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Open Veterinary Journal 2022subsp. is the causative agent of paratuberculosis (PTB), incurable enterocolitis, affecting domestic and wild ruminants. Economic losses, impacts on animal health and... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
subsp. is the causative agent of paratuberculosis (PTB), incurable enterocolitis, affecting domestic and wild ruminants. Economic losses, impacts on animal health and welfare, and public health concerns justify its herd-level control.
AIM
To systematically collect information to answer: What are the control and eradication strategies of PTB in dairy cattle worldwide?
METHODS
The search procedure was carried out on October 2nd, 2019, and updated on August 3rd, 2021, using OVID, SciELO, and Redalyc databases, and the registers from the International Colloquium on Paratuberculosis (1991-2018). The inclusion criteria considered articles published in English, Portuguese, and Spanish and in peer-reviewed journals. The exclusion criteria included irrelevant topics, species other-than bovines, and not original articles. Definitive studies were obtained through the consensus of the authors on eligibility and quality. Data extraction was performed, considering bibliographic information, control and outcome strategies, follow-up time, and results.
RESULTS
Twenty-six relevant studies were found, reporting the use of three grouped control strategies: hygiene and management strategy (HMS), test-and-cull strategy (TCS), and vaccination strategy (VS). The HMS was the most common one (20/26), followed by TCS (17/26) and VS (7/26). Combined control strategies such as TCS-HMS (12/26), TCS-VS (1/26), and HMS-VS (1/26) were also described, and the consideration of the three control strategies (TCS-HMS-VS) was reported in two articles. The HMS included practices such as neonates/juvenile livestock hygiene, biosecurity, prevention of infection introduction into the herd, and environmental management. Within HMS, the most frequent practices were to remove calves from their dams as soon as possible after birth and to keep the minimal exposure of calves and heifers to adult cattle. As limitations, within the HMS, it is considered that some strategies cannot be included due to lack of compliance, or the application of the same strategy among one study and another may have a different degree of interpretation; publication bias was not controlled since the results of the control programs in endemic countries may be not available.
CONCLUSION
The main PTB control strategies in dairy cattle worldwide are HMS, TCS, and VS. The use of one or several combined strategies has been found to succeed in controlling the disease at the herd-level.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis; Paratuberculosis
PubMed: 36118732
DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2022.v12.i4.16 -
Microbial Drug Resistance (Larchmont,... Aug 2023The use of tigecycline (TG) for the treatment of is controversial. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to better explore the safety and efficacy of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
The use of tigecycline (TG) for the treatment of is controversial. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to better explore the safety and efficacy of TG for the treatment of multi drug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter. We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Central, and Web of Science to identify studies reporting the clinical and microbiological efficacy and safety of regimens containing TG in patients with drug susceptibility testing (DST)-confirmed MDR , published until December 30, 2022. Observational studies were included if they reported clinical and microbiological efficacy of TG-based regimens. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) and Joana Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tool were used to assess the quality of included studies. There were 30 observational studies, of which 19 studies were cohort and 11 studies were single group studies. Pooled clinical response and failure rates in the TG-containing regimens group were 58.1 (95% confidence interval [CI] 49.2-66.6) and 40.2 (95% CI 31.1-50.0), respectively. The pooled microbiological response rate was 32.1 (95% CI 19.8-47.5), and the pooled all-cause mortality rate was 41.1 (95% CI 34.1-48.4). Pooled clinical response and failure rates in the colistin-based regimens group were 52.7 (42.7-62.5) and 43.1 (33.1-53.8), respectively. The pooled microbiological response rate was 42.9 (16.2-74.5), and the pooled all-cause mortality rate was 34.3 (26.1-43.5). According to our results, the efficacy of the TG-based regimen is the same as other antibiotics. However, our study showed a high mortality rate and a lower rate of microbiological eradication for TG compared with colistin-based regimen. Therefore, our study does not recommend it for the treatment of MDR . However, this was a prevalence meta-analysis of observational studies, and for better conclusion experimental studies are required.
