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Ageing Research Reviews Nov 2022The present study explored cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between protein intake and physical function in older adults. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
The present study explored cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between protein intake and physical function in older adults.
METHODS
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies that investigated the association between protein intake and measures of physical function in older adults. Cross-sectional, case-control, and longitudinal cohort studies that investigated the association between protein intake and physical function as a primary or secondary outcome in people aged 60 + years were included. Studies published in languages other than English, Italian, Portuguese, or Spanish were excluded. Studies were retrieved from MEDLINE, SCOPUS, EMBASE, CINAHL, AgeLine, and Food Science Source databases through January 31, 2022. A pooled effect size was calculated based on standard mean differences (SMD), MD, log odds ratio (OR) and Z-score..
RESULTS
Twenty-two cross-sectional studies examined a total of 11,332 community-dwellers, hospitalized older adults, and elite senior athletes with a mean age of approximately 75 years. The pooled analysis indicated that a protein intake higher than the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) was significantly associated with higher Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) scores (SMD: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.27, 0.99, P-value: 0.0006), faster walking speed, greater lower-limb (SMD: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.40, P-value: 0.02) and isometric handgrip strength (Z-score: 0.087, 95% CI: 0.046-0.128, P-value: 0.0001), and better balance (SMD: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.05, 0.62, P-value: 0.02). Nine longitudinal studies investigated 12,424 community-dwelling and native older adults with a mean age of approximately 85 years. A protein intake higher than the current RDA was not associated with lower decline in either isometric handgrip strength (logOR: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.97-1.02, P-value= 0.67) or walking speed (logOR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.77-1.10, P-value= 0.35).
CONCLUSIONS
A protein intake higher than the RDA is cross-sectionally associated with better physical performance and greater muscle strength in older adults. However, a high consumption of proteins does not seem to prevent physical function decline over time.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dietary Proteins; Hand Strength; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Muscle Strength
PubMed: 36087703
DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101731 -
Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) Apr 2015Maximizing the hypertrophic response to resistance training (RT) is thought to be best achieved by proper manipulation of exercise program variables including exercise... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Maximizing the hypertrophic response to resistance training (RT) is thought to be best achieved by proper manipulation of exercise program variables including exercise selection, exercise order, length of rest intervals, intensity of maximal load, and training volume. An often overlooked variable that also may impact muscle growth is repetition duration. Duration amounts to the sum total of the concentric, eccentric, and isometric components of a repetition, and is predicated on the tempo at which the repetition is performed.
OBJECTIVE
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine whether alterations in repetition duration can amplify the hypertrophic response to RT.
METHODS
Studies were deemed eligible for inclusion if they met the following criteria: (1) were an experimental trial published in an English-language refereed journal; (2) directly compared different training tempos in dynamic exercise using both concentric and eccentric repetitions; (3) measured morphologic changes via biopsy, imaging, and/or densitometry; (4) had a minimum duration of 6 weeks; (5) carried out training to muscle failure, defined as the inability to complete another concentric repetition while maintaining proper form; and (6) used human subjects who did not have a chronic disease or injury. A total of eight studies were identified that investigated repetition duration in accordance with the criteria outlined.
RESULTS
Results indicate that hypertrophic outcomes are similar when training with repetition durations ranging from 0.5 to 8 s.
CONCLUSIONS
From a practical standpoint it would seem that a fairly wide range of repetition durations can be employed if the primary goal is to maximize muscle growth. Findings suggest that training at volitionally very slow durations (>10s per repetition) is inferior from a hypertrophy standpoint, although a lack of controlled studies on the topic makes it difficult to draw definitive conclusions.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Humans; Muscle Fatigue; Muscle Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Resistance Training; Time Factors
PubMed: 25601394
DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0304-0 -
Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy 2018Muscle strength is an important component of health.
BACKGROUND
Muscle strength is an important component of health.
OBJECTIVE
To describe and evaluate the studies which have established the reference values for muscle strength on healthy individuals and to synthesize these values with a descriptive meta-analysis approach.
METHODS
A systematic review was performed in MEDLINE, LILACS, and SciELO databases. Studies that investigated the reference values for muscle strength of two or more appendicular/axial muscle groups of health individuals were included. Methodological quality, including risk of bias was assessed by the QUADAS-2. Data extracted included: country of the study, sample size, population characteristics, equipment/method used, and muscle groups evaluated.
