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Nutrition Reviews Nov 2017Oligosaccharides are the third largest solid component in human milk. These diverse compounds are thought to have numerous beneficial functions in infants, including... (Review)
Review
CONTEXT
Oligosaccharides are the third largest solid component in human milk. These diverse compounds are thought to have numerous beneficial functions in infants, including protection against infectious diseases. The structures of more than 100 oligosaccharides in human milk have been elucidated so far.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this review was to identify the main factors that affect the concentrations of oligosaccharides in human milk and to determine whether it is possible to calculate representative and reliable mean concentrations.
DATA SOURCES
A comprehensive literature search on oligosaccharide concentrations in human milk was performed in 6 electronic databases: BIOSIS, Current Contents Search, Embase, Lancet Titles, MEDLINE and PubMed.
STUDY SELECTION
The initial search resulted in 1363 hits. After the elimination of duplicates, the literature was screened. The application of strict inclusion criteria resulted in 21 articles selected.
DATA EXTRACTION
Oligosaccharide concentrations, both mean values and single values, reported in the literature were sorted by gestational age, secretor status of mothers, and defined lactation periods.
RESULTS
Mean concentrations, including confidence limits, of 33 neutral and acidic oligosaccharides reported could be calculated. Concentrations of oligosaccharides in human milk show variations that are dependent on both the secretor type of the mother and the lactation period as examined by analyses of variance. In addition, large interlaboratory variations in the data were observed.
CONCLUSIONS
Worldwide interlaboratory quantitative analyses of identical milk samples would be required to identify the most reliable methods of determining concentrations of oligosaccharides in human milk. The data presented here contribute to the current knowledge about the composition and quantities of oligosaccharides in human milk and may foster greater understanding of the biological functions of these compounds.
Topics: Female; Humans; Milk, Human; Oligosaccharides
PubMed: 29053807
DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nux044 -
Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) Jan 2024Human milk (HM) contains macronutrients, micronutrients, and a multitude of other bioactive factors, which can have a long-term impact on infant growth and development.... (Review)
Review
Human milk (HM) contains macronutrients, micronutrients, and a multitude of other bioactive factors, which can have a long-term impact on infant growth and development. We systematically searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science to synthesize evidence published between 1980 and 2022 on HM components and anthropometry through 2 y of age among term-born infants. From 9992 abstracts screened, 141 articles were included and categorized based on their reporting of HM micronutrients, macronutrients, or bioactive components. Bioactives including hormones, HM oligosaccharides (HMOs), and immunomodulatory components are reported here, based on 75 articles from 69 unique studies reporting observations from 9980 dyads. Research designs, milk collection strategies, sampling times, geographic and socioeconomic settings, reporting practices, and outcomes varied considerably. Meta-analyses were not possible because data collection times and reporting were inconsistent among the studies included. Few measured infant HM intake, adjusted for confounders, precisely captured breastfeeding exclusivity, or adequately described HM collection protocols. Only 5 studies (6%) had high overall quality scores. Hormones were the most extensively examined bioactive with 46 articles (n = 6773 dyads), compared with 13 (n = 2640 dyads) for HMOs and 12 (n = 1422 dyads) for immunomodulatory components. Two studies conducted untargeted metabolomics. Leptin and adiponectin demonstrated inverse associations with infant growth, although several studies found no associations. No consistent associations were found between individual HMOs and infant growth outcomes. Among immunomodulatory components in HM, IL-6 demonstrated inverse relationships with infant growth. Current research on HM bioactives is largely inconclusive and is insufficient to address the complex composition of HM. Future research should ideally capture HM intake, use biologically relevant anthropometrics, and integrate components across categories, embracing a systems biology approach to better understand how HM components work independently and synergistically to influence infant growth.
Topics: Infant; Female; Child; Humans; Milk, Human; Breast Feeding; Body Composition; Anthropometry; Micronutrients
PubMed: 37802214
DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.09.015 -
Nutrients May 2022This systematic review and meta-analysis elucidate the effects of the Japanese-style diet and characteristic Japanese foods on the mortality risk of cardiovascular... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
This systematic review and meta-analysis elucidate the effects of the Japanese-style diet and characteristic Japanese foods on the mortality risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), cerebrovascular disease (stroke), and heart disease (HD). This review article followed the PRISMA guidelines. A systematic search in PubMed, The Cochrane Library, JDreamIII, and ICHUSHI Web identified prospective cohort studies on Japanese people published till July 2020. The meta-analysis used a random-effects model, and heterogeneity and publication bias were evaluated with I statistic and Egger's test, respectively. Based on inclusion criteria, we extracted 58 articles, including 9 on the Japanese-style diet ( = 469,190) and 49 ( = 2,668,238) on characteristic Japanese foods. With higher adherence to the Japanese-style diet, the pooled risk ratios (RRs) for CVD, stroke, heart disease/ischemic heart disease combined (HD/IHD) mortality were 0.83 (95% CI, 0.77-0.89, I = 58%, Egger's test: = 0.625, = 9 studies), 0.80 (95% CI, 0.69-0.93, I = 66%, Egger's test: = 0.602, = 6 studies), and 0.81 (95% CI, 0.75-0.88, I = 0%, Egger's test: = 0.544, = 6 studies), respectively. Increased consumption of vegetables, fruits, fish, green tea, and milk and dairy products decreased the RR for CVD, stroke, or HD mortality. Increased salt consumption elevated the RR for CVD and stroke mortality. Increased consumption of dietary fiber and plant-derived protein decreased the RR for CVD, stroke, and HD/IHD mortality. The Japanese-style diet and characteristic Japanese foods may reduce CVD mortality. Most studies conducted diet surveys between 1980 and the 1990s. This meta-analysis used articles that evaluated the same cohort study by a different method. A new large-scale cohort study matching the current Japanese dietary habits is needed to confirm these findings.
