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European Journal of Radiology Mar 2024X-ray imaging plays a crucial role in diagnostic medicine. Yet, a significant portion of the global population lacks access to this essential technology due to a... (Review)
Review
X-ray imaging plays a crucial role in diagnostic medicine. Yet, a significant portion of the global population lacks access to this essential technology due to a shortage of trained radiologists. Eye-tracking data and deep learning models can enhance X-ray analysis by mapping expert focus areas, guiding automated anomaly detection, optimizing workflow efficiency, and bolstering training methods for novice radiologists. However, the literature shows contradictory results regarding the usefulness of eye-tracking data in deep-learning architectures for abnormality detection. We argue that these discrepancies between studies in the literature are due to (a) the way eye-tracking data is (or is not) processed, (b) the types of deep learning architectures chosen, and (c) the type of application that these architectures will have. We conducted a systematic literature review using PRISMA to address these contradicting results. We analyzed 60 studies that incorporated eye-tracking data in a deep-learning approach for different application goals in radiology. We performed a comparative analysis to understand if eye gaze data contains feature maps that can be useful under a deep learning approach and whether they can promote more interpretable predictions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first survey in the area that performs a thorough investigation of eye gaze data processing techniques and their impacts in different deep learning architectures for applications such as error detection, classification, object detection, expertise level analysis, fatigue estimation and human attention prediction in medical imaging data. Our analysis resulted in two main contributions: (1) taxonomy that first divides the literature by task, enabling us to analyze the value eye movement can bring for each case and build guidelines regarding architectures and gaze processing techniques adequate for each application, and (2) an overall analysis of how eye gaze data can promote explainability in radiology.
Topics: Humans; Fixation, Ocular; Deep Learning; Radiography; Radiology; Eye Movements
PubMed: 38340426
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2024.111341 -
Psychological Medicine Apr 2019Cognitive models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) implicate threat-related attentional biases in the etiology and phenomenology of the disorder. However, extant...
BACKGROUND
Cognitive models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) implicate threat-related attentional biases in the etiology and phenomenology of the disorder. However, extant attentional research using reaction time (RT)-based paradigms and measures has yielded mixed results. Eye-tracking methodology has emerged in recent years to overcome several inherent drawbacks of RT-based tasks, striving to better delineate attentional processes.
METHODS
A systematic review of experimental studies examining threat-related attention biases in PTSD, using eye-tracking methodology and group-comparison designs, was conducted conforming to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies were selected following a systematic search for publications between 1980 and December 2017 in PsycINFO, MEDLINE and the National Center for PTSD Research's Published International Literature on Traumatic Stress (PILOTS) database. Additional records were identified by employing the Similar Articles feature in PubMed, and the Cited Reference Search in ISI Web of Science. Reference sections of review articles, book chapters and studies selected for inclusion were searched for further studies. Ongoing studies were also sought through Clinicaltrials.gov.
RESULTS
A total of 11 studies (n = 456 participants in total) were included in the final review. Results indicated little support for enhanced threat detection, hypervigilance and attentional avoidance. However, consistent evidence emerged for sustained attention on threat (i.e. attention maintenance) in PTSD.
CONCLUSIONS
This review is the first to systematically evaluate extant findings in PTSD emanating from eye-tracking studies employing group-comparison designs. Results suggest that sustained attention on threat might serve as a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
Topics: Attention; Fixation, Ocular; Humans; Reaction Time; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Visual Perception
PubMed: 30178728
DOI: 10.1017/S0033291718002313 -
Journal of Autism and Developmental... Mar 2019We conducted a meta-analysis of 18 studies to establish whether a relation exists between Reading the Mind in the Eye Test (RMET) performance and intelligence quotient... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Meta-Analysis
We conducted a meta-analysis of 18 studies to establish whether a relation exists between Reading the Mind in the Eye Test (RMET) performance and intelligence quotient (IQ) in individuals diagnosed with autism-spectrum disorders (ASD) and controls, taking into account relevant characteristics such as age, gender, and autism quotient. Our findings indicate that RMET performance was better in controls compared with those diagnosed with ASD. We found that RMET performance is dependent on full and verbal IQ and age in controls. However, RMET performance is negatively correlated with performance IQ in individuals diagnosed with ASD. These results suggest that the methodology applied by ASD when taking the RMET is different from control individuals and might depend less on verbal abilities.
Topics: Autism Spectrum Disorder; Female; Fixation, Ocular; Humans; Intelligence Tests; Male; Photic Stimulation; Reading; Thinking
PubMed: 30406435
DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3814-4 -
Neuropsychology Review Jun 2024Orienting attention by social gaze cues shares some characteristics with orienting attention by non-social arrow cues, but it is unclear whether they rely on similar... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Orienting attention by social gaze cues shares some characteristics with orienting attention by non-social arrow cues, but it is unclear whether they rely on similar neural mechanisms. The present ALE-meta-analysis assessed the pattern of brain activation reported in 40 single experiments (18 with arrows, 22 with gaze), with a total number of 806 participants. Our findings show that the network for orienting attention by social gaze and by non-social arrow cues is in part functionally segregated. Orienting by both types of cues relies on the activity of brain regions involved in endogenous attention (the superior frontal gyrus). Importantly, only orienting by gaze cues was also associated with the activity of brain regions involved in exogenous attention (medial frontal gyrus), processing gaze, and mental state attribution (superior temporal sulcus, temporoparietal junction).
Topics: Humans; Attention; Brain; Brain Mapping; Cues; Fixation, Ocular; Social Perception
PubMed: 37067764
DOI: 10.1007/s11065-023-09593-4