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Sports Health 2018Current perception dictates that glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) is a chronic adaptation that leads to an increased risk of pathologic conditions in the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
CONTEXT
Current perception dictates that glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) is a chronic adaptation that leads to an increased risk of pathologic conditions in the dominant shoulder or elbow of overhead athletes.
OBJECTIVE
To determine whether adaptations in glenohumeral range of motion in overhead athletes lead to injuries of the upper extremity, specifically in the shoulder or elbow.
DATA SOURCES
An electronic database search was performed using Medline, Embase, and SportDiscus from 1950 to 2016. The following keywords were used: GIRD, glenohumeral internal rotation deficit, glenohumeral deficit, shoulder, sport, injury, shoulder joint, baseball, football, racquet sports, volleyball, javelin, cricket, athletic injuries, handball, lacrosse, water polo, hammer throw, and throwing injury.
STUDY SELECTION
Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review. Of those 17 studies, 10 included specific range of motion measurements required for inclusion in the meta-analysis.
STUDY DESIGN
Systematic review and meta-analysis.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Level 4.
DATA EXTRACTION
Data on demographics and methodology as well as shoulder range of motion in various planes were collected when possible. The primary outcome of interest was upper extremity injury, specifically shoulder or elbow injury.
RESULTS
The systematic review included 2195 athletes (1889 males, 306 females) with a mean age of 20.8 years. Shoulders with GIRD favored an upper extremity injury, with a mean difference of 3.11° (95% CI, -0.13° to 6.36°; P = 0.06). Shoulder total range of motion suggested increased motion (mean difference, 2.97°) correlated with no injury ( P = 0.11), and less total motion (mean difference, 1.95°) favored injury ( P = 0.14). External rotational gain also favored injury, with a mean difference of 1.93° ( P = 0.07).
CONCLUSION
The pooled results of this systematic review and meta-analysis did not reach statistical significance for any shoulder motion measurement and its correlation to shoulder or elbow injury. Results, though not reaching significance, favored injury in overhead athletes with GIRD, as well as rotational loss and external rotational gain.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Athletic Injuries; Elbow; Female; Humans; Male; Range of Motion, Articular; Risk Factors; Rotation; Shoulder Injuries; Shoulder Joint; Young Adult; Elbow Injuries
PubMed: 29381423
DOI: 10.1177/1941738118756577 -
Sports Medicine - Open Jun 2023Long-term stretching of human skeletal muscles increases joint range of motion through altered stretch perception and decreased resistance to stretch. There is also some...
BACKGROUND
Long-term stretching of human skeletal muscles increases joint range of motion through altered stretch perception and decreased resistance to stretch. There is also some evidence that stretching induces changes in muscle morphology. However, research is limited and inconclusive.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the effect of static stretching training on muscle architecture (i.e., fascicle length and fascicle angle, muscle thickness and cross-sectional area) in healthy participants.
DESIGN
Systematic review and meta-analysis.
METHODS
PubMed Central, Web of Science, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus were searched. Randomized controlled trials and controlled trials without randomization were included. No restrictions on language or date of publication were applied. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane RoB2 and ROBINS-I tools. Subgroup analyses and random-effects meta-regressions were also performed using total stretching volume and intensity as covariates. Quality of evidence was determined by GRADE analysis.
RESULTS
From the 2946 records retrieved, 19 studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis (n = 467 participants). Risk of bias was low in 83.9% of all criteria. Confidence in cumulative evidence was high. Stretching training induces trivial increases in fascicle length at rest (SMD = 0.17; 95% CI 0.01-0.33; p = 0.042) and small increases in fascicle length during stretching (SMD = 0.39; 95% CI 0.05 to 0.74; p = 0.026). No increases were observed in fascicle angle or muscle thickness (p = 0.30 and p = 0.18, respectively). Subgroup analyses showed that fascicle length increased when high stretching volumes were used (p < 0.004), while no changes were found for low stretching volumes (p = 0.60; subgroup difference: p = 0.025). High stretching intensities induced fascicle length increases (p < 0.006), while low stretching intensities did not have an effect (p = 0.72; subgroup difference: p = 0.042). Also, high intensity stretching resulted in increased muscle thickness (p = 0.021). Meta-regression analyses showed that longitudinal fascicle growth was positively associated with stretching volume (p < 0.02) and intensity (p < 0.04).
