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BioMed Research International 2022Despite the importance of identifying proper novel porcelain preparation techniques to improve bonding of orthodontic brackets to porcelain surfaces, and despite the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Despite the importance of identifying proper novel porcelain preparation techniques to improve bonding of orthodontic brackets to porcelain surfaces, and despite the highly controversial results on this subject, no systematic review or meta-analysis exists in this regard.
OBJECTIVE
To comparatively summarize the effects of all the available porcelain surface treatments on the shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remnant index (ARI) of orthodontic brackets (metal, ceramic, polycarbonate) bonded to feldspathic porcelain restorations. . A search was conducted for articles published between January 1990 and February 2021 in PubMed, MeSH, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and reference lists. . English-language articles comparing SBS of feldspathic porcelain's surface preparation methods for metal/ceramic/polycarbonate orthodontic brackets were included. Articles comparing silanes/bonding agents/primers without assessing roughening techniques were excluded. . Studies were summarized and risk of bias assessed. Each treatment's SBS was compared with the 6 and 10 MPa recommended thresholds. Studies including comparator (HF [hydrofluoric acid] + silane + bonding) were candidates for meta-analysis. ARI scores were dichotomized. Fixed- and random-effects models were used and forest plots drawn. Egger regressions and/or funnel plots were used to assess publication biases.
RESULTS
Thirty-two studies were included (140 groups of SBS, 82 groups of ARI). Bond strengths of 21 studies were meta-analyzed (64 comparisons in 14 meta-analyses). ARIs of 12 articles were meta-analyzed (28 comparisons in 8 meta-analyses). Certain protocols provided bond strengths poorer than HF + silane + bonding: "abrasion + bonding, diamond bur + bonding, HF + bonding, Nd:YAG laser (1 W) + silane + bonding, CO laser (2 W/2 Hz) + silane + bonding, and phosphoric acid + silane + bonding." Abrasion + HF + silane + bonding might act almost better than HF + silane + bonding. Abrasion + silane + bonding yields controversial results, being slightly (marginally significantly) better than HF + silane + bonding. Some protocols had controversial results with their overall effects being close to HF + silane + bonding: "Cojet + silane + bonding, diamond bur + silane + bonding, Er:YAG laser (1.6 W/20 Hz) + silane + bonding." Few methods provided bond strengths similar to HF + silane + bonding without much controversy: "Nd:YAG laser (2 W) + silane + bonding" and "phosphoric acid + silane + bonding" (in ceramic brackets). ARIs were either similar to HF + silane + bonding or relatively skewed towards the "no resin on porcelain" end. The risk of bias was rather low. . All the found studies were in vitro and thus not easily translatable to clinical conditions. Many metasamples were small.
CONCLUSIONS
The preparation methods HF + silane + bonding, abrasion + HF + silane + bonding, Nd:YAG (2 W) + silane + bonding, and phosphoric acid + silane + bonding (in ceramic brackets) might provide stronger bonds.
Topics: Dental Porcelain; Humans; Materials Testing; Orthodontic Brackets; Shear Strength; Surface Properties
PubMed: 35036438
DOI: 10.1155/2022/8246980 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Nov 2019Early dental decay or demineralised lesions (DLs, also known as white spot lesions) can appear on teeth during fixed orthodontic (brace) treatment. Fluoride reduces... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Early dental decay or demineralised lesions (DLs, also known as white spot lesions) can appear on teeth during fixed orthodontic (brace) treatment. Fluoride reduces decay in susceptible individuals, including orthodontic patients. This review compared various forms of topical fluoride to prevent the development of DLs during orthodontic treatment. This is the second update of the Cochrane Review first published in 2004 and previously updated in 2013.
OBJECTIVES
The primary objective was to evaluate whether topical fluoride reduces the proportion of orthodontic patients with new DLs after fixed appliances. The secondary objectives were to examine the effectiveness of different modes of topical fluoride delivery in reducing the proportions of orthodontic patients with new DLs, as well as the severity of lesions, in terms of number, size and colour. Participant-assessed outcomes, such as perception of DLs, and oral health-related quality of life data were to be included, as would reports of adverse effects.
