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Journal of Clinical Medicine Sep 2023This review analyzes muscle activity following mandibular condylar fracture (CF), with a focus on understanding the changes in masticatory muscles and temporomandibular... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
This review analyzes muscle activity following mandibular condylar fracture (CF), with a focus on understanding the changes in masticatory muscles and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) functioning.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The review was conducted following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A search was performed on online databases using the keywords "masticatory muscles" AND ("mandibular fracture" OR "condylar fracture"). The eligibility criteria included clinical trials involving human intervention and focusing on muscle activity following a condylar fracture.
RESULTS
A total of 13 relevant studies were reviewed. Various studies evaluated muscle activity using clinical evaluation, bite force measurement, electromyography (EMG), magnetic sensors and radiological examinations to assess the impact of mandibular fractures on masticatory muscles.
CONCLUSIONS
Mandibular condylar fractures can lead to significant changes in muscle activity, affecting mastication and TMJ functioning. EMG and computed tomography (CT) imaging play crucial roles in assessing muscle changes and adaptations following fractures, providing valuable information for treatment planning and post-fracture management. Further research is required to explore long-term outcomes and functional performance after oral motor rehabilitation in patients with facial fractures. Standardized classifications and treatment approaches may help improve the comparability of future studies in this field.
PubMed: 37762866
DOI: 10.3390/jcm12185925 -
Pathophysiology : the Official Journal... Sep 2022The pigmentation of the fungiform papillae of the tongue is a rare idiopathic condition in which only the fungiform papillae appear hyperpigmented. In the absence of any... (Review)
Review
The pigmentation of the fungiform papillae of the tongue is a rare idiopathic condition in which only the fungiform papillae appear hyperpigmented. In the absence of any reviews on the subject, we conducted a systematic review of the aetiopathogenesis and pathophysiology of pigmented fungiform papillae (PFP) of the tongue, including its demographic and histopathological features, trying to outline a possible aetiology. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) was performed using PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE databases and manual searches, for publications between January 1974 and July 2022. Inclusion criteria were case reports defining patients' characteristics, their general medical and dental conditions, histopathological and/or immunohistochemical findings, all with a final definitive diagnosis of PFP. Overall, 51 studies comprising 69 cases of PFP which included histopathological descriptions were reviewed. Prominent features consisted of hyperpigmentation of melanocytes, melanophages, chromatophores, and a lymphocytic infiltrate in the subepidermal area of the fungiform papillae. On special staining, PFP contained melanin, not iron or hemosiderin. On immunohistochemistry, immune-reactive CD3+ T lymphocytes, S-100 and Sox10, but non-immune-reactive melan-A intraepithelial melanocytes were noted in some studies. The presence of hyperpigmented melanocytes and melanophages, with non-immune-reactive melan-A, suggests that PFP are a benign and physiological form of pigmentation. The inflammatory infiltrates described in some papillary lesions could possibly be due to traumatic events during mastication. Nevertheless, the true reasons for the hyperpigmentation of the fungiform papillae are as of yet elusive, and remain to be determined.
PubMed: 36136070
DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology29030043 -
Maxillofacial Plastic and... Jul 2023This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the factors influencing and success rates of dental implants for functional and dental rehabilitation... (Review)
Review
Outcomes and influential factors in functional and dental rehabilitation following microvascular fibula flap reconstruction in the maxillomandibular region: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
BACKGROUND
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the factors influencing and success rates of dental implants for functional and dental rehabilitation following microvascular fibula flap reconstruction in the maxillomandibular region.
MAIN TEXT
We conducted a comprehensive search of electronic databases, including MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane's CENTRAL, as well as gray literature sources and manual searches of notable journals. The search was performed from inception until February 2023. Studies were included if they examined functional and dental rehabilitation outcomes in patients receiving maxillofacial reconstruction using microvascular fibula flaps and were retrospective or prospective cohort studies involving human subjects. Case-control studies, research involving other reconstruction methods, and animal-based studies were excluded. Data was extracted and confirmed by two independent researchers, and risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Meta-analyses were conducted for dental implant and graft success rate, with separate analyses for different factors affecting the outcome. Heterogeneity was evaluated using Cochran's Q test and the I test. The pooled success rate for implants was 92% and for grafts, 95%, with significant heterogeneity. Implants in fibular grafts had a 2.91 times higher failure rate than those in natural bones. Radiated bone and smoking were identified as factors influencing implant failure, with radiated bone having a 2.29 times higher risk and smokers having a 3.16 times higher risk compared to their respective counterparts. Patient-reported outcomes showed improvements in key areas such as dietary intake, mastication, speech, and esthetics. The success rates declined over time, emphasizing the importance of long-term follow-up.
