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Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and... 2021The clinical manifestations of overweight/obesity are heterogeneous and complex. In contrast to metabolically unhealthy overweight/obese (MUO), a particular sub-group of... (Review)
Review
The clinical manifestations of overweight/obesity are heterogeneous and complex. In contrast to metabolically unhealthy overweight/obese (MUO), a particular sub-group of obese patients who are considered as metabolically healthy overweight/obese (MHO), display favorable metabolic profiles characterized by high levels of insulin sensitivity, normal blood pressure, as well as favorable lipid, inflammation, hormone, liver enzyme, and immune profiles. While only a few available studies focused on the metabolic files underlying the obese phenotypes, the current review aimed to perform a systematic review of available studies focusing on describing the metabolomic signature between MUO and MHO. We did the systematic search for literature on MEDLINE (PubMed), the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and searched for the references of relevant manuscripts from inception to 29 May 2020. After critical selection, 20 studies were eligible for this systematic review and evaluated by using QUADOMICS for quality assessment. Eventually, 12 of 20 studies were classified as "high quality". Branched-chain amino acids (isoleucine, leucine, and valine), aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine and tyrosine), lipids (palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid), and acylcarnitines (propionyl carnitine) levels might be elevated in MUO. The current results suggested that MHO showed a favorable trend in the overall metabolic signature. More longitudinal studies are needed to elaborate deeply on the metabolic pathway and the relationship between metabolic patterns and the occurrence of the disease.
PubMed: 33692630
DOI: 10.2147/DMSO.S294894 -
Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology Jan 2022The use of cosmetic products is considered a necessity for beautification in our daily lives. Cosmetic products composed of natural oils or fats as a main ingredient for... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The use of cosmetic products is considered a necessity for beautification in our daily lives. Cosmetic products composed of natural oils or fats as a main ingredient for various beneficial properties. Fats and oils are composed of various type of fatty acids with different compositions. Hence, fatty acids profile can be an effective chemical fingerprint for authentication analysis of cosmetic products.
OBJECTIVE
This systematic review aims to enlighten the current detection tools developing for fatty acids profile authentication analyses of cosmetic ingredients based on the effectiveness, halal status, safety, advantages and disadvantages of the methods.
METHODOLOGY
The data were extracted from the scientific literatures published between October 2015 and 2020 in the Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar databases, and analyzed with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA).
FINDINGS
Based on the systemic literature reviews, essential oil, argan oil, mineral oil, vegetable oil, and jojoba oil were among the mostly studied ingredients in cosmetics. Furthermore, a combination of more than one analytical instrument was utilized to profile fatty acids while the determination of the origin of the fatty acids is under scrutiny. The portable mass spectrometer combined with a direct inlet membrane (DIM) probe seems to be the best tool in terms of time consumption, cost, requires no sample preparation with high efficiency. The current review showed that the best cosmetic base is when the oil is composed of high concentration of fatty acids such as linoleic, oleic, stearic acid, and palmitic acids with concentration range from 19.7 - 46.30%, which offers various beneficial properties to cosmetic products.
Topics: Cosmetics; Fatty Acids; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Pharmaceutical Vehicles; Plant Oils
PubMed: 34658114
DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14402 -
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice Jun 2018Fasting plasma glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, and glycated hemoglobin are diagnostic markers for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, it is necessary to... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
AIMS
Fasting plasma glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, and glycated hemoglobin are diagnostic markers for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, it is necessary to detect physiological changes in T2DM rapidly and stratify diabetic stage using other biomarkers. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to contribute to the development of objective and sensitive diagnostic indicators by integrating metabolite biomarkers derived from large-scale cohort studies.
METHODS
We searched for metabolomics studies of T2DM cohort in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies published within the last 10 years from January 2008 to February 2017. The concentrations of metabolites and odds ratios (ORs) were integrated and risk ratio (RR) values were estimated to distinguish subjects with T2DM and normal participants.
RESULTS
Fourteen cohort studies were investigated in this meta-analysis. There were 4592 patients in the case group and 11,492 participants in the control group. We noted a 1.89-, 1.63-, and 1.87-fold higher risk of T2DM associated with leucine (RR 1.89 [95% CI 1.57-2.29]), alanine (RR 1.63 [95% CI 1.48-1.79]), and oleic acid (RR 1.87 [95% CI 1.62-2.17]), respectively. Lysophosphatidylcholine C18:0 (RR 0.80 [95% CI 0.72-0.90]) and creatinine (RR 0.63 [95% CI 0.53-0.74]) were associated with 20% and 37% decreased T2DM risks, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
Most amino acids in patients were positively related to diabetes, while creatinine and some lysophosphatidylcholines showed a negative relationship. This suggests that diabetic risk prediction using metabolites that sensitively reflect changes in the body will improve individual diagnosis and personalize medicine.