SEARCH METHODS
Cochrane Oral Health's Information Specialist searched the following databases: Cochrane Oral Health's Trials Register (to 1 February 2019), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2019, Issue 1) in the Cochrane Library (searched 1 February 2019), MEDLINE Ovid (1946 to 1 February 2019), and Embase Ovid (1980 to 1 February 2019). The US National Institutes of Health Ongoing Trials Register (ClinicalTrials.gov) and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform were searched for ongoing trials. No restrictions were placed on the language or date of publication when searching the electronic databases.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Parallel-group, randomised controlled trials comparing the use of a fluoride-containing product versus a placebo, no treatment or a different type of fluoride treatment, in which the outcome of enamel demineralisation was assessed at the start and at the end of orthodontic treatment.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
At least two review authors independently, in duplicate, conducted risk of bias assessments and extracted data. Authors of trials were contacted to obtain missing data or to ask for clarification of aspects of trial methodology. Cochrane's statistical guidelines were followed.
MAIN RESULTS
This update includes 10 studies and contains data from nine studies, comparing eight interventions, involving 1798 randomised participants (1580 analysed). One report contained insufficient information and the authors have been contacted. We assessed two studies as at low risk of bias, six at unclear risk of bias, and two at high risk of bias. Two placebo (non-fluoride) controlled studies, at low risk of bias, investigated the professional application of varnish (7700 or 10,000 parts per million (ppm) fluoride (F)), every six weeks and found insufficient evidence of a difference regarding its effectiveness in preventing new DLs (risk ratio (RR) 0.52, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.14 to 1.93; 405 participants; low-certainty evidence). One placebo (non-fluoride) controlled study, at unclear risk of bias, provides a low level of certainty that fluoride foam (12,300 ppm F), professionally applied every two months, may reduce the incidence of new DLs (12% versus 49%) after fixed orthodontic treatment (RR 0.26, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.57; 95 participants). One study, at unclear risk of bias, also provides a low level of certainty that use of a high-concentration fluoride toothpaste (5000 ppm F) by patients may reduce the incidence of new DLs (18% versus 27%) compared with a conventional fluoride toothpaste (1450 ppm F) (RR 0.68, 95% CI 0.46 to 1.00; 380 participants). There was no evidence for a difference in the proportions of orthodontic patients with new DLs on the teeth after treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances for the following comparisons: - an amine fluoride and stannous fluoride toothpaste/mouthrinse combination versus a sodium fluoride toothpaste/mouthrinse, - an amine fluoride gel versus a non-fluoride placebo applied by participants at home once a week and by professional application every three months, - resin-modified glass ionomer cement versus light-cured composite resin for bonding orthodontic brackets, - a 250 ppm F mouthrinse versus 0 ppm F placebo mouthrinse, - the use of an intraoral fluoride-releasing glass bead device attached to the brace versus a daily fluoride mouthrinse. The last two comparisons involved studies that were assessed at high risk of bias, because a substantial number of participants were lost to follow-up. Unfortunately, although the internal validity and hence the quality of the studies has improved since the first version of the review, they have compared different interventions; therefore, the findings are only considered to provide low level of certainty, because none has been replicated by follow-up studies, in different settings, to confirm external validity. A patient-reported outcome, such as concern about the aesthetics of any DLs, was still not included as an outcome in any study. Reports of adverse effects from topical fluoride applications were rare and unlikely to be significant. One study involving fluoride-containing glass beads reported numerous breakages.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
This review found a low level of certainty that 12,300 ppm F foam applied by a professional every 6 to 8 weeks throughout fixed orthodontic treatment, might be effective in reducing the proportion of orthodontic patients with new DLs. In addition, there is a low level of certainty that the patient use of a high fluoride toothpaste (5000 ppm F) throughout orthodontic treatment, might be more effective than a conventional fluoride toothpaste. These two comparisons were based on single studies. There was insufficient evidence of a difference regarding the professional application of fluoride varnish (7700 or 10,000 ppm F). Further adequately powered, randomised controlled trials are required to increase the certainty of these findings and to determine the best means of preventing DLs in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. The most accurate means of assessing adherence with the use of fluoride products by patients and any possible adverse effects also need to be considered. Future studies should follow up participants beyond the end of orthodontic treatment to determine the effect of DLs on patient satisfaction with treatment.