Topics: Humans; Tigecycline; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Colistin; Acinetobacter baumannii; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Acinetobacter Infections; Treatment Outcome; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial
PubMed: 37192494
DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2022.0248 -
The Indian Journal of Tuberculosis Oct 2021Tuberculous meningitis (TBM), manifests as the most severe involvement of the nervous system by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, it has a high mortality rate and a spectrum... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Tuberculous meningitis (TBM), manifests as the most severe involvement of the nervous system by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, it has a high mortality rate and a spectrum of systemic and neurological complications that can lead to debilitating or fatal sequelae, whereas hyponatremia is the commonly encountered life-threatening electrolyte disturbance. Thus, our study aimed to determine the prevalence, risk factors and differences in outcomes of hyponatremia in TBM.
METHODS
This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42018088089). A comprehensive electronic search was conducted through ten databases to find relevant articles.
RESULTS
A total of 42 studies were included, 24 case reports and 18 retrospective studies. The prevalence rate of hyponatremia among TBM patients was 52% and the rate of death among those patients was 29%. The meta-regression analysis revealed that there was no significant effect of sodium level on the death rate in TBM patients (P-value = 0.9). Additionally, there was no significant difference in sodium level based on sex, and etiologies of hyponatremia.
CONCLUSIONS
Hyponatremia is commonly present in patient with TBM, but it is not significantly correlated to the rate of death. However, it is necessary to treat this potentially life-threatening condition appropriately according to its etiology, further research is needed on its pathophysiology in TBM, its risk factors, and the most appropriate treatment.
Topics: Humans; Hyponatremia; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Tuberculosis, Meningeal
PubMed: 34752323
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2021.06.004 -
Clinica Chimica Acta; International... Aug 2022Line probe assays (LPAs) are PCR-based assays used for the rapid diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB). But studies on... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Line probe assays (LPAs) are PCR-based assays used for the rapid diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB). But studies on its performance are insufficient. Thus, in this study, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of LPAs in the detection of MTB and drug-resistant TB in comparison with the traditional culture and DST methods.
METHODS
A systemic literature search was conducted on the Web of Science, Embase, PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, and OVID databases. All the included studies were classified according to different detecting objects. Sensitivity, specificity, Positive Likely Ratio (PLR), Negative Likely Ratio (NLR), Diagnostic Odds Ratio (DOR), corresponding 95% confidence interval, Area Under Curve (AUC), Deeks' funnel plot, and Bivariate Boxplot was used to do the evaluation.
RESULTS
147 studies included 491 datasets, with 182,448 samples, were incorporated into our analysis. The sensitivity (95% CI), specificity (95% CI), PLR, NLR, DOR and AUC for MTB were 0.89 (0.86 to 0.92), 0.94 (0.90 to 0.97), 15.70, 0.11, 139 and 0.96, respectively; for rifampicin-resistant TB were 0.96 (0.95 to 0.97), 0.99 (0.98 to 0.99), 82.9, 0.04, 1994 and 1.00, respectively; for isoniazid-resistant TB were 0.91 (0.89 to 0.93), 0.99 (0.98 to 0.99), 83.4, 0.09, (0.99 to 1.00), 195.7, 0.07, 2783 and 1.00, respectively; for Multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) were 0.93 (0.90 to 0.95), 1.00 (0.99 to 1.00), 195.7, 0.07, 2783 and 1.00, respectively; for extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) were 0.60 (0.33 to 0.82), 1.00 (0.95 to 1.00), 291.3, 0.4, 726 and 0.95, respectively; for (second-line drug-resistant TB) SLID-TB were 0.83 (0.78 to 0.87), 0.98 (0.97 to 0.99), 44.6, 0.17, 262 and 0.98, respectively. Sensitivity in pre-extensively drug-resistant TB (Pre-XDR-TB) was 0.67, specificity was 0.91. No publication bias existed according to Deeks' funnel plot.
CONCLUSION
High diagnosis performance was confirmed in LPAs for the diagnosis of MTB and drug-resistant TB. LPAs might be a good alternative to culture and DST in detecting MTB, RR-TB, INH-TB, XDR-TB, SLID-TB, and MDR-TB. While more studies were still needed to explore the diagnosis performance of LPAs for Pre-XDR TB.
Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis; Humans; Isoniazid; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Rifampin; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant
PubMed: 35792161
DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.06.020 -
Journal of Global Antimicrobial... Sep 2020Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is a major global public health threat. India, as it shares a large fraction of the world's TB burden, is currently at a critical... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is a major global public health threat. India, as it shares a large fraction of the world's TB burden, is currently at a critical phase due to the rise of drug resistance. Monitoring the prevalence and patterns of drug resistance is essential to measure the progress of TB control programmes. We aimed to systematically review Indian studies on the prevalence and patterns of DR-TB among various treatment types and risk groups.