Topics: Aged; Case-Control Studies; Cohort Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors
PubMed: 29626587
DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2018.03.045 -
Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) Jul 2020Obesity is associated with an increased risk of several major noncommunicable diseases, and is an important public health concern globally. Dietary fat content is a...
Obesity is associated with an increased risk of several major noncommunicable diseases, and is an important public health concern globally. Dietary fat content is a major contributor to the increase in global obesity rates. Changes in dietary habits, such as the quality of fatty acids in the diet, are proposed to prevent obesity and its metabolic complications. In recent years, a number of studies have found that oleic acid (OA), the most common MUFA in daily nutrition, has protective effects against human disease. Importantly, there is emerging evidence indicating the beneficial effects of OA in regulating body weight. Accordingly, the objective of this systematic review was to investigate the effects of diets enriched in monounsaturated OA on the management and prevention of obesity, emphasizing possible mechanisms of action of OA in energy homeostasis. Searches were performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Scopus, ProQuest, and Google Scholar databases for clinical trials that examined the effects of diets rich in OA on obesity. Of 821 full-text articles assessed, 28 clinical trials were included in the present study. According to the studies examined in this review, diets enriched in OA can influence fat balance, body weight, and possibly energy expenditure. Importantly, abdominal fat and central obesity can be reduced following consumption of high-OA-containing meals. Mechanistically, OA-rich diets can be involved in the regulation of food intake, body mass, and energy expenditure by stimulating AMP-activated protein kinase signaling. Other proposed mechanisms include the prevention of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor 3/caspase-1 inflammasome pathway, the induction of oleoylethanolamide synthesis, and possibly the downregulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 activity. In summary, current findings lend support to advice not restricting consumption of OA-rich meals so as to maintain a healthy body weight.
Topics: Diet; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Humans; Obesity; Oleic Acid
PubMed: 32135008
DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa013 -
Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) Mar 2016Many studies have reported that olive oil-based lipid emulsion (LE) formulas of soybean oil, medium-chain triglycerides, olive oil, and fish oil (SMOF) may be a viable... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Meta-Analysis Review
Many studies have reported that olive oil-based lipid emulsion (LE) formulas of soybean oil, medium-chain triglycerides, olive oil, and fish oil (SMOF) may be a viable alternative for parenteral nutrition. However, some randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) have raised concerns regarding the nutritional benefits and safety of SMOFs. We searched principally the MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Scopus, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases from inception to March 2014 for the relevant literature and conducted a meta-analysis of 15 selected RCTs that 1) compared either olive oil- or SMOF-based LEs with soybean oil-based LEs and 2) reported plasma concentrations of α-tocopherol, oleic acid, and ω-6 (n-6) and ω-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and liver concentrations of total bilirubin and the enzymes alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and γ-glutamyl transferase. The meta-analysis suggested that SMOF-based LEs were associated with higher plasma concentrations of plasma α-tocopherol, oleic acid, and the ω-3 PUFAs eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid. Olive oil- and SMOF-based LEs correlated with lower plasma concentrations of long-chain ω-6 PUFAs and were similar to soybean oil-based LEs with regard to their effects on liver function indicators. In summary, olive oil- and SMOF-based LEs have nutritional advantages over soybean oil-based LEs and are similarly safe. However, their performance in clinical settings requires further investigation.
Topics: Deficiency Diseases; Evidence-Based Medicine; Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; Fatty Acids, Essential; Fish Oils; Humans; Olive Oil; Parenteral Nutrition; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Soybean Oil
PubMed: 26980811
DOI: 10.3945/an.114.007427 -
Nutrition Reviews Dec 2023In 2020, 13.6 million children under 5 years suffered from severe acute malnutrition (SAM)/wasting. Standard ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTFs) improve...
Effect of fatty acid profiles in varying recipes of ready-to-use therapeutic foods on neurodevelopmental and clinical outcomes of children (6-59 months) with severe wasting: a systematic review.
CONTEXT
In 2020, 13.6 million children under 5 years suffered from severe acute malnutrition (SAM)/wasting. Standard ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTFs) improve polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) status but contain suboptimal amounts of omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs with unbalanced n-6-to-n-3 PUFA ratios.
OBJECTIVES
The aim was to compare the effects of RUTFs with different essential fatty acid contents on PUFA status, neurodevelopmental, and clinical outcomes (mortality, comorbidities, and recovery) of children with severe wasting.
DATA SOURCES
Twelve databases, trial repositories, and article references with no publication limitations.
DATA EXTRACTION
Ten studies from randomized, quasi, and cluster-randomized controlled trials providing RUTFs as home treatment to children 6-59 months with SAM/wasting were included.
