesis and can be used as biomarkers for the diagnosis or prognosis of aging disorders.
Topics: Male; Female; Pregnancy; Humans; Endogenous Retroviruses; Biomarkers; Placenta; Prostatic Neoplasms; Aging
PubMed: 35619278
DOI: 10.2174/1566524022666220525144135 -
BMJ Open Jan 2015To systematically review the evidence for the impact of study design and setting on the interpretation of tuberculosis (TB) transmission using clustering derived from... (Review)
Review
Effect of study design and setting on tuberculosis clustering estimates using Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Units-Variable Number Tandem Repeats (MIRU-VNTR): a systematic review.
OBJECTIVES
To systematically review the evidence for the impact of study design and setting on the interpretation of tuberculosis (TB) transmission using clustering derived from Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Units-Variable Number Tandem Repeats (MIRU-VNTR) strain typing.
DATA SOURCES
MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINHAL, Web of Science and Scopus were searched for articles published before 21st October 2014.
REVIEW METHODS
Studies in humans that reported the proportion of clustering of TB isolates by MIRU-VNTR were included in the analysis. Univariable meta-regression analyses were conducted to assess the influence of study design and setting on the proportion of clustering.
RESULTS
The search identified 27 eligible articles reporting clustering between 0% and 63%. The number of MIRU-VNTR loci typed, requiring consent to type patient isolates (as a proxy for sampling fraction), the TB incidence and the maximum cluster size explained 14%, 14%, 27% and 48% of between-study variation, respectively, and had a significant association with the proportion of clustering.
CONCLUSIONS
Although MIRU-VNTR typing is being adopted worldwide there is a paucity of data on how study design and setting may influence estimates of clustering. We have highlighted study design variables for consideration in the design and interpretation of future studies.
Topics: Bacterial Typing Techniques; Cluster Analysis; Humans; Interspersed Repetitive Sequences; Minisatellite Repeats; Molecular Epidemiology; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Reproducibility of Results; Research Design; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 25609667
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005636 -
BioEssays : News and Reviews in... Jun 2018The retrotransposon Long Interspersed Element 1 (LINE-1 or L1) has played a major role in shaping the sequence composition of the mammalian genome. In our recent...
Heritable L1 Retrotransposition Events During Development: Understanding Their Origins: Examination of heritable, endogenous L1 retrotransposition in mice opens up exciting new questions and research directions.
The retrotransposon Long Interspersed Element 1 (LINE-1 or L1) has played a major role in shaping the sequence composition of the mammalian genome. In our recent publication, "Heritable L1 retrotransposition in the mouse primordial germline and early embryo," we systematically assessed the rate and developmental timing of de novo, heritable endogenous L1 insertions in mice. Such heritable retrotransposition events allow L1 to exert an ongoing influence upon genome evolution. Here, we place our findings in the context of earlier studies, and highlight how our results corroborate, and depart from, previous research based on human patient samples and transgenic mouse models harboring engineered L1 reporter genes. In parallel, we outline outstanding questions regarding the stage-specificity, regulation, and functional impact of embryonic and germline L1 retrotransposition, and propose avenues for future research in this field.
Topics: Animals; Embryo, Mammalian; Embryonic Development; Germ Cells; Humans; Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Retroelements
PubMed: 29709066
DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700189 -
Journal of Burn Care & Research :... Oct 2019The role of integrons has been highlighted in antibiotic resistance among Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. Therefore, we here reviewed the prevalence of class 1... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
The role of integrons has been highlighted in antibiotic resistance among Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. Therefore, we here reviewed the prevalence of class 1 integrons and their correlations with antibiotic resistance of P. aeruginosa isolated from Iranian burn patients. This review was conducted according to the guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Cross-sectional and cohort studies published from January 1, 2000 until December 31, 2018 were enrolled. Meta-analysis was performed by Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software using the random effects model, Cochran's Q, and I2 tests. Publication bias was estimated by Funnel plot and Egger's linear regression test. Nine out of 819 studies met the eligibility criteria. The overall combined prevalence of class 1 integrons in P. aeruginosa isolates was 69% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 50.5-83%). The highest combined resistance was reported against Cloxacillin (87.7%), followed by Carbenicillin (79.1%) and Ceftriaxone (77.3%). The combined prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates was 79.3% (95% CI: 31.1-97%). Also, a significant correlation was noted between the presence of class 1 integrons and antibiotic resistance in 55.5% of the included studies (P < .05). The results showed high prevalence of class 1 integrons, antibiotic resistance, and MDR strains in P. aeruginosa isolated from Iranian burn patients. Also, most of the included studies showed a significant correlation between the presence of class 1 integrons and antibiotic resistance.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Burns; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Humans; Integrons; Prevalence; Pseudomonas Infections; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Wound Infection
PubMed: 31326983
DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irz135