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Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) Oct 2023The mean change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure, and endothelial cell counts after intraocular lens (IOL) implantation and the incidence... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
PURPOSE
The mean change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure, and endothelial cell counts after intraocular lens (IOL) implantation and the incidence rate of postoperative complications were estimated by systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the surgical and refractive outcomes of the sutureless scleral fixation Carlevale IOL.
METHODS
A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and Scopus. The weighted mean difference (WMD) was used to present the mean change in BCVA, intraocular pressure, and endothelial cell count after IOL implantation, whereas a proportional meta-analysis was used to estimate the pooled incidence rate of postoperative complications.
RESULTS
In the meta-analysis of 13 studies involving 550 eyes, the pooled WMD of the mean change in BCVA showed a significant improvement in BCVA in patients who underwent Carlevale IOL implantation (WMD = 0.38, 95% confidence interval: 0.30-0.46, P < 0.001; heterogeneity [I 2 ] = 52.02%). The subgroup analyses indicated that the mean change in BCVA was not significantly higher according to the last follow-up visit, with no statistically significant subgroup effect ( P = 0.21) (WMD up to 6 months: 0.34, 95% confidence interval: 0.23-0.45, I 2 = 58.32%, WMD up to 24 months: 0.42, 95% confidence interval: 0.34-0.51, I 2 = 38.08%). In the meta-analysis of 16 studies involving 608 eyes, the pooled incidence rate of postoperative complications was equal to 0.22 (95% confidence interval: 0.13-0.32, I 2 = 84.87, P ≤ 0.001).
CONCLUSION
Carlevale IOL implantation represents a reliable method of restoring vision in eyes with missing capsular or zonular support.
Topics: Humans; Lens Implantation, Intraocular; Visual Acuity; Lenses, Intraocular; Refraction, Ocular; Sclera; Postoperative Complications; Retrospective Studies; Suture Techniques
PubMed: 37399540
DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000003873 -
Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology 2022To investigate ocular movements measures of vectoelectro-nystagmography and video-nystagmography in dyslexic children and compare with measures of typical children. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
To investigate ocular movements measures of vectoelectro-nystagmography and video-nystagmography in dyslexic children and compare with measures of typical children.
METHODS
A systematic review of observational studies comparing the ocular movements differences between dyslexic and typical children with no publication date or language restriction. The literature survey included the bibliographic databases MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, SciELO, Lilacs and CENTRAL. Gray literature databases were also searched, including: OpenGrey.eu, DissOnline.de, The New York Academy of Medicine and WorldCat. The meta-analysis was performed using software RevMan 5.3 (Cochran Collaboration).
RESULTS
A total of 2375 articles were found of which 113 fell within the inclusion criteria. Among these, 52 were duplicates (found in more than one research source), and 45 articles were selected for reading in full. Thirteen (13) articles were included for analysis and discussion. Meta-analysis showed statistical differences between the two groups for the total number of saccades and duration of fixation.
CONCLUSION
The study revealed that children with dyslexia have longer duration of fixation and fewer saccades during ocular movements on vectoelectro-nystagmography and video-nystagmography when compared to children without dyslexia.
Topics: Child; Humans; Fixation, Ocular; Dyslexia; Saccades; Reading; Eye Movements
PubMed: 35094959
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2021.10.006 -
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Oct 2016There has been considerable focus placed on how individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) visually perceive and attend to social information, such as facial... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
There has been considerable focus placed on how individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) visually perceive and attend to social information, such as facial expressions or social gaze. The role of eye movements is inextricable from visual perception, however this aspect is often overlooked. We performed a series of meta-analyses based on data from 28 studies of eye movements in ASD to determine whether there is evidence for ocular motor dysfunction in ASD. Tasks assessed included visually-guided saccade tasks, gap/overlap, anti-saccade, pursuit tasks and ocular fixation. These analyses revealed evidence for ocular motor dysfunction in ASD, specifically relating to saccade dysmetria, difficulty inhibiting saccades and impaired tracking of moving targets. However there was no evidence for deficits relating to initiating eye movements, or engaging and disengaging from simple visual targets. Characterizing ocular motor abnormalities in ASD may provide insight into the functional integrity of brain networks in ASD across development, and assist our understanding of visual and social attention in ASD.
Topics: Autism Spectrum Disorder; Eye Movements; Humans; Vision, Ocular
PubMed: 27527824
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.007 -
Consciousness and Cognition Mar 2023Strange face illusions describe a range of visual apparitions that occur when an observer gazes at their image reflected in a mirror or at another person's face in a... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Strange face illusions describe a range of visual apparitions that occur when an observer gazes at their image reflected in a mirror or at another person's face in a dimly lit room. The illusory effects range from mild alterations in colour, or contrast, to the perception of distorted facial features, or new strange faces.The current review critically evaluates studies investigating strange face illusions, their methodological quality, and existing interpretations.