METHODS
A systematic search was conducted on PubMed, Google Scholar, IndMed, major TB journals and other databases for English language articles published till March 2018 that estimated the prevalence of DR TB in new, previously treated, presumptive multidrug resistance (MDR), paediatric and HIV co-infected pulmonary TB patients. Two authors independently conducted the search, assessed study quality, and extracted the relevant data. Pooled prevalence of DR-TB and its types were calculated by DerSimonian-Laird random effects meta-analysis. Heterogeneity was investigated by sub-group and sensitivity analyses.
RESULTS
Ninety non-duplicate studies were included. The prevalence of MDR, any drug resistance and extensive drug resistance was 3.5%, 24.9% and 0.06% (among new) and 26.7%, 58.4% and 1.3% (among previously treated), respectively. MDR prevalence among presumptive MDR, paediatric and HIV co-infected TB patients was 23.3%, 5.1% and 18.8%, respectively. MDR prevalence among new TB patients was highest in Maharashtra and lowest in Telangana. There was high heterogeneity between the studies. Study period, place of study and zone were significantly associated with MDR prevalence.
CONCLUSIONS
India suffers from a significant burden of DR-TB. Its patterns and prevalence are very heterogeneous across time, region and setting. Implementation of universal drug susceptibility testing in all districts and continuous DR-TB surveillance is crucial to ensure programmatic success.
Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Child; Humans; India; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Prevalence; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
PubMed: 32247079
DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2020.03.008 -
The International Journal of... Nov 2017To reduce transmission and improve patient outcomes, rapid diagnosis and treatment of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) is required. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
To reduce transmission and improve patient outcomes, rapid diagnosis and treatment of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) is required.
OBJECTIVE
To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis assessing time to treatment for RR-TB and variability using diagnostic testing methods and treatment delivery approach.
DESIGN
Studies from 2000 to 2015 reporting time to second-line treatment initiation were selected from PubMed and published conference abstracts.
RESULTS
From 53 studies, 83 cohorts (13 034 patients) were included. Overall weighted mean time to treatment from specimen collection was 81 days (95%CI 70-91), and was shorter with ambulatory (57 days, 95%CI 40-74) than hospital-based treatment (86 days, 95%CI 71-102). Time to treatment was shorter with genotypic susceptibility testing (38 days, 95%CI 27-49) than phenotypic testing (108 days, 95%CI 98-117). The mean percentage of diagnosed patients initiating treatment was 76% (95%CI 70-83, range 25-100).
CONCLUSION
Time to second-line anti-tuberculosis treatment initiation is extremely variable across studies, and often unnecessarily long. Reduced delays are associated with genotypic testing and ambulatory treatment settings. Routine monitoring of the proportion of diagnosed patients initiating treatment and time to treatment are necessary to identify areas for intervention.