CONCLUSIONS
Static stretching training increases fascicle length at rest and during stretching in healthy participants. High, but not low, stretching volumes and intensities induce longitudinal fascicle growth, while high stretching intensities result in increased muscle thickness.
REGISTRATION
PROSPERO, registration number: CRD42021289884.
PubMed: 37318696
DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00591-7 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... May 2020Stroke is caused by the interruption of blood flow to the brain (ischemic stroke) or the rupture of blood vessels within the brain (hemorrhagic stroke) and may lead to... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Stroke is caused by the interruption of blood flow to the brain (ischemic stroke) or the rupture of blood vessels within the brain (hemorrhagic stroke) and may lead to changes in perception, cognition, mood, speech, health-related quality of life, and function, such as difficulty walking and using the arm. Activity limitations (decreased function) of the upper extremity are a common finding for individuals living with stroke. Mental practice (MP) is a training method that uses cognitive rehearsal of activities to improve performance of those activities.
OBJECTIVES
To determine whether MP improves outcomes of upper extremity rehabilitation for individuals living with the effects of stroke. In particular, we sought to (1) determine the effects of MP on upper extremity activity, upper extremity impairment, activities of daily living, health-related quality of life, economic costs, and adverse effects; and (2) explore whether effects differed according to (a) the time post stroke at which MP was delivered, (b) the dose of MP provided, or (c) the type of comparison performed.
SEARCH METHODS
We last searched the Cochrane Stroke Group Trials Register on September 17, 2019. On September 3, 2019, we searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (the Cochrane Library), MEDLINE, Embase, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science, the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), and REHABDATA. On October 2, 2019, we searched ClinicalTrials.gov and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. We reviewed the reference lists of included studies.
SELECTION CRITERIA
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of adult participants with stroke who had deficits in upper extremity function (called upper extremity activity).
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors screened titles and abstracts of the citations produced by the literature search and excluded obviously irrelevant studies. We obtained the full text of all remaining studies, and both review authors then independently selected trials for inclusion. We combined studies when the review produced a minimum of two trials employing a particular intervention strategy and a common outcome. We considered the primary outcome to be the ability of the arm to be used for appropriate tasks, called upper extremity activity. Secondary outcomes included upper extremity impairment (such as quality of movement, range of motion, tone, presence of synergistic movement), activities of daily living (ADLs), health-related quality of life (HRQL), economic costs, and adverse events. We assessed risk of bias in the included studies and applied GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence. We completed subgroup analyses for time since stroke, dosage of MP, type of comparison, and type of arm activity outcome measure.
MAIN RESULTS
We included 25 studies involving 676 participants from nine countries. For the comparison of MP in addition to other treatment versus the other treatment, MP in combination with other treatment appears more effective in improving upper extremity activity than the other treatment without MP (standardized mean difference [SMD] 0.66, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.39 to 0.94; I² = 39%; 15 studies; 397 participants); the GRADE certainty of evidence score was moderate based on risk of bias for the upper extremity activity outcome. For upper extremity impairment, results were as follows: SMD 0.59, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.87; I² = 43%; 15 studies; 397 participants, with a GRADE score of moderate, based on risk of bias. For ADLs, results were as follows: SMD 0.08, 95% CI -0.24 to 0.39; I² = 0%; 4 studies; 157 participants; the GRADE score was low due to risk of bias and small sample size. For the comparison of MP versus conventional treatment, the only outcome with available data to combine (3 studies; 50 participants) was upper extremity impairment (SMD 0.34, 95% CI -0.33 to 1.00; I² = 21%); GRADE for the impairment outcome in this comparison was low due to risk of bias and small sample size. Subgroup analyses of time post stroke, dosage of MP, or comparison type for the MP in combination with other rehabilitation treatment versus the other treatment comparison showed no differences. The secondary outcome of health-related quality of life was reported in only one study, and no study noted the outcomes of economic costs and adverse events.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Moderate-certainty evidence shows that MP in addition to other treatment versus the other treatment appears to be beneficial in improving upper extremity activity. Moderate-certainty evidence also shows that MP in addition to other treatment versus the other treatment appears to be beneficial in improving upper extremity impairment after stroke. Low-certainty evidence suggests that ADLs may not be improved with MP in addition to other treatment versus the other treatment. Low-certainty evidence also suggests that MP versus conventional treatment may not improve upper extremity impairment. Further study is required to evaluate effects of MP on time post stroke, the volume of MP required to affect outcomes, and whether improvement is maintained over the long term.