METHOD
Searches conducted using Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect and the grey literature until June 2022 identified 21 studies (N = 1,132; healthy participants n = 1,042; clinical participants n = 90) meeting the inclusion criteria (i.e., providing new empirical evidence relating to strange face illusions). The total sample had a mean age of 28.3 years (SD = 10.31) and two thirds (67 %) of participants tested to date are female. Results are reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The review was preregistered at the Open Science Framework (OSF: https://osf.io/ek48d).
RESULTS
Pooling data across studies, illusory new strange faces are experienced by 58% (95%CI 48 to 68) of nonclinical participants. Study quality as assessed by the Appraisal Tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS) revealed that 3/21 (14.28%) studies were rated as high, 9/21 (42.86%) as moderate and 9/21 (42.86%) as low quality. Whilst the items relating specifically to reporting quality scored quite highly, those relating to study design and possible biases were lower and more variable. Overall, study quality accounted for 87% of the variance in reporting rates for strange faces, with higher quality being associated with lower illusion rates. The prevalence of illusions was also significantly greater in samples that were older, had higher proportions of female participants and for the interpersonal dyad (IGDT) compared to the mirror gaze paradigm (MGT). The moderating impact of study quality persisted in a multiple meta-regression involving participant age, paradigm type (IGDT vs MGT) and level of feature distortion. Our review point to the importance of reduced light levels, face stimuli and prolonged eye fixation for strange face illusions to emerge.
CONCLUSION
Strange face illusions reliably occur in both mirror-gazing and interpersonal gazing dyad paradigms. Further research of higher quality is required to establish the prevalence and particularly, the mechanisms underpinning strange face illusions.
Topics: Humans; Female; Adult; Male; Illusions; Cross-Sectional Studies; Face; Fixation, Ocular; Dissociative Disorders
PubMed: 36764163
DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2023.103480 -
Autism Research : Official Journal of... Aug 2022Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by significant social functioning impairments, including (but not limited to) emotion recognition, mentalizing, and joint... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by significant social functioning impairments, including (but not limited to) emotion recognition, mentalizing, and joint attention. Despite extensive investigation into the correlates of social functioning in ASD, only recently has there been focus on the role of low-level sensory input, particularly visual processing. Extensive gaze deficits have been described in ASD, from basic saccadic function through to social attention and the processing of complex biological motion. Given that social functioning often relies on accurately processing visual information, inefficient visual processing may contribute to the emergence and sustainment of social functioning difficulties in ASD. To explore the association between measures of gaze and social functioning in ASD, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted. A total of 95 studies were identified from a search of CINAHL Plus, Embase, OVID Medline, and psycINFO databases in July 2021. Findings support associations between increased gaze to the face/head and eye regions with improved social functioning and reduced autism symptom severity. However, gaze allocation to the mouth appears dependent on social and emotional content of scenes and the cognitive profile of participants. This review supports the investigation of gaze variables as potential biomarkers of ASD, although future longitudinal studies are required to investigate the developmental progression of this relationship and to explore the influence of heterogeneity in ASD clinical characteristics. LAY SUMMARY: This review explored how eye gaze (e.g., where a person looks when watching a movie) is associated with social functioning in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We found evidence that better social functioning in ASD was associated with increased eye gaze toward faces/head and eye regions. Individual characteristics (e.g., intelligence) and the complexity of the social scene also influenced eye gaze. Future research including large longitudinal studies and studies investigating the influence of differing presentations of ASD are recommended.
Topics: Attention; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Fixation, Ocular; Humans; Social Interaction; Visual Perception
PubMed: 35593039
DOI: 10.1002/aur.2729 -
Survey of Ophthalmology 2018Microperimetry is a novel technique for assessing visual function that appears particularly suitable for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Compared with standard... (Review)
Review
Microperimetry is a novel technique for assessing visual function that appears particularly suitable for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Compared with standard automated perimetry, microperimetry offers several unique features. It simultaneously images the fundus, incorporates an eye-tracking system to correct the stimulus location for fixation loss, and identifies any preferred retinal loci. We identified 52 articles that met the inclusion criteria for a systematic review of microperimetry in the assessment of visual function in AMD. We discuss microperimetry and AMD in relation to disease severity, structural imaging outcomes, other measures of visual function, and evaluation of the efficacy of surgical and/or medical therapies in clinical trials. The evidence for the use of microperimetry in the functional assessment of AMD is encouraging. Disruptions of the ellipsoid zone band and retinal pigment epithelium are clearly associated with reduced differential light sensitivity despite the maintenance of good visual acuity. Reduced differential light sensitivity is also associated with outer segment thinning and retinal pigment epithelium thickening in early AMD and with both a thickening and a thinning of the whole retina in choroidal neovascularization. Microperimetry, however, lacks the robust diffuse and focal loss age-corrected probability analyses associated with standard automated perimetry, and the technique is currently limited by this omission.