RESULTS
Of the 414 studies identified, 46 were included. Most of the studies had adequate methodological quality. Included studies evaluated: appendicular (80.4%) and axial (36.9%) muscles; adults (78.3%), elderly (58.7%), adolescents (43.5%), children (23.9%); isometric (91.3%) and isokinetic (17.4%) strength. Six studies (13%) with similar procedures were synthesized with meta-analysis. Generally, the coefficient of variation values that resulted from the meta-analysis ranged from 20.1% to 30% and were similar to those reported by the original studies. The meta-analysis synthesized the reference values of isometric strength of 14 muscle groups of the dominant/non-dominant sides of the upper/lower limbs of adults/elderly from developed countries, using dynamometers/myometer.
CONCLUSIONS
Most of the included studies had adequate methodological quality. The meta-analysis provided reference values for the isometric strength of 14 appendicular muscle groups of the dominant/non-dominant sides, measured with dynamometers/myometers, of men/women, of adults/elderly. These data may be used to interpret the results of the evaluations and establish appropriate treatment goals.
Topics: Humans; Muscle Strength; Reference Values
PubMed: 29764761
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2018.02.006 -
Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and... Feb 2023Probiotics have shown potential to counteract sarcopenia, although the extent to which they can influence domains of sarcopenia such as muscle mass and strength in... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Probiotics have shown potential to counteract sarcopenia, although the extent to which they can influence domains of sarcopenia such as muscle mass and strength in humans is unclear. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to explore the impact of probiotic supplementation on muscle mass, total lean mass and muscle strength in human adults. A literature search of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted through PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Library from inception until June 2022. Eligible RCTs compared the effect of probiotic supplementation versus placebo on muscle and total lean mass and global muscle strength (composite score of all muscle strength outcomes) in adults (>18 years). To evaluate the differences between groups, a meta-analysis was conducted using the random effects inverse-variance model by utilizing standardized mean differences. Twenty-four studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis exploring the effects of probiotics on muscle mass, total lean mass and global muscle strength. Our main analysis (k = 10) revealed that muscle mass was improved following probiotics compared with placebo (SMD: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.10-0.74, I = 57%, P = 0.009), although no changes were revealed in relation to total lean mass (k = 12; SMD: -0.03, 95% CI: -0.19 - 0.13, I = 0%, P = 0.69). Interestingly, a significant increase in global muscle strength was also observed among six RCTs (SMD: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.33-1.06, I = 64%, P = 0.0002). Probiotic supplementation enhances both muscle mass and global muscle strength; however, no beneficial effects were observed in total lean mass. Investigating the physiological mechanisms underpinning different ageing groups and elucidating appropriate probiotic strains for optimal gains in muscle mass and strength are warranted.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Sarcopenia; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Probiotics; Muscle Strength; Muscles
PubMed: 36414567
DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13132 -
Sports Health 2023Knee muscle atrophy and weakness are common impairments after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Blood flow restriction (BFR) training represents a new...
CONTEXT
Knee muscle atrophy and weakness are common impairments after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Blood flow restriction (BFR) training represents a new approach to treat such impairments. However, limited evidence currently exists to support this intervention in related patients.
OBJECTIVE
To appraise literature comparing the effects of BFR training with conventional therapy on knee muscle morphological and strength properties in ACL-reconstructed patients.
DATA SOURCES
PubMed, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, and Cochrane Central Register databases were searched for relevant articles from January 1991 through April 2021.
STUDY SELECTION
Articles were minimum Level 3 evidence focusing on knee muscle morphologic as well as extensor and flexor strength outcomes in ACL-reconstructed patients of all graft types.
STUDY DESIGN
Systematic review.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Level 2.
DATA EXTRACTION
Critical appraisal instruments (Downs and Black checklist, Cochrane Collaboration tool, ROBINS-1 tool) were used to evaluate study quality. We independently calculated effect sizes (ESs) (Cohen ) between groups in each study. The Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy grading scale was used for clinical recommendations.
RESULTS
Six articles (4 randomized control studies, 1 nonrandomized study, and 1 case-control study) met inclusion criteria. Exercises paired with BFR training included open kinetic chain, closed kinetic chain, and passive applications. Diverse assessments and time of intervention were observed across studies. ESs ranged from trivial to large in favor of BFR training for muscle morphological ( = 0.06 to 0.81) and strength assessments ( = -0.12 to 1.24) with CIs spanning zero.