Topics: Arm; Combined Modality Therapy; Female; Humans; Imagination; Male; Paresis; Practice, Psychological; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Recovery of Function; Stroke; Stroke Rehabilitation
PubMed: 32449959
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005950.pub5 -
Schizophrenia Research Feb 2023Visual illusions have long been used as tools to investigate sensory-perceptual deficits in schizophrenia. Recent conflicting accounts have called into question the... (Review)
Review
Visual illusions have long been used as tools to investigate sensory-perceptual deficits in schizophrenia. Recent conflicting accounts have called into question the assumption of abnormal illusion perception in patients and, therefore, the validity of this approach. Here, we present a systematic review of the current evidence regarding visual illusion perception abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia. Relevant publications were identified by a systematic search of PubMed, Literatura LILACS, PsycINFO, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), IBECS, BIOSIS, and Web of Science. Forty-five studies were selected which included illusions classified as 'Motion illusions', 'Geometric-optical illusions', 'Illusory contours', 'Depth inversion illusion', and 'Non-specific'. There is concordant evidence of abnormal processing of illusions in patients for most categories, especially in facial Depth Inversion and Müller-Lyer illusions. There were significant methodological disparities and shortcomings, but risk of bias was overall low for individual studies. The usefulness of visual illusions as tools in clinical settings as well as in basic research may be contingent on significant methodological refinements.
Topics: Humans; Illusions; Schizophrenia; Optical Illusions; Form Perception; Visual Perception
PubMed: 36610221
DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.12.030 -
Schizophrenia Research Dec 2017Patients with schizophrenia show impairments in processing of biological motion. This is especially important since deficits in domains of social cognition has been... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
CONTEXT
Patients with schizophrenia show impairments in processing of biological motion. This is especially important since deficits in domains of social cognition has been associated with functional outcome and everyday functioning in this population.
OBJECTIVES
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies which have used point-light displays to present whole-body motion to patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls, to evaluate the magnitude of differences between these groups in biological motion processing.
METHOD
Firstly, relevant publications were identified by a systematic search of Google Scholar and PubMed databases. Secondly, we excluded non-relevant studies for the meta-analysis according to our exclusion criteria. Effect sizes were expressed as standardized mean difference (SMD).
RESULTS
15 papers reporting results of 14 different experiments with 571 patients and 482 controls were included in the meta-analysis. The results for the general biological motion perception analysis revealed that patients with schizophrenia (compared with healthy controls) present reduced biological motion processing capacity with the effect size (SMD) of 0.66 (95% CI, -0.79 to -0.54; p<0.001). The results for the specific biological motion-based tasks were also statistically significant with SMD of 0.72 for Basic Biological Motion task (95% CI: -0.94 to -0.51; p<0.001) and SMD of 0.61 for Emotion in Biological Motion task, (95% CI: -0.79 to -0.43; p<0.001) respectively.
CONCLUSION
The findings from our meta-analysis highlight abnormalities in general and specific domains of biological motion perception in schizophrenia patients as compared with healthy controls.