Topics: Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cohort Studies; Diet; Heart Diseases; Humans; Japan; Milk; Prospective Studies; Stroke
PubMed: 35631146
DOI: 10.3390/nu14102008 -
Journal of Developmental Origins of... Dec 2022Lactation is a critical time in mammalian development, where maternal factors shape offspring outcomes. In this scoping review, we discuss current literature concerning... (Review)
Review
Lactation is a critical time in mammalian development, where maternal factors shape offspring outcomes. In this scoping review, we discuss current literature concerning maternal factors that influence lactation biology and highlight important associations between changes in milk composition and offspring outcomes. Specifically, we explore maternal nutritional, psychosocial, and environmental exposures that influence non-nutritive bioactive components in milk and their links to offspring growth, development, metabolic, and behavioral outcomes. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Predetermined eligibility criteria were used to analyze 3,275 papers, and the final review included 40 primary research articles. Outcomes of this review identify maternal obesity to be a leading maternal factor influencing the non-nutritive bioactive composition of milk with notable links to offspring outcomes. Offspring growth and development are the most common modes of programming associated with changes in non-nutritive milk composition due to maternal factors in early life. In addition to discussing studies investigating these key associations, we also identify knowledge gaps in the current literature and suggest opportunities and considerations for future studies.
Topics: Animals; Female; Pregnancy; Humans; Milk; Lactation; Breast Feeding; Mammals
PubMed: 35387707
DOI: 10.1017/S2040174422000149 -
Tropical Animal Health and Production Dec 2021The study reviewed carbon footprint (CF) analyses for milk production in Latin America from cradle to farm gate. The objective was to estimate (1) the effect of feeding...
The study reviewed carbon footprint (CF) analyses for milk production in Latin America from cradle to farm gate. The objective was to estimate (1) the effect of feeding management (zero-grazing, semi-confinement, and pasture), (2) cattle system (specialized dairy vs. dual-purpose), and (3) region (tropical vs. temperate) on milk production (kg/cow/day) and CF (kg COeq/kg fat and protein corrected milk (FPCM)). A systematic literature review was conducted, and for the final analysis, a total of 32 individual CF (from 11 studies) were used. Studies included in the final analysis allowed to calculate CF per kg FPCM, included upstream emissions calculations, and used the IPCC's tier 2 approach for enteric methane emissions. The range of the CF observed in the region was from 1.54 to 3.57 kg CO2eq/kg FPCM. Feeding management had a significant effect on milk production, but not on CF. Zero-grazing compared with pasture systems had a 140% greater milk production (20.1 vs. 8.4 kg milk/cow/day), but numerically greater CF for pasture systems (2.6 vs. 1.7 kg COeq/kg FPCM). Compared with specialized dairy cattle, dual-purpose cattle produced less milk (P < 0.001) and higher CF (P < 0.05). Compared with temperate regions, tropical region systems produced less milk and higher CF. In conclusion, in Latin America, the cattle system and region have a significant impact on CF, whereas the feeding management (zero-grazing, semi-confinement, and pasture) does not impact the CF of milk produced.
Topics: Animals; Carbon Footprint; Cattle; Dairying; Diet; Female; Lactation; Latin America; Methane; Milk
PubMed: 34905115
DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-03021-6 -
Women and Birth : Journal of the... Dec 2017The consequences of breastfeeding during pregnancy (BDP) have not been clearly established. Available studies have addressed isolated aspects of this issue using... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The consequences of breastfeeding during pregnancy (BDP) have not been clearly established. Available studies have addressed isolated aspects of this issue using different methodologies, often resulting in contradictory results. To our knowledge, no systematic review has assessed and compared these studies, making it difficult to obtain a clear picture of the consequences of BDP.