CONCLUSION
At this time, grade B or inconsistent and limited-quality patient-oriented evidence exists to support using BFR training to improve or maintain thigh muscle size as well as knee extensor and flexor strength in ACL-reconstructed patients. ESs indicated no consistent clinically meaningful differences when compared with conventional therapy. Subsequent analyses should be repeated as new evidence emerges to update practice guidelines.
Topics: Humans; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; Blood Flow Restriction Therapy; Case-Control Studies; Exercise Therapy; Muscle, Skeletal; Muscle Strength
PubMed: 35130790
DOI: 10.1177/19417381211070834 -
Journal of Sports Science & Medicine Dec 2021The objectives of this systematic review were to summarize and evaluate the effectiveness of strength and conditioning trainings on front crawl swimming, starts and... (Review)
Review
The objectives of this systematic review were to summarize and evaluate the effectiveness of strength and conditioning trainings on front crawl swimming, starts and turns performance with relevant biomechanical parameters. Four online databases including PudMed, ESCSOhost, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus were searched according to different combination of keywords. 954 articles were extracted from databases, and ultimately 15 articles were included in this study after removal of duplicate and articles screening according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Meta-analyses were adopted when appropriate and Egger's regression symmetry was adopted to assess the publication bias and the results were presented with forest plots and funnel plots respectively. Fifteen articles studied the effects of strength and resistance, core, and plyometric trainings. The quality of the investigation was assessed by the checklist developed by Downs and Black. Most of the investigations found out that training programs were beneficial to front crawl sprinting swimming performance, stroke biomechanics, force, and muscle strength. First, strength and resistance trainings and core trainings were effective on sprinting performance enhancement. Second, resistance trainings were found to have positive effects on stroke rate. Plyometric trainings were beneficial to start performance, while there was no sufficient evidence for confirming the positive improvement on turn biomechanical, also overall swimming performance, after weeks of plyometric trainings. Strength and Conditioning trainings are suggested to implement in regular training regime regarding to the positive effects on swimming performance, including starts, turns and front crawl swim, and relevant biomechanical parameters, instead of swimming training only. Further research with higher quality is recommended to conduct and more investigations on the training effects to other stroke styles are also suggested.
Topics: Biomechanical Phenomena; Humans; Muscle Strength; Plyometric Exercise; Resistance Training; Swimming
PubMed: 35321128
DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.564 -
Journal of Strength and Conditioning... Jun 2022Kassiano, W, Nunes, JP, Costa, B, Ribeiro, AS, Schoenfeld, BJ, and Cyrino, ES. Does varying resistance exercises promote superior muscle hypertrophy and strength gains?...
Kassiano, W, Nunes, JP, Costa, B, Ribeiro, AS, Schoenfeld, BJ, and Cyrino, ES. Does varying resistance exercises promote superior muscle hypertrophy and strength gains? A systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 36(6): 1753-1762, 2022-Fitness professionals routinely employ a variety of resistance training exercises in program design as a strategy to enhance muscular adaptations. However, it remains uncertain whether such an approach offers advantages over a fixed-exercise selection. The objective of this review was to review the effects of exercise variation on muscle hypertrophy and strength. A search of the literature was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Eight studies were identified as meeting inclusion criteria. The combined total sample of the studies was N = 241, comprising all young men. The methodological quality of included studies was considered "good" and "excellent" based on the Physiotherapy Evidence Database Scale. The available studies indicate that varying exercise selection can influence muscle hypertrophy and strength gains. Some degree of systematic variation seems to enhance regional hypertrophic adaptations and maximize dynamic strength, whereas excessive, random variation may compromise muscular gains. We conclude that exercise variation should be approached systematically with a focus on applied anatomical and biomechanical constructs; on the contrary, employing different exercises that provide a redundant stimulus, as well as excessive rotation of different exercises (i.e., high frequency of change), may actually hinder muscular adaptations.
Topics: Exercise; Humans; Hypertrophy; Male; Muscle Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Resistance Training
PubMed: 35438660
DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000004258 -
British Journal of Sports Medicine Dec 2022Critically appraise and summarise the measurement properties of knee muscle strength tests after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and/or meniscus injury using the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Measurement properties for muscle strength tests following anterior cruciate ligament and/or meniscus injury: What tests to use and where do we need to go? A systematic review with meta-analyses for the OPTIKNEE consensus.
OBJECTIVES
Critically appraise and summarise the measurement properties of knee muscle strength tests after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and/or meniscus injury using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments Risk of Bias checklist.