Topics: Humans; Motion Perception; Perceptual Disorders; Schizophrenic Psychology; Social Perception
PubMed: 28285029
DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.03.013 -
Journal of Neurology May 2016Mal de debarquement (MdD) is a subjective perception of self-motion after exposure to passive motion, in most cases sea travel, hence the name. Mal de debarquement... (Review)
Review
Mal de debarquement (MdD) is a subjective perception of self-motion after exposure to passive motion, in most cases sea travel, hence the name. Mal de debarquement occurs quite frequently in otherwise healthy individuals for a short period of time (several hours). However, in some people symptoms remain for a longer period of time or even persist and this is then called mal de debarquement syndrome (MdDS). The underlying pathogenesis is poorly understood and therefore, treatment options are limited. In general, limited studies have focused on the topic, but the past few years more and more interest has been attributed to MdDS and its facets, which is reflected by an increasing number of papers. Till date, some interesting reviews on the topic have been published, but a systematic review of the literature is lacking and could help to address the shortcomings and flaws of the current literature. We here present a systematic review of MdD(S) based on a systematic search of medical databases employing predefined criteria, using the terms "mal de debarquement" and "sea legs". Based on this, we suggest a list of criteria that could aid healthcare professionals in the diagnosis of MdDS. Further research needs to address the blank gaps by addressing how prevalent MdD(S) really is, by digging deeper into the underlying pathophysiology and setting up prospective, randomized placebo-controlled studies to evaluate the effectiveness of possible treatment strategies.
Topics: Humans; Motion Sickness; Travel; Travel-Related Illness
PubMed: 26559820
DOI: 10.1007/s00415-015-7962-6 -
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Jan 2019The motion aftereffect (MAE) provides a behavioural probe into the mechanisms underlying motion perception, and has been used to study the effects of attention on motion... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
The motion aftereffect (MAE) provides a behavioural probe into the mechanisms underlying motion perception, and has been used to study the effects of attention on motion processing. Visual attention can enhance detection and discrimination of selected visual signals. However, the relationship between attention and motion processing remains contentious: not all studies find that attention increases MAEs. Our meta-analysis reveals several factors that explain superficially discrepant findings. Across studies (37 independent samples, 76 effects) motion adaptation was significantly and substantially enhanced by attention (Cohen's d = 1.12, p < .0001). The effect more than doubled when adapting to translating (vs. expanding or rotating) motion. Other factors affecting the attention-MAE relationship included stimulus size, eccentricity and speed. By considering these behavioural analyses alongside neurophysiological work, we conclude that feature-based (rather than spatial, or object-based) attention is the biggest driver of sensory adaptation. Comparisons between naïve and non-naïve observers, different response paradigms, and assessment of 'file-drawer effects' indicate that neither response bias nor publication bias are likely to have significantly inflated the estimated effect of attention.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; Attention; Humans; Motion Perception; Psychophysics
PubMed: 30355521
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.10.010 -
Autism Research : Official Journal of... Aug 2022Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by significant social functioning impairments, including (but not limited to) emotion recognition, mentalizing, and joint... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by significant social functioning impairments, including (but not limited to) emotion recognition, mentalizing, and joint attention. Despite extensive investigation into the correlates of social functioning in ASD, only recently has there been focus on the role of low-level sensory input, particularly visual processing. Extensive gaze deficits have been described in ASD, from basic saccadic function through to social attention and the processing of complex biological motion. Given that social functioning often relies on accurately processing visual information, inefficient visual processing may contribute to the emergence and sustainment of social functioning difficulties in ASD. To explore the association between measures of gaze and social functioning in ASD, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted. A total of 95 studies were identified from a search of CINAHL Plus, Embase, OVID Medline, and psycINFO databases in July 2021. Findings support associations between increased gaze to the face/head and eye regions with improved social functioning and reduced autism symptom severity. However, gaze allocation to the mouth appears dependent on social and emotional content of scenes and the cognitive profile of participants. This review supports the investigation of gaze variables as potential biomarkers of ASD, although future longitudinal studies are required to investigate the developmental progression of this relationship and to explore the influence of heterogeneity in ASD clinical characteristics. LAY SUMMARY: This review explored how eye gaze (e.g., where a person looks when watching a movie) is associated with social functioning in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We found evidence that better social functioning in ASD was associated with increased eye gaze toward faces/head and eye regions. Individual characteristics (e.g., intelligence) and the complexity of the social scene also influenced eye gaze. Future research including large longitudinal studies and studies investigating the influence of differing presentations of ASD are recommended.