Topics: Choroidal Neovascularization; Fixation, Ocular; Geographic Atrophy; Humans; Macula Lutea; Macular Degeneration; Vision Disorders; Visual Field Tests; Visual Fields
PubMed: 28579549
DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2017.05.007 -
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial... May 2023E-cigarettes have become increasingly popular devices used to consume nicotine in recent years. There is a growing body of evidence regarding the risk of spontaneous...
PURPOSE
E-cigarettes have become increasingly popular devices used to consume nicotine in recent years. There is a growing body of evidence regarding the risk of spontaneous explosion of these devices causing burn and projectile injuries. The primary purpose of this review was to summarize all injuries to the oral and maxillofacial region secondary to explosion of e-cigarettes. The secondary purpose was to propose an initial management algorithm for such injuries based on the findings in the literature. This review also aims to test the hypothesis that e-cigarette explosive injuries to the oral region were associated with an increased risk of intubation and surgery and examine whether any other injury pattern was associated with an increased risk of intubation or surgery.
METHODS
A cohort study based on identifying cases in the literature was conducted to summarize injuries to the oral and maxillofacial region and examine the associations between injury types and location and management. A literature search of the major biomedical databases was conducted in September 2022 using terms such as e-cigarette, explosion, blast, trauma, and burn, among others, which yielded 922 studies. Nonclinical studies, review articles, and studies without injuries to the facial region were excluded. Study subjects were recorded for demographics, device characteristics, injury mechanism, injury location, management, and complications. Chi-squared analysis was used to determine if the predictor variables of type of injury (burn or projectile) and its associated location (ocular, facial, or intraoral for burns and facial thirds for projectile) were associated with the outcomes of intubation and surgical management. The collected data were then used as a guide to propose an initial management algorithm for these injuries.
RESULTS
Twenty eight studies, including 20 case reports and 8 case series met the inclusion criteria. A total of 32 explosions of e-cigarettes to 32 patients caused 105 recorded injuries to the facial region. Projectile injuries made up 73.3% (n = 77) of all facial injuries, while burn injuries made up of 26.7% (n = 28). There were 14 (43.8%) patients who suffered both projectile and burn injuries. Burn injuries mostly involved the face (64.3%, n = 18), oral cavity (25%, n = 7), and eye (10.7%, n = 7). The majority (81.8%, n = 63) of projectile injuries occurred in the lower facial third. There were 20 (62.5%) patients who suffered a bone or tooth fracture. Management of injuries involved surgery in 62.5% (n = 20) of patients, which included open reduction and internal fixation of fractures, dental extraction, bone and skin grafts, and ocular surgery. A complication rate of 44.4% (n = 8) was observed across studies that reported on follow-up. There was no statistically significant association between explosive injury to the oral region and intubation or surgical management. There was also no other statistically significant association between any other injury type and location with intubation or surgical management.
CONCLUSIONS
E-cigarettes are at risk for spontaneous combustion that can cause serious oral and maxillofacial injuries, particularly to the lower facial third and commonly requiring surgical management. Safety of these devices should be improved through increased user education and regulation.
Topics: Humans; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Cohort Studies; Burns; Maxillofacial Injuries; Explosions; Blast Injuries; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 36806607
DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2023.01.009 -
Graefe's Archive For Clinical and... May 2024To evaluate the effects of different pterygium surgery techniques on ocular surface (OS) in different follow-up periods. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
PURPOSE
To evaluate the effects of different pterygium surgery techniques on ocular surface (OS) in different follow-up periods.
METHODS
PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wan Fang, and China Biology Medicine disc were searched for studies reporting pre- and post-operative OS parameters in pterygium.