CONCLUSIONS
Dental implants in free fibula grafts generally have favorable success rates, with minimal bone resorption, manageable probing depths, and limited bleeding on probing. Implant success is influenced by factors such as smoking and radiated bone.
PubMed: 37418121
DOI: 10.1186/s40902-023-00392-8 -
BioMed Research International 2015Chewing is crushing food not only to aid swallowing and digestion, but also to help stress relief and regulate cognitive function, especially in attention. It is well... (Review)
Review
Chewing is crushing food not only to aid swallowing and digestion, but also to help stress relief and regulate cognitive function, especially in attention. It is well known that chewing gum is used for sleepiness prevention during work, learning, and driving, suggesting a link between chewing and sustained attention. We hypothesized that chewing elevates attention and/or alertness, leading to improvements in cognitive performance. We carried out a systematic review of the PubMed database. We inspected the attributes of effects on attention in studies investigating the effects of chewing on attention or alertness conducted with pre-post design in healthy subjects, except elderly. We identified 151 references, 22 of which were included: 14 (64%) showed positive attributes of effects on attention, 1 (5%) showed negative attributes of effects on attention, 5 (23%) showed both positive and negative attributes of effects on attention, and 2 (9%) showed no significant attributes of effects on attention. Thus, positive attributes of effects of chewing on attention, especially on sustained attention, were shown in over half of the reports. These effects also appeared with improvement in mood and stress relief and were influenced by time-on-task effect. Further studies are needed, but chewing could be useful for modifying cognitive function.
Topics: Affect; Aging; Attention; Humans; Mastication; PubMed; Stress, Psychological
PubMed: 26075234
DOI: 10.1155/2015/367026 -
The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry Feb 2022Denture adhesives are products used by wearers of removable dental prosthesis; however, systematic reviews on their influence on masticatory performance are lacking. (Review)
Review
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Denture adhesives are products used by wearers of removable dental prosthesis; however, systematic reviews on their influence on masticatory performance are lacking.
PURPOSE
The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the efficiency of denture adhesives in improving the masticatory performance of users of complete dentures (CD).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
This systematic review was organized from the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist, and the methods were registered on the international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO-CRD42020187385). The focus question was as follows: "Does the use of denture adhesives improve the masticatory performance of patients with removable dental prostheses?" The databases PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were used to extract information.
RESULTS
The search yielded 1338 articles, of which 6 met the inclusion criteria and were selected. All included studies were crossover randomized controlled trials including bimaxillary edentulous individuals. Masticatory performance was evaluated by using a comminution and sieve method.
CONCLUSIONS
Denture adhesives significantly increased the masticatory performance of CD users.
Topics: Cross-Over Studies; Denture, Complete; Humans; Mastication; Mouth, Edentulous
PubMed: 33279156
DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2020.10.011 -
The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry Aug 2022Three-dimensional (3D) additive manufacturing (AM) is an evolving technology in dentistry, proposed as an alternative to subtractive milling manufacture (MM) or... (Review)
Review
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Three-dimensional (3D) additive manufacturing (AM) is an evolving technology in dentistry, proposed as an alternative to subtractive milling manufacture (MM) or conventional processing. However, a systematic review of the use of AM technology instead of milling or conventional processing is lacking.
PURPOSE
The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the mechanical properties of 3D-printed prosthetic materials compared with MM and conventional techniques.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
An electronic search of the literature was conducted on the MEDLINE (via PubMed), Scopus, and Web of Science databases. The inclusion criteria were in vitro studies published in the last 5 years, in English or Italian, and with 3D AM printed dental prosthetic materials. Data extraction was focused on dental prosthetic materials (ceramics, polymers, and metals) and their mechanical properties: flexural strength, fracture load, hardness, roughness, removable partial denture (RPD) fit accuracy, trueness, marginal discrepancy, and internal fit. Data considered homogenous were subjected to meta-analysis using the Stata17 statistical software program (95% confidence interval [CI]; α=.05). Since all variables were continuous, the Hedge g measure was calculated. A fixed-effects model was used for I=0%, while the statistical analysis was conducted using a random-effects model with I>0%.