Topics: Cariostatic Agents; Dental Caries; Fluorides; Humans; Mouthwashes; Orthodontic Brackets; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 31742669
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003809.pub4 -
International Orthodontics Jun 2020Biofilm accumulation around orthodontic brackets and composite is a common complication of orthodontic treatment. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
An in vitro evaluation of the effects of nanoparticles on shear bond strength and antimicrobial properties of orthodontic adhesives: A systematic review and meta-analysis study.
INTRODUCTION
Biofilm accumulation around orthodontic brackets and composite is a common complication of orthodontic treatment.
OBJECTIVE
A systematic review and meta-analysis were done to find out whether the association of nanoparticles with the orthodontic adhesives compromises its properties and whether there are exceptional nanoparticles exhibiting excellent antimicrobial potential against cariogenic bacteria along with remarkable mechanical properties.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Electronic databases were searched using the following keywords; orthodontic or orthodontics and antimicrobial or antibacterial and adhesive and nanoparticles and shear bond strength. Thirteen studies were included and meta-analysis was performed.
RESULTS
The results indicated no drastic changes in mechanical properties (0.812, 95% CI [0.750, 0.861], P=0.000). The Ag-HA, Cur, Cur-ZnO, and TiO in concentration≥1% showed a statistically significant difference, where the control groups had higher shear bond strength. Nine studies assessed the antimicrobial properties of nanoparticles. 1 wt% Cu and 5 wt% TiO not only did not affect shear bond strength but also showed more antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans. The analysis demonstrated the absence of heterogeneity (Q value=44.014; df (Q)=12; and I=72.736) in shear bond strength of orthodontic adhesives with nanoparticles, with low risk of bias.
CONCLUSIONS
Adding≤5 wt% antimicrobial nanoparticles to an orthodontic adhesive is less conducive to microbial growth than unmodified adhesive and does not influence bracket-enamel bond strength.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Biofilms; Dental Cements; Dental Stress Analysis; In Vitro Techniques; Nanoparticles; Orthodontic Brackets; Shear Strength; Streptococcus mutans
PubMed: 32088136
DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2020.01.011 -
BMC Oral Health Oct 2023Nowadays bleaching procedures have gained popularity in orthodontic patients. Peroxide and Carbamide acids are the common agents which are used in in-office and at home...
BACKGROUND
Nowadays bleaching procedures have gained popularity in orthodontic patients. Peroxide and Carbamide acids are the common agents which are used in in-office and at home bleaching techniques. Consequently, the Bonding adhesion to the enamel can be influenced by the orthodontic phase and the residual peroxide might interfere with the polymerization and the adhesion of the brackets. Frequent debonding of the brackets from teeth after the bleaching procedure could cause the lengthening of the therapy and promote irregularities on enamel surface derived from an additional bonding phase of the brackets. The aim of this systematic review is to appraise the influence regarding the effect of the bleaching procedure on the bond strength of orthodontic brackets.
METHODS
An electronic database search was performed. Search terms included: bleaching, brackets, adhesion; data were extracted and summarized. Risk of bias was assessed using the Chocrane risk of bias tool, adapted for in vitro studies.
RESULTS
A total of 8689 articles were screened and 11 studies met the inclusion criteria of this systematic review. 1000 teeth of human and bovine origin were analyzed for the shear bond strength (SBS) of stainless and ceramic brackets after the bleaching treatments. All the authors divided the groups in different subgroups with different bleaching agents and in different concentration. The SBS value allowed to demonstrate the necessity to delay the bonding of the brackets for two weeks after a bleaching treatment and its improvement when tooth mousse or antioxidants agents are used.