Topics: Ambulatory Care; Antitubercular Agents; Genotype; Hospitalization; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Rifampin; Time-to-Treatment; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant
PubMed: 29037299
DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.17.0230 -
Journal of Interferon & Cytokine... Mar 2022No formal agreement exists regarding central inflammatory cytokine aberrations in tuberculosis (TB). We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
No formal agreement exists regarding central inflammatory cytokine aberrations in tuberculosis (TB). We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies comparing cytokine levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with TB compared with controls. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for articles published up to June 22, 2021. Studies were included in the meta-analysis if they assessed unadjusted levels of cytokines in unstimulated CSF samples and drew the comparison(s) between any of the following pairs: patients with TB versus controls without central nervous system (CNS) infection and meningitis, patients with TB versus patients with meningitis of etiologies other than , HIV-infected patients with TB versus HIV-uninfected patients with TB, and HIV-infected patients with TB versus HIV-infected patients without TB. The primary outcome was the difference in mean CSF inflammatory cytokine levels between each of the 2 groups mentioned. The standardized mean difference was chosen to measure effect using a restricted maximum-likelihood estimator random-effects model. Of 1170 records identified, 40 studies were included in the meta-analysis. We calculated effect sizes for 30 different cytokines. About half of the studies took place in South Africa and India (18 out of 40 studies). Studies were mostly (92.5%) on patients with tuberculous meningitis (TBM), with only 3 articles of patients with neurotuberculosis and spinal TB. The quality of studies was rated as low to moderate and high with a 1.2:1 ratio. Compared with controls without CNS infection and meningitis, interferon-gamma (IFNγ), interleukin (IL)-12p40, IL-17F, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, sIL-2R, transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), TGFβ1, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) were increased in patients with TBM. Compared with patients with meningitis of etiologies other than or combined meningitis and nonmeningitis patients, patients with TBM had higher CSF concentrations of IFNγ, IL-13, and sIL-2R, whereas levels of IL-12p70, IL-15, IL-1Ra, IL-5, IL-7, IL-9, and sTNFR55 were decreased. Compared with patients with meningitis of bacterial etiologies other than , CSF levels of IFNγ and sIL-2R were increased in patients with TBM, whereas levels of IL-1Ra, IL-13, IL-17, and TNF R55-BP were decreased. Patients with TBM were not different from patients with CM for most CSF cytokines assessed, but IFNγ and IL-1β were increased. TNFα, IL-1β, IL-1Ra, IL-8, IFNγ, sIL-2R, IL-13, and IL-17 were higher in patients with TBM than those with viral or aseptic meningitis. Compared with HIV-negative patients with TBM, IFNγ, IL-10, IL-12p70, and IL-5 were decreased in HIV-positive patients with TBM, whereas IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-2 were increased. Elevated TNFα, IL-1β, IFNγ, IL-6, IL-17, and IFNα2 were found in HIV-positive patients with TBM compared with their counterparts without TBM. This study should be considered an explorative meta-analytic review, leading us to offer the best TBM-associated central inflammatory cytokines. Our study could prepare a panel of central cytokines as a potential aid in diagnosing TBM and its differentiation from meningitis of other etiologies.
Topics: Cytokines; HIV Infections; Humans; Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; Interleukin-13; Interleukin-17; Interleukin-2; Interleukin-5; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Meningitis; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Meningeal; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
PubMed: 35298290
DOI: 10.1089/jir.2021.0176 -
Journal of Ethnopharmacology Aug 2015Buruli ulcer (BU) is the third most common mycobacterial infection in the world, after tuberculosis and leprosy and has recently been recognized as an important emerging... (Review)
Review
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE
Buruli ulcer (BU) is the third most common mycobacterial infection in the world, after tuberculosis and leprosy and has recently been recognized as an important emerging disease. This disease is common in West Africa where more than 99% of the burden is felt and where most affected people live in remote areas with traditional medicine as primary or only option. Reports indicate that the ethnopharmacological control approach of the disease in such settings has shown promise. However, no or very few compilations of traditional knowledge in using medicinal plants to treat BU have been attempted so far. This review aimed to record medicinal plants used traditionally against BU in three countries in West Africa: Ivory Coast, Ghana and Benin and for which ethnopharmacological knowledge supported by pharmacological investigations has been reported. The information recorded in this review will support further pharmacological research to develop appropriate drugs for a better BU control.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
A systematic review of the literature on ethnobotanical use and anti-BU activity of plants reported for BU treatment was performed. The approach consisted to search several resources, including Technical Reports, Books, Theses, Conference proceedings, web-based scientific databases such as publications on PubMed, Science direct, Springer, ACS, Scielo, PROTA, Google and Google scholar reporting ethnobotanical surveys and screening of natural products against Mycobacterium ulcerans. This study was limited to papers and documents published either in English or French reporting ethnopharmacological knowledge in BU treatment or pharmacological potency in vitro. This review covered the available literature up to December 2014.
RESULTS
The majority of reports originated from the three most affected West African countries (Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana and Benin). Though, 98 plant species belonging to 48 families have been identified as having anti-BU use, many have received no or little attention. Most of the pharmacological studies were performed only on 54 species. To a lesser extent, ethnopharmacological knowledge was validated in vitro for only 13 species. Of those, seven species including Ricinus comminus, Cyperus cyperoides (cited as Mariscus alternifolius), Nicotiana tabacum, Mangifera indica, Solanum rugosum, Carica papaya, and Moringa oleifera demonstrated efficacy in hospitalised BU patients. Four isolated and characterized compounds were reported to have moderate bioactivity in vitro against M. ulcerans.