RESULTS
A total of 33 articles were finally included. Three OS parameters showed relatively consistent changing trends after surgery including ocular surface disease index (OSDI), tear film break-up time (BUT), and score of corneal fluorescein staining (SCFS). They worsened significantly at 1w post-operation and then gradually improved: OSDI and BUT showed obvious improvement in 1 m post-operation (SMD = - 0.58, 95%CI = [- 1.04, - 0.13]; SMD = 0.42, 95%CI = [0.06, 0.78]); SCFS was restored to preoperative levels in 3 m after surgery (SMD = - 0.54, 95%CI = [- 1.16, 0.07]). Another parameter, Schirmer test without anesthesia (SIT), presented transient increase at 1w post-operation (SMD = 0.87, 95%CI = [0.27, 1.47]) and presented a relatively stable improvement after 1 m post-operation (SMD = 0.52, 95%CI = [0.16, 0.89]). All parameters in amniotic membrane graft (AMT) showed better improvement in early stage and they showed non-inferior improvements in the long term compared with conjunctival autograft (CAG). Limbal-conjunctival autograft (LCAG) made excellent improvement to OS in the long term while pterygium excision (PE) showed the worst OS. The type of pterygium (primary and secondary), diabetes mellitus (DM) status, and fixation method had certain effects on the results.
CONCLUSIONS
OS of pterygium is deteriorated at 1w post-operation then gradually improved to preoperative levels after 1 m post-operation. Among various surgery techniques, LCAG had the best improvement to OS which especially displayed in the long-term outcomes.
Topics: Humans; Pterygium; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Conjunctiva; Transplantation, Autologous; Recurrence; Follow-Up Studies
PubMed: 37581652
DOI: 10.1007/s00417-023-06191-1 -
Acta Ophthalmologica Mar 2018To evaluate the role of neural integrators (NI) in the oculomotor system. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
To evaluate the role of neural integrators (NI) in the oculomotor system.
METHODS
A literature search was carried out using several electronic databases during the months of June 2014 to March 2015. The following keywords were used to generate focused results: 'neural integrators', 'gaze-holding', 'oculomotor integration', 'impaired gaze-holding', 'gaze evoked nystagmus' and 'gaze dysfunction'. Further materials were found through searching relevant articles within reference lists. Seventy-one articles were sourced for this review which analysed animal and human subjects and network models; 45 were studies of humans, 16 studies of primates, three studies of felines and one study from rats and network models. The remaining articles were literature reviews.
RESULTS
The horizontal and vertical, including torsional, NI are located logically in the brainstem, nearby their appropriate target extraocular motoneuron nuclei for stable eye position in eccentric position. The nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (NPH) and medial vestibular nuclei (MVN) are closely linked at the caudal pons and dorsal rostral medulla, integrating horizontal conjugate eye movement. The interstitial nucleus of Cajal (INC) integrates vertical and torsional eye movement at the upper midbrain. The integrator time constant is averaged to 25 seconds in human horizontal and animal vertical NI to perform its function. Case reports revealed that dysfunction of horizontal NI also resulted in vertical ocular deviations, indicating some overlap of horizontal and vertical gaze control. Furthermore, pharmacological inactivation of NI exposed a population of inhibitory neurotransmitters that permits its mechanism of action; allowing for smooth conjugate movement.
CONCLUSIONS
Neural integrators operate to integrate eye velocity and eye position information to provide signals to extraocular motoneurons to attain and maintain a new position. Therefore, NI allow image stabilization during horizontal and vertical eye movements at eccentric positions for comfortable single vision.
Topics: Animals; Eye Movements; Fixation, Ocular; Humans; Oculomotor Nerve; Sensory Receptor Cells; Visual Fields
PubMed: 27874249
DOI: 10.1111/aos.13307 -
Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) Apr 2016The quiet eye (final fixation to a specific target prior to movement initiation) is a perceptual skill robustly associated with expertise and superior performance. The... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
The quiet eye (final fixation to a specific target prior to movement initiation) is a perceptual skill robustly associated with expertise and superior performance. The benefit of the phenomenon has been demonstrated in a range of sporting tasks. The mechanism(s) underpinning this phenomenon are much-debated and are associated with varying assumptions.
OBJECTIVE
This systematic review categorizes previous quiet eye research based on Newell's 1986 model of interacting constraints.
DATA SOURCES
Three electronic databases (Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed) were searched from inception until February 2015. Details of relevant studies were also obtained from one literature review and two book chapters.
ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA AND SYNTHESIS METHODS
To frame the discussion of research evidence concerning the quiet eye, previous studies were evaluated based on a classification of manipulating performer, environment, and task constraints. Additionally, associative studies (without specific constraints), and interacting constraints (affecting more than one constraint) were considered.
RESULTS
This review emphasizes that the quiet eye is beneficial for performing aiming tasks and that Newell's constraints model provides a useful framework for organizing knowledge in this area.
CONCLUSION
Despite the robust research on the value of the quiet eye, several gaps in current knowledge exist regarding the mechanism of the quiet eye effect.
Topics: Athletic Performance; Eye Movements; Fixation, Ocular; Humans; Motor Skills; Movement; Psychomotor Performance; Task Performance and Analysis
PubMed: 26712511
DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0442-4