CONCLUSIONS
The SBS values and the delay of the bonding procedure must be considered in dental practice and clinical strategies are necessary in order to avoid drawbacks which could cause the debonding of the brackets after bleaching due to the alterations of the dental substrate, thus interfering with the orthodontic treatments.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Cattle; Tooth Bleaching; Orthodontic Brackets; Dental Bonding; Peroxides; Urea; Shear Strength; Dental Stress Analysis; Materials Testing
PubMed: 37833672
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03418-9 -
Journal of Orthodontics Dec 2018Tooth wear, additional to the physiologic alterations of the dentition, may occur during orthodontic treatment. The objective of the present review was to investigate...
OBJECTIVES
Tooth wear, additional to the physiologic alterations of the dentition, may occur during orthodontic treatment. The objective of the present review was to investigate systematically the literature relevant to its progression in patients having undergone comprehensive orthodontic treatment.
DATA SOURCES
Search without restrictions in eight databases since inception and hand searching until October 2017 was performed.
DATA SELECTION
Studies evaluating tooth wear immediately before and after the completion of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliance were evaluated independently and in duplicate.
DATA EXTRACTION
Following study retrieval and selection, data on volumetric and surface tooth wear was extracted. Individual study risk of bias assessment was performed using the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomised Studies - of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool, and the overall quality of the evidence was assessed with the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach.
DATA SYNTHESIS
All three finally included studies reported wear of teeth during the period of treatment but were at serious risk of bias. Two of them investigated tooth wear by 3D volumetric measurements and one used grading scales. The mean volume reduction was 1.02 mm per tooth for the incisor group [95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.84-1.20], 1.62 mm for the canines [95% CI: 0.8-2.38; I= 96%; random effects method] and 0.95 mm for premolars and molars [95% CI: 0.84-1.07]. The overall quality of evidence limited the confidence in the observed estimates.
CONCLUSIONS
Varying degrees of tooth wear were reported after comprehensive orthodontic treatment. Further studies are needed in order to elucidate how much is associated with orthodontic treatment and/or physiologic alterations of the dentition.
Topics: Humans; Incisor; Molar; Orthodontic Appliances, Fixed; Orthodontic Brackets; Tooth Wear
PubMed: 30230438
DOI: 10.1080/14653125.2018.1517469 -
BMC Oral Health Nov 2017An evaluation is made of possible differences in treatment effects between labial and lingual fixed appliances. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
An evaluation is made of possible differences in treatment effects between labial and lingual fixed appliances.
METHODS
A comprehensive search was made of the PubMed-Medline, Cochrane Library and LILACS databases, with an additional manual search covering the period up until April 2017. There were no restrictions in terms of year of publication or language. Agreement between the authors was quantified by the Cohen kappa statistic. A random-effect model was applied to calculate weighted mean differences with 95% confidence intervals.
RESULTS
A total of 249 patients corresponding to four eligible studies were included in the systematic review. Among the six angles and distances entered in the meta-analysis, a tendency was observed in lingual appliances to increase the interincisal angle (95% CI -0.80-8.99; p = 0.101) and reduce the angle between the major axis of upper central incisor and the sellar-nasion plane - though statistical significance was not reached (95% CI -5.75-0.32; p = 0.079).
CONCLUSION
The results obtained indicate that treatment with lingual appliances favors incisor tipping by exerting lingual crown torque, but there are no differences in cephalometric values between labial and lingual fixed appliances. Because of the small number of included studies, the results of this meta-analysis should be interpreted with caution. Future research should focus on the generation of a consensus document allowing selection of the type of orthodontic approach not only conditioned to the esthetic requirements of the patient but also considering the characteristics of the malocclusion. On the other hand, standardized international guidelines are lacking; the measurements of angles and distances therefore have to be unified with a view to future investigations.