CONCLUSIONS
This review compiles for the first time ethnopharmacologically useful plants against BU. The phamacological potential of 13 of them has been demonstrated in vitro and support BU evidence-based traditional medicines. In addition, 7 species showed activity in BU patients and have emerged as a promising source of the traditional medicine for treatment of BU. Yet, further safety and efficacy study should be initiated prior any approval as alternative therapy. Overall, a huge gap in knowledge appeared, suggesting further well-planned and detailed investigations of the in vitro, in vivo, and safety properties of the claimed anti-BU plants. Therefore, plants with medicinal potential should be scrutinized for biologically active compounds, using bioassay-guided fractionation approach to provide new insights to find novel therapeutics for BU control.
Topics: Africa, Western; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Buruli Ulcer; Ethnopharmacology; Humans; Mycobacterium ulcerans; Plant Preparations; Plants, Medicinal
PubMed: 26099634
DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.06.024 -
Dermatology Online Journal Mar 2020New treatment options for warts include intralesional wart injection with agents such as vitamin D, measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine antigen, Bacillus...
BACKGROUND
New treatment options for warts include intralesional wart injection with agents such as vitamin D, measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine antigen, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) antigen, and candida antigen but there have been limited studies to compare their efficacies.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this systematic review is to compare the efficacy and safety of injectable agents used for the treatment of warts.
METHODS
A PubMed search included terms "intralesional wart therapy," "wart injection" and "verruca injection." Articles reviewed were published over 10 years.
RESULTS
A total of 43 articles were reviewed; 30 covered studies with more than 10 participants and 13 were case reports, case series, and reviews. In comparison studies intralesional agents have equal or superior efficacy (66%-94.9%) compared to first-line salicylic acid or cryotherapy (65.5-76.5%). One advantage of intralesional injections is the rate of complete resolution of distant warts.
LIMITATIONS
Each study varied in their agents, treatment interval, and treatment dose, making comparisons difficult.
CONCLUSIONS
Intralesional wart injections are safe, affordable, and efficacious treatments for warts. Physicians should consider intralesional injections for patients with refractory warts, multiple warts, or warts in sensitive areas.
Topics: Aminolevulinic Acid; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antiviral Agents; BCG Vaccine; Bacterial Vaccines; Humans; Injections, Intralesional; Interferon-alpha; Mycobacterium; Tuberculin; Vitamin D; Warts
PubMed: 32609439
DOI: No ID Found -
Thorax Oct 2016Consensus on the best treatment regimens for patients with isoniazid-resistant TB is limited; global treatment guidelines differ. We undertook a systematic review and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
INTRODUCTION
Consensus on the best treatment regimens for patients with isoniazid-resistant TB is limited; global treatment guidelines differ. We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis using mixed-treatment comparisons methodology to provide an up-to-date summary of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and relative regimen efficacy.
METHODS
Ovid MEDLINE, the Web of Science and EMBASE were mined using search terms for TB, drug therapy and RCTs. Extracted data were inputted into fixed-effects and random-effects models. ORs for all possible network comparisons and hierarchical rankings for different regimens were obtained.
RESULTS
12 604 records were retrieved and 118 remained postextraction, representing 59 studies-27 standalone and 32 with multiple papers. In comparison to a baseline category that included the WHO-recommended regimen for countries with high levels of isoniazid resistance (rifampicin-containing regimens using fewer than three effective drugs at 4 months, in which rifampicin was protected by another effective drug at 6 months, and rifampicin was taken for 6 months), extending the duration of rifampicin and increasing the number of effective drugs at 4 months lowered the odds of unfavourable outcomes (treatment failure or the lack of microbiological cure; relapse post-treatment; death due to TB) in a fixed-effects model (OR 0.31 (95% credible interval 0.12-0.81)). In a random-effects model all estimates crossed the null.
CONCLUSIONS
Our systematic review and network meta-analysis highlight a regimen category that may be more efficacious than the WHO population level recommendation, and identify knowledge gaps where data are sparse.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER
PROSPERO CRD42014015025.
Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Isoniazid; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Publication Bias; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 27298314
DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-208262