RESULTS
From a total of 3624 articles, 2855 studies were selected, and 76 studies included after full-text reading. The roughness of AM-printed ceramics generally increased compared with that of conventional processing while the marginal discrepancy was comparable both for ceramics and polymers. The flexural strength, hardness, and fracture load of AM-printed polymers were statistically lower than those of the conventional group (P<.05). No significant difference was detected in terms of hardness, roughness, marginal discrepancy, fracture load, trueness, or internal fit between the AM and MM techniques (P>.05). Milling techniques showed significantly higher values of flexural strength (Hedge g=-3.88; 95% CI, -7.20 to -0.58; P=.02), also after aging (Hedge g=-3.29; 95% CI, -6.41 to -0.17; P=.04), compared with AM printing.
CONCLUSIONS
AM is comparable with MM in terms of mechanical properties, in particular with polymeric materials. The flexural strength of AM-printed prostheses is lower than with conventional and MM techniques, as are the parameters of hardness and fracture load, while the marginal discrepancy is similar to that of MM and conventional techniques. AM prostheses are commonly used for interim crowns and fixed partial dentures, as their rigidity and fracture resistance cannot support mastication forces for extended periods. More comparative studies are needed.
PubMed: 35934576
DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2022.06.008 -
Annals of Global Health 2022Areca nut (AN), the principal ingredient of betel quid (BQ) has been categorized as a human carcinogen associated with various cancers of upper aerodigestive tract.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Areca nut (AN), the principal ingredient of betel quid (BQ) has been categorized as a human carcinogen associated with various cancers of upper aerodigestive tract. However, there has been no attempt at summarizing the risk reversal of oral and other cancers after cessation of BQ with or without tobacco (BQ+T/BQ-T).
OBJECTIVE
To analyze the effect of cessation of betel quid without tobacco (BQ-T) and with tobacco (BQ+T) on reversal of the risk of oral, pharyngeal and oesophageal cancers.
METHODS
A systematic literature search was conducted for publications evaluating risk of these three cancers among current and former users of BQ-T or BQ+T. The overall as well as subgroup meta-relative risks (meta-RR) were estimated using random-effect models.
RESULTS
A total of 14 studies, seven each providing estimates for BQ-T and BQ+T, were identified. For BQ-T and oral cancer, a 28.9% risk reversal was observed among former users (meta-RR 5.61, 95% CI 2.24-14.04) compared to current users (meta-RR 7.89, 95% CI 3.90-15.98). A risk reversal of 48% was noted for pharyngeal cancer - former users (meta-RR 2.50, 95% CI 1.43-4.38), current users (meta-RR 4.81, 95% CI 2.05-11.30). For oesophageal cancer, no appreciable difference in risk was observed between current and former users.For BQ+T and oral cancer the overall meta-RR indicated a higher risk in former than in current users. However, sensitivity analysis including only better-quality studies showed a modestly lower cancer risk in former than in current users. Compared to current users, the risk in former users who quit less than 10 years ago (meta-RR 1.21, 95% CI 0.90-1.63) was increased, but decreased in former users who quit more than 10 years ago (meta-RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.48-1.07).
CONCLUSION
Our analysis highlights for the first time the potential of risk reversal for oral and pharyngeal cancers following cessation of BQ-T and for oral cancer in long-term quitters (greater than 10 years) of BQ+T. The suggestive evidence from this systematic review further supports the imperative need of a strong policy to reduce the initiation of BQ use and inclusion of interventions for BQ cessation in cancer control efforts especially in geographic regions where BQ chewing is prevalent.