DESIGN
Systematic review with meta-analyses. The modified Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation-guided assessment of evidence quality.
DATA SOURCES
Medline, Embase, CINAHL and SPORTSDiscus searched from inception to 5 May 2022.
ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES
Studies evaluating knee extensor or flexor strength test reliability, measurement error, validity, responsiveness or interpretability in individuals with ACL and/or meniscus injuries with a mean injury age of ≤30 years.
RESULTS
Thirty-six studies were included involving 31 different muscle strength tests (mode and equipment) in individuals following an ACL injury and/or an isolated meniscus injury. Strength tests were assessed for reliability (n=8), measurement error (n=7), construct validity (n=27) and criterion validity (n=7). Isokinetic concentric extensor and flexor strength tests were the best rated with sufficient intrarater reliability (very low evidence quality) and construct validity (moderate evidence quality). Isotonic extensor and flexor strength tests showed sufficient criterion validity, while isometric extensor strength tests had insufficient construct and criterion validity (high evidence quality).
CONCLUSION
Knee extensor and flexor strength tests of individuals with ACL and/or meniscus injury lack evidence supporting their measurement properties. There is an urgent need for high-quality studies on these measurement properties. Until then, isokinetic concentric strength tests are most recommended, with isotonic strength tests a good alternative.
Topics: Humans; Adult; Anterior Cruciate Ligament; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction; Reproducibility of Results; Consensus; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; Muscle Strength; Meniscus
PubMed: 36113973
DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-105498 -
International Journal of Environmental... Oct 2021This study investigated the effects of kinesio taping (KT) or KT plus conventional therapy on pain, muscle strength, funrefction, and range of motion in patients with... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
This study investigated the effects of kinesio taping (KT) or KT plus conventional therapy on pain, muscle strength, funrefction, and range of motion in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Data sources: Databases included PubMed, Ovid Medline, CINAHL, Airiti Library, EMBASE, and WOS search engines. Search terms related to KT and knee OA were combined and searched. Articles that met the inclusion criteria and were graded with a Jadad score ≥3 were included in a meta-analysis to calculate the total effect. The exclusion criteria were non-English-language articles, non-original articles, non-full-text articles, no description of the intervention, or articles with a Jadad score ≤2. Eleven articles were included in the meta-analysis. KT treatment had a significant small total effect on pain reduction ( < 0.001; = 1509; standardized mean difference (SMD) = -0.42; 95% CI = -0.65 to -0.18) and a significant moderate total effect on isokinetic muscle strength improvement ( = 0.001; = 447; SMD = 0.72; 95% CI = 0.28 to 1.16). No significant total effects of KT on isometric muscle strength, time to complete functional tasks, or ROM improvement were found. KT or KT plus conventional therapy has a significant effect on pain relief and isokinetic but not isometric muscle strength improvement in patients with knee OA. KT can be an effective tool for treating knee OA pain and is especially valuable for aiding in isokinetic muscle strength. (PROSPERO register ID: CRD42021252313).
Topics: Athletic Tape; Humans; Muscle Strength; Osteoarthritis, Knee; Pain; Range of Motion, Articular
PubMed: 34639740
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910440 -
Developmental Neurorehabilitation May 2023To review the effects of functional strength training (FST) on muscle strength and mobility in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP). (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
To review the effects of functional strength training (FST) on muscle strength and mobility in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP).
METHODS
Eight databases were screened through March 2022 for studies assessing the impact of FST on strength, mobility, balance, and endurance in children with spastic CP. Study quality was assessed using the Downs and Black checklist and Cochrane Risk of Bias tools, followed by a meta-analysis.
RESULTS
Twelve intervention studies of moderate-to-high-level evidence were selected. The interventions included open and closed chain exercises using free weights or body weight, administered approximately thrice a week for 12 weeks. The FST was found to have a moderate-to-large, statistically significant, positive effect on muscle strength (quadriceps, hamstrings, and plantar flexors) and mobility (GMFM D and E), with only four studies showing maintenance of gains during follow-up assessment.
CONCLUSION
FST has a positive effect on muscle strength and mobility in children with spastic CP, but evidence of sustained effects following FST is limited.
Topics: Humans; Child; Resistance Training; Muscle Spasticity; Cerebral Palsy; Exercise; Muscle Strength
PubMed: 37254274
DOI: 10.1080/17518423.2023.2218905