DATA ANALYSIS
Plasma phospholipid eicosapentaenoic acid content was higher in children receiving RUTF with altered essential fatty acid contents compared with standard RUTF (0.20 [0.15-0.25], P < 0.00001). Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) status only improved in children receiving RUTF with added fish oil (0.33 [0.15-0.50], P = 0.0003). The Malawi Developmental Assessment tool (MDAT) global development and problem-solving assessment scores were higher in global assessment and gross motor domains in children receiving added fish oil compared with standard formulation (0.19 [0.0-0.38] and 0.29 [0.03-0.55], respectively). Children receiving high-oleic-acid RUTF (lowering the n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio of the RUTF) with or without fish oil had significantly higher scores in social domains compared with those receiving the standard formulation (0.16 [0.00-0.31] and 0.24 [0.09-0.40]). Significantly higher mortality risk was found in children receiving a standard formulation compared with RUTF with a lower n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio (0.79 [0.67-0.94], P = 0.008).
CONCLUSION
Although lowering n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios did not increase plasma DHA, it improved specific neurodevelopmental scores and mortality due to lower linoleic acid (high-oleic-acid peanuts), higher alpha-linolenic acid (altered oil), or both. Additional preformed n-3 long-chain PUFAs (fish oil) with RUTF improved the children's DHA status, neurodevelopmental outcomes, and weight-for-height z score. More research is needed regarding cost, availability, stability, acceptability, and the appropriate amount of n-3 long-chain PUFAs required in RUTFs for the best clinical outcomes.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
PROSPERO registration no. CRD42022303694.
PubMed: 38134960
DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad151 -
Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) Jul 2019It is not clear whether a saturated fatty acid-rich palm olein diet has any significant adverse effect on established surrogate lipid markers of cardiovascular disease... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
It is not clear whether a saturated fatty acid-rich palm olein diet has any significant adverse effect on established surrogate lipid markers of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. We reviewed the effect of palm olein with other oils on serum lipid in healthy adults. We searched in MEDLINE and CENTRAL: Central Register of Controlled Trials from 1975 to January 2018 for randomized controlled trials of ≥2 wk intervention that compared the effects of palm olein (the liquid fraction of palm oil) with other oils such as coconut oil, lard, canola oil, high-oleic sunflower oil, olive oil, peanut oil, and soybean oil on changes in serum lipids. Nine studies were eligible and were included, with a total of 533 and 542 subjects on palm olein and other dietary oil diets, respectively. We extracted and compared all the data for serum lipids, such as total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglyceride, and TC/HDL cholesterol ratio. When comparing palm olein with other dietary oils, the overall weighted mean differences for TC, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and the TC/HDL cholesterol ratio were -0.10 (95% CI: -0.30, 0.10; P = 0.34), -0.06 (95% CI: -0.29,0.16; P = 0.59), 0.02 (95% CI: -0.01, 0.04; P = 0.20), 0.01 (95% CI: -0.05, 0.06; P = 0.85), and -0.15 (95% CI: -0.43, 0.14; P = 0.32), respectively. Overall, there are no significant differences in the effects of palm olein intake on lipoprotein biomarkers (P > 0.05) compared with other dietary oils. However, dietary palm olein was found to have effects comparable to those of other unsaturated dietary oils (monounsaturated fatty acid- and polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich oils) but differed from that of saturated fatty acid-rich oils with respect to the serum lipid profile in healthy adults.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diet; Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; Eating; Female; Humans; Lipids; Male; Middle Aged; Palm Oil; Plant Oils; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Risk Factors; Young Adult
PubMed: 31095284
DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy122 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2024Lipids are a large group of natural compounds, together with proteins and carbohydrates, and are essential for various processes in the body. After death, the organism's... (Review)
Review
Lipids are a large group of natural compounds, together with proteins and carbohydrates, and are essential for various processes in the body. After death, the organism's tissues undergo a series of reactions that generate changes in some molecules, including lipids. This means that determining the lipid change profile can be beneficial in estimating the postmortem interval (PMI). These changes can also help determine burial sites and advance the localization of graves. The aim was to explore and analyze the decomposition process of corpses, focusing on the transformation of lipids, especially triglycerides (TGs) and fatty acids (FAs), and the possible application of these compounds as markers to estimate PMI and detect burial sites. A systematic review of 24 scientific articles from the last 23 years (2000-2023) was conducted. The results show that membrane glycerophospholipids (such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol, among others) are the most studied, and the most promising results are obtained, with decreasing patterns as PMI varies. Fatty acids (FAs) are also identified as potential biomarkers owing to the variations in their postmortem concentration. An increase in saturated fatty acids (SFAs), such as stearic acid and palmitic acid, and a decrease in unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), such as oleic acid and linoleic acid, were observed. The importance of intrinsic and extrinsic factors in decomposition is also observed. Finally, as for the burial sites, the presence of fatty acids and some sterols in burial areas of animal and human remains can be verified. In conclusion, glycerophospholipids and fatty acids are good markers for estimating PMI. It has been observed that there are still no equations for estimating the PMI that can be applied to forensic practice, as intrinsic and extrinsic factors are seen to play a vital role in the decomposition process. As for determining burial sites, the importance of soil and textile samples has been demonstrated, showing a direct relationship between saturated fatty acids, hydroxy fatty acids, and some sterols with decomposing remains.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Lipidomics; Fatty Acids; Cadaver; Phytosterols; Sterols; Glycerophospholipids
PubMed: 38256058
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020984 -
Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) Aug 2022Little is known of the impact of individual SFAs and their isoenergetic substitution with other SFAs or unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) on the prevention of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Impact of Replacement of Individual Dietary SFAs on Circulating Lipids and Other Biomarkers of Cardiometabolic Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials in Humans.