Topics: Attention; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Fixation, Ocular; Humans; Social Interaction; Visual Perception
PubMed: 35593039
DOI: 10.1002/aur.2729 -
Brain Imaging and Behavior Dec 2022Our primary objective was to assess consistent activation and deactivation among healthy participants and patients reporting vertigo. Our secondary aim was to evaluate... (Review)
Review
Our primary objective was to assess consistent activation and deactivation among healthy participants and patients reporting vertigo. Our secondary aim was to evaluate the influence of the stimulus and the direction of the perception of self-motion We realized a systematic review with an extensive data visualization. We included neuroimaging studies (e.g., functional magnetic resonance imaging [fMRI], positron emission tomography [PET] or near infrared spectroscopy [NIRS]) that have measured functional activity in human adults reporting vertigo and/or dizziness. We included 21 studies (n = 336 participants), ~ 64% male, age ranging from 18 to 80.5 years. The different stimuli used to induce vertigo: caloric stimulation, galvanic stimulation, visual stimulation or vibratory stimulus on neck muscles. We found a consistent activation of the insular cortex, inferior parietal lobule, putamen, cerebellum, anterior cingulate cortex, precentral gyrus, superior temporal gyrus and thalamus. Cortical and subcortical activation seems to have a contralateral pattern to the perception of self-movement. We found a deactivation pattern of structures related to the ventral and third visual pathway. Vertigo is an unpleasant and subjective experience which involves multiple vestibular and non-specific networks with the involvement of a cortico-basal ganglia- cerebellar-thalamic network.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Male; Adolescent; Young Adult; Middle Aged; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Brain Mapping; Photic Stimulation; Neuroimaging; Vertigo
PubMed: 36242719
DOI: 10.1007/s11682-022-00729-3 -
European Journal of Physical and... Aug 2018Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a burden on the healthcare system. Exercise therapy is an important part of MSD rehabilitation. Motion detection systems are... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a burden on the healthcare system. Exercise therapy is an important part of MSD rehabilitation. Motion detection systems are developed to support exercise therapy settings. This systematic review aimed: 1) at investigating which types of motion detection systems have been used as a technological support for exercise therapy; 2) at investigating the characteristics of motion detection supported exercise therapy in relation to its clinical indications; and 3) at evaluating the effectiveness of motion detection supported exercise therapy, in MSD rehabilitation.
EVIDENCE AQCUISITION
A systematic literature search for RCTs was performed in six databases (PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, ACM, Cochrane, and IEEE). Studies eligible for inclusion had to evaluate exercise therapy for persons with MSDs, provide a motion detection system capable of as well measuring active movement of the participant during exercise therapy as evaluating the movement in order to provide qualitative feedback, and should present at least one measure of the following ICF function (pain, muscle strength, mobility), activity (disease-related functional disability, balance) or participation (quality of life) level. Two reviewers independently screened articles, appraised study quality, extracted data, and evaluated effectiveness of selected outcome measures. This review was registered in the International prospective register of systematic reviews (Prospero) under registration number CRD42016035273.
EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS
Nine RCTs (N.=432 participants) were included. Eight different motion detection technologies were used such as an accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer etc. All systems provided visual feedback. Knee disorders were evaluated most frequently, followed by low back pain and shoulder disorders. Therapy consisted of mobility, balance or proprioception exercises. Main outcomes were pain, disability, mobility and muscle strength. Motion detection supported exercise therapy showed similar or enhanced results on all outcomes compared to conventional exercise therapy. However, a limitation of this study was the low methodological quality of the studies.
CONCLUSIONS
To date, a variety of motion detection systems have been developed to support the rehabilitation of MSDs. Results show similar effectiveness of motion detection supported exercise therapy compared to conventional exercise therapy. More research is needed to provide insight in the added value of motion detection systems in musculoskeletal rehabilitation.
Topics: Evidence-Based Medicine; Exercise Therapy; Female; Humans; Male; Motion Perception; Muscle Strength; Musculoskeletal Diseases; Musculoskeletal Manipulations; Pain Measurement; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Recovery of Function; Sensitivity and Specificity; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 29517185
DOI: 10.23736/S1973-9087.18.04614-2