AIM
To review and summarise all the scientific evidence relating to BDP, and determine whether this evidence is sufficient to establish clear implications for the mother, breastmilk, breastfed child, current pregnancy, and ultimately, the newborn.
METHODS
We conducted a systematic review of the English and Spanish literature published between 1990 and 2015 using Cinahl, PubMed, IME, CUIDEN, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and PyscINFO.
FINDINGS
3278 publications were identified from databases, their titles and abstracts were checked to ensure the studies were related to the subject and met the selection criteria. Only 19 studies met all requirements and were included in the review.
CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS
Data suggest that BDP does not affect the way pregnancies end or even birth weights. However, several questions remain unanswered. Specifically, it is unclear how BDP affects maternal nutritional status in developed countries, the growth and health of breastfed siblings, the composition of breastmilk, or the growth of the newborn after delivery. Further studies of BDP are needed with larger samples, adequate methodology and proper control of the main confounders.
Topics: Breast Feeding; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Milk, Human; Mothers; Pregnancy
PubMed: 28642112
DOI: 10.1016/j.wombi.2017.05.008 -
Archives of Iranian Medicine Dec 2015Some studies have suggested chemopreventive effects of kefir, a fermented milk product, on carcinogenesis. The aim of this review study was to evaluate the scientific... (Review)
Review
Some studies have suggested chemopreventive effects of kefir, a fermented milk product, on carcinogenesis. The aim of this review study was to evaluate the scientific evidence for effects of kefir on cancer prevention and treatment. We systematically searched for all relevant studies published before June 2015, using PubMed, Google scholar, Cochrane and Science Direct, SID, MedLib and Srlst databases. Relevant studies were reviewed based on systematic review (PRISMA) guidelines. From a total of 2208 papers obtained at the initial database search, 11 publications including 7 in vitro and 4 experimental studies were eligible. In vitro studies on breast, colon, skin and gastric cancers and leukemia cell lines and experimental studies on different sarcomas consistently showed beneficial effects of kefir on cancer prevention and treatment. The results of this systematic review suggest that kefir may be associated with cancer prevention and it also has beneficial effects in cancer treatment. This protection may be associated with kefir bioactive components including peptides, polysaccharides and sphingolipids.
Topics: Cultured Milk Products; Humans; Neoplasms
PubMed: 26621019
DOI: No ID Found -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Nov 2021Dietary supplements are frequently used for the treatment of several medical conditions, both prescribed by physicians or self administered. However, evidence of benefit... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Dietary supplements are frequently used for the treatment of several medical conditions, both prescribed by physicians or self administered. However, evidence of benefit and safety of these supplements is usually limited or absent.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the efficacy and safety of dietary supplementation for people with chronic gout.
SEARCH METHODS
We updated the original search by searching CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and four trials registers (August 2020). We applied no date or language restrictions. We also handsearched the abstracts from the 2010 to 2019 American College of Rheumatology and European League against Rheumatism conferences, and checked the references of all included studies.
SELECTION CRITERIA
We considered all published randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-RCTs that compared dietary supplements with no supplements, placebo, another supplement, or pharmacological agents for adults with chronic gout for inclusion. Dietary supplements included, but were not limited to, amino acids, antioxidants, essential minerals, polyunsaturated fatty acids, prebiotic agents, probiotic agents, and vitamins. The major outcomes were acute gout flares, study withdrawal due to adverse events (AEs), serum uric acid (sUA) reduction, joint pain reduction, participant global assessment, total number of AEs, and tophus regression.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane.