Little is known of the impact of individual SFAs and their isoenergetic substitution with other SFAs or unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) on the prevention of cardiometabolic disease (CMD). This systematic literature review assessed the impact of such dietary substitutions on a range of fasting CMD risk markers, including lipid profile, markers of glycemic control and inflammation, and metabolic hormone concentrations. Eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigated the effect of isoenergetic replacements of individual dietary SFAs for ≥14 d on ≥1 CMD risk markers in humans. Searches of the PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases on 14 February, 2021 identified 44 RCTs conducted in participants with a mean ± SD age of 39.9 ± 15.2 y. Studies' risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool 2.0 for RCTs. Random-effect meta-analyses assessed the effect of ≥3 similar dietary substitutions on the same CMD risk marker. Other dietary interventions were described in qualitative syntheses. We observed reductions in LDL-cholesterol concentrations after the replacement of palmitic acid (16:0) with UFAs (-0.36 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.50, -0.21 mmol/L; I2 = 96.0%, n = 18 RCTs) or oleic acid (18:1n-9) (-0.16 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.28, -0.03 mmol/L; I2 = 89.6%, n = 9 RCTs), with a similar impact on total cholesterol and apoB concentrations. No effects on other CMD risk markers, including HDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerol, glucose, insulin, or C-reactive protein concentrations, were evident. Similarly, we found no evidence of a benefit from replacing dietary stearic acid (18:0) with UFAs on CMD risk markers (n = 4 RCTs). In conclusion, the impact of replacing dietary palmitic acid with UFAs on lipid biomarkers is aligned with current public health recommendations. However, owing to the high heterogeneity and limited studies, relations between all individual SFAs and biomarkers of cardiometabolic health need further confirmation from RCTs. This systematic review was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/ as CRD42020084241.
Topics: Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Humans; Palmitic Acids; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 34849532
DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab143 -
Frontiers in Nutrition 2020Several observational studies evaluated the links between serum monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and cardiovascular events with controversial results. In the present...
Several observational studies evaluated the links between serum monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and cardiovascular events with controversial results. In the present study, Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was applied to obtain unconfounded estimates of the causal associations of genetically determined serum MUFAs with coronary heart disease (CHD), myocardial infarction (MI), cardioembolic stroke (CS), and ischemic stroke (IS). Four MUFAs were studied (i.e., 10-heptadecenoate, myristoleic, oleic, and palmitoleic acid). Data from the largest genome-wide association studies on MUFAs, CHD, MI, and stroke were analyzed. Inverse variance weighted method (IVW), weighted median (WM)-based method, MR-Egger, as well as MR-pleiotropy residual sum and outlier were applied. To rule out the impact of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), the leave-one-out method was also performed. Genetically higher-serum 10-heptadecenoate levels did not affect the risk of CHD (IVW = Beta: -0.304, = 0.185), MI (IVW = Beta: -0.505, = 0.066), CS (IVW = Beta: -0.056, = 0.945), and IS (IVW = Beta: -0.121, = 0.767). Similarly, no significant associations were observed for myristoleic acid (CHD: IVW = Beta: 0.008; MI: IVW = Beta: 0.041; CS: IVW = Beta: 0.881; IS: IVW = Beta: 0.162), oleic acid (CHD: IVW = Beta: -0.2417; MI: IVW = Beta: -0.119; CS: IVW = Beta: 1.059; IS: IVW = Beta: 0.008491), and palmitoleic acid (CHD: IVW = Beta: -0.06957; MI: IVW = Beta: -0.01255; CS: IVW = Beta: 1.042; IS: IVW = Beta: -0.1862). A low likelihood of heterogeneity and pleiotropy was reported, and the observed associations were not driven by single SNPs. In the present MR analysis, serum MUFA levels were not associated with the risk of CHD, MI, CS, and IS. Further research, evaluating more MUFAs, is required to elucidate the links between MUFAs and CVD to contribute to health policy decisions in reducing CVD risk.
PubMed: 32984395
DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00123