Topics: Areca; Esophageal Neoplasms; Humans; Mastication; Mouth Neoplasms; Nicotiana
PubMed: 35087705
DOI: 10.5334/aogh.3643 -
Journal of Dental Research May 2022The aim of the current systematic review was to summarize and to evaluate the available information on the effectiveness of oral exercise in improving the masticatory... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
The aim of the current systematic review was to summarize and to evaluate the available information on the effectiveness of oral exercise in improving the masticatory function of people ≥18 y. Electronic databases (Medline, Embase, CENTRAL) and gray literatures were searched (up to December 2020) for relevant randomized and nonrandomized controlled clinical trials. Two reviewers independently conducted the study selection, data extraction, and quality assessments. Meta-analysis was conducted for the comparison of bite force and masticatory performance using mean difference (MD) and standardized mean difference (SMD), respectively. GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) assessment was adopted for collective grading of the overall body of evidence. Of the 1,576 records identified, 18 studies (21 articles) were included in the analysis. Results of meta-analysis indicated that oral exercise could significantly improve the mean bite force of the participants (parallel comparison: MD, 41.2; 95% CI, 11.6-70.7, = 0.006; longitudinal comparison: MD, 126.5; 95% CI, 105.2-144.9, < 0.001). However, the improvement in masticatory performance was not significant (parallel comparison: SMD, 0.11; 95% CI, -0.20 to 0.42, = 0.48; longitudinal comparison: SMD, 0.4; 95% CI, -0.11 to 0.91, = 0.13). Results of meta-regression showed that greater improvements in bite force can be achieved among younger adults and with more intensive exercise. Chewing exercise is the most effective oral exercise, followed by clenching exercise, while simple oral exercise may not have a significant effect. Based on the results of the meta-analysis and GRADE assessment, a weak recommendation for people with declined masticatory function to practice oral exercise is made.
Topics: Adult; Bite Force; Humans; Mastication; Quality of Life
PubMed: 34836460
DOI: 10.1177/00220345211050326 -
Oral Diseases Sep 2021To explore the correlations between the habit of betel quid and areca nut (BQ-AN) chewing and the prognosis of oral cancer (OC). (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
To explore the correlations between the habit of betel quid and areca nut (BQ-AN) chewing and the prognosis of oral cancer (OC).
METHODS
We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to clarify this issue. Data searches were performed using PubMed, Web of Science, Epistemonikos, and Embase databases through November 2019. The primary outcome was the difference in the prognosis of OC between BQ-AN chewers and non-chewers, measured in terms of 5-year overall survival (OS) and 5-year disease-specific survival (DSS) log (HR) reported in articles. The pooled HR with 95% CI of 5-year OS and 5-year DSS was calculated using a fixed-effects model.
RESULTS
Ten articles with eleven OS or DSS survival studies (one of the articles contained two studies), which were published between 2003 and 2017, were eligible for inclusion in the present study. All the 11 studies were observational studies, among which 10 were retrospective and 1 was prospective. One study measured both OS and DSS. Eight studies, with a total of 2,761 patients, used 5-year OS as the primary endpoint and four studies, with a total of 2,551 patients, used 5-year DSS. Overall, the pooled HR evaluating BQ-AN chewers was 1.26 (95% CI: 1.09-1.46) for 5-year OS and 1.40 (95% CI: 1.15-1.70) for 5-year DSS, compared with non-chewers. There was a significant association between BQ-AN chewing and OC survival.
CONCLUSIONS
Betel quid and areca nut chewing is significantly associated with poor prognosis in patients with OC.
Topics: Areca; Humans; Mastication; Mouth Neoplasms; Nuts; Prognosis; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 32492239
DOI: 10.1111/odi.13456 -
Oral Diseases Oct 2015The objective of this study was to review orofacial functional impairments among patients following stroke, including objective and subjective assessment. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
The objective of this study was to review orofacial functional impairments among patients following stroke, including objective and subjective assessment.
METHODS
A structured search strategy was applied to three electronic databases (Pubmed, Embase, and Web of Science) to identify effective papers. Relevant data regarding subjects, method, outcomes, and key findings were extracted from the effective papers and the results were summarized.
RESULTS
The initial search yielded 5227 papers, and 18 effective papers (Kappa: 0.971) were in accordance with the inclusion criteria. The patients with stroke consistently showed a decreased lip force, salivary flow rate, and chewing performance compared with the healthy controls. Due to equivocal results gained from the effective papers, the qualitative assessments regarding whether there was any change in masticatory force on the affected side and oral health-related quality of life were inconclusive.
CONCLUSIONS
Existing evidence highlights a number of compromised orofacial functions experienced by patients following stroke. These impairments appear to be sustained, with spontaneous recovery unlikely to occur. While rehabilitative approaches may have the potential to improve orofacial function and quality of life following stroke, there is currently a lack of evidence-based interventions available to inform the development of comprehensive rehabilitation protocols.
Topics: Bite Force; Humans; Lip; Mastication; Salivation; Stereognosis; Stroke; Tongue
PubMed: 25041135
DOI: 10.1111/odi.12274