MAIN RESULTS
Two previously included RCTs (160 participants) met our inclusion criteria; we did not identify any new trials for this update. As these two trials evaluated different diet supplements (enriched skim milk powder (SMP) and vitamin C) with different outcomes (gout flare prevention for enriched SMP, and sUA reduction for vitamin C), we reported the results separately. One trial (120 participants), at unclear risk of selection and detection bias, compared SMP enriched with glycomacropeptides (GMP) with un-enriched SMP, and with lactose, over three months. Participants were predominantly men, aged in their 50s, who had severe gout. The results for all major outcomes were imprecise, except for pain. None of the results were clinically significant. The frequency of acute gout attacks, measured as the number of flares per month, decreased in all three groups over the three-month study period. The effects of enriched SMP (SMP/GMP/G600) compared with the combined control groups (SMP and lactose powder) at three months in terms of mean number of gout flares per month were not clinically significant (mean (standard deviation (SD)) flares per month: 0.49 (1.52) in SMP/GMP/G60 group versus 0.70 (1.28) in the control groups; absolute risk difference: mean difference (MD) -0.21 flares per month, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.76 to 0.34; low-quality evidence). The number of withdrawals due to adverse effects was similar between groups (7/40 in SMP/GMP/G600 group versus 11/80 in control groups; (risk ratio (RR) 1.27, 95% CI 0.53 to 3.03); there were 4% more withdrawals in the SMP/lactose groups (10% fewer to 18% more; low-quality evidence). Serum uric acid reduction was similar across groups (mean (SD) -0.025 (0.067) mmol/L in SMP/GMP/G60 group versus -0.010 (0.069) in control groups; MD -0.01, 95% CI -0.04 to 0.01; low-quality evidence). Pain from self-reported gout flares (measured on a 10-point Likert scale) improved slightly more in the GMP/G600 SMP group compared with controls (mean (SD) -1.97 (2.28) in SMP/GMP/G600 group versus -0.94 (2.25) in control groups; MD -1.03, 95% CI -1.89 to -0.17). This was an absolute reduction of 10% (95% CI 20% to 1% reduction; low-quality evidence), which may not be of clinical relevance. The risk of adverse events was similar between groups (19/40 in SMP/GMP/G600 group versus 39/80 in control groups; RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.45); the absolute risk difference was 1% fewer adverse events (1% fewer to 2% more), low-quality evidence). Gastrointestinal events such as nausea, flatulence and diarrhoea were the most commonly reported adverse effects. Data for participant global assessment were not available for analysis; the study did not report tophus regression. One trial (40 participants), at high risk of selection, performance, and detection bias, compared vitamin C alone with allopurinol, and with allopurinol plus vitamin C, in a three-arm study. We only included data from the vitamin C versus allopurinol comparison in this review. Participants were predominantly middle-aged men, and their severity of gout was representative of gout in general. Allopurinol reduced sUA levels more than vitamin C (MD 0.10 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.15), low-quality evidence. The study reported no adverse events; none of the participants withdrew due to adverse events. The study did not assess the rate of gout attacks, joint pain reduction, participant global assessment, or tophus regression.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
While dietary supplements may be widely used for gout, this review found no high-quality that supported or refuted the use of glycomacropeptide-enriched skim milk powder or vitamin C for adults with chronic gout.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Allopurinol; Animals; Dietary Supplements; Gout; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Milk; Powders
PubMed: 34767649
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010156.pub3 -
Nutrients Apr 2023Goat-milk-based infant formulas (GMFs) are now available in several countries, having been approved by authorities. We systematically evaluated the effects of GMF... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Goat-milk-based infant formulas (GMFs) are now available in several countries, having been approved by authorities. We systematically evaluated the effects of GMF compared with cow-milk-based formula (CMF) on infant growth and safety parameters. The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases were searched (December 2022) for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The risk of bias was assessed using the Revised Cochrane Risk-of-Bias tool (ROB-2). Heterogeneity was quantified by . Four RCTs involving a total of 670 infants were identified. All trials revealed some concern in ROB-2. Furthermore, all of the included studies were funded by the industry. Compared with infants fed CMF, those fed GMF showed similar growth in sex- and age-adjusted -scores for weight (mean difference, MD, 0.21 [95% confidence interval, CI, -0.16 to 0.58], = 56%), length (MD 0.02, [95% CI -0.29 to 0.33], = 24%), and head circumference (MD 0.12, 95% [CI -0.19 to 0.43], = 2%). Stool frequency was similar among the groups. Due to differences in the reporting of stool consistency, no firm conclusion can be drawn. Adverse effects (serious or any) were similar in both groups. These findings provide reassurance that GMFs compared with CMFs are safe and well tolerated.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Female; Milk; Infant Formula; Glia Maturation Factor; Databases, Factual; Goats
PubMed: 37432055
DOI: 10.3390/nu15092110 -
Critical Reviews in Food Science and... 2024Polar lipids including glycerophospholipids and sphingophospholipids are important nutrients and milk is a major source, particularly for infants. This systematic review...
Polar lipids including glycerophospholipids and sphingophospholipids are important nutrients and milk is a major source, particularly for infants. This systematic review describes the human and bovine milk polar lipid composition, structural organization, sources for formulation, and physiological functionality. A total of 2840 records were retrieved through Scopus, 378 were included. Bovine milk is a good source of polar lipids, where yield and composition are highly dependent on the choice of dairy streams and processing. In milk, polar lipids are organized in the milk fat globule membrane as a tri-layer encapsulating triglyceride. The overall polar lipid concentration in human milk is dependent on many factors including lactational stage and maternal diet. Here, reasonable ranges were determined where possible. Similar for bovine milk, where differences in milk lipid concentration proved the largest factor determining variation. The role of milk polar lipids in human health has been demonstrated in several areas and critical review indicated that brain, immune and effects on lipid metabolism are best substantiated areas. Moreover, insights related to the milk fat globule membrane structure-function relation as well as superior activity of milk derived polar lipid compared to plant-derived sources are emerging areas of interest regarding future research and food innovations.
Topics: Humans; Infant; Female; Glycolipids; Milk, Human; Lactation; Triglycerides; Diet
PubMed: 35997253
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2104211