Topics: Cephalometry; Esthetics, Dental; Humans; Orthodontic Appliance Design; Orthodontic Appliances; Orthodontic Brackets; Tooth Movement Techniques
PubMed: 29166941
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-017-0424-z -
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial... Sep 2015Extraction of mandibular third molars (M3s) in close proximity to the mandibular canal has some inherent risks to adjacent structures, such as neurologic damage to... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
Extraction of mandibular third molars (M3s) in close proximity to the mandibular canal has some inherent risks to adjacent structures, such as neurologic damage to teeth, bone defects distal to the mandibular second molar (M2), or pathologic fractures in association with enlarged dentigerous cysts. The procedure for extrusion and subsequent extraction of high-risk M3s is called orthodontic extraction. This is a systematic review of the available approaches for orthodontic extraction of impacted mandibular M3s in close proximity to the mandibular canal and their outcomes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), DOAJ, Google Scholar, OpenGrey, Iranian Science Information Database (SID), Iranmedex, and Irandoc databases were searched using specific keywords up to June 2, 2014. Studies were evaluated based on predetermined eligibility criteria, treatment approaches, and their outcomes.
RESULTS
Thirteen articles met the inclusion criteria. A total of 123 impacted teeth were extracted by orthodontic extraction and 2 cases were complicated by transient paresthesia. Three types of biomechanical approaches were used: 1) using the posterior maxillary region as the anchor for orthodontic extrusion of lower M3s, 2) simple cantilever springs attached to the M3 buttonhole, and 3) cantilever springs tied to a bonded orthodontic bracket on the M3 plus multiple-loop spring wire for distal movement of the M3. Osteo-periodontal status of M2s also improved uneventfully.
CONCLUSION
Despite the drawbacks of orthodontic extraction, removal of deeply impacted M3s using the described techniques is safe with regard to mandibular nerve injury and neurologic damage. Orthodontic extraction is recommended for extraction of impacted M3s that present a high risk of postoperative osteo-periodontal defects on the distal surface of the adjacent M2 and those associated with dentigerous cysts.
Topics: Humans; Mandible; Molar, Third; Orthodontics; Tooth Extraction; Tooth, Impacted
PubMed: 25882437
DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2015.03.031 -
Progress in Orthodontics Jun 2024Metallic and elastomeric ligatures are widely used in orthodontics to secure the archwire within the bracket slots, but elastomeric ligatures have traditionally been... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
INTRODUCTION
Metallic and elastomeric ligatures are widely used in orthodontics to secure the archwire within the bracket slots, but elastomeric ligatures have traditionally been associated with increased microbial colonization, which could adversely affect periodontal health.
AIM
This systematic review compares the periodontal effects of elastomeric and steel ligatures used for orthodontic fixed appliances.
METHODS
Unrestricted literature search of 7 databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Virtual Health Library) up to July 2023 were performed for randomized / non-randomized clinical studies on humans comparing the two ligation methods during fixed-appliance therapy. After duplicate study selection, data extraction, and risk-of-bias assessment with the Risk of Bias (RoB) 2 or the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies - of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool, random-effects meta-analyses of Mean Differences (MD) or Standardized Mean Differences (SMD) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were carried out, followed by assessment of certainty of existing evidence with the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.
RESULTS
A total of 11 studies (3 randomized / 8 non-randomized) with 354 patients (mean age 14.7 years and 42% male) were included. No statistically significant differences were seen for plaque index (5 studies; SMD = 0.48; 95% CI = -0.03 to 1.00; P = 0.07), gingival index (2 studies; MD = 0.01; 95% CI = -0.14 to 0.16; P = 0.89), probing pocket depth (2 studies; MD = 0; 95% CI = -0.17 to 0.16; P = 0.97), or Streptococcus mutans counts (4 studies; SMD = 0.40; 95% CI=-0.41 to 1.20; P = 0.21). Elastomeric ligatures were associated with moderately increased total bacterial load (3 studies; SMD = 0.43; 95% CI = 0.10 to 0.76; P = 0.03). Confidence in these estimates was low in all instances due to the inclusion of non-randomized studies with high risk of bias.
CONCLUSIONS
Existing low quality evidence indicates that ligature method does not seem to influence the periodontal health during fixed treatment, even if elastomeric ligatures are associated with a moderate increase of bacterial load.
REGISTRATION
PROSPERO (CRD42023444383).
Topics: Humans; Elastomers; Orthodontic Appliances, Fixed; Steel; Periodontal Index; Orthodontic Brackets; Ligation
PubMed: 38880839
DOI: 10.1186/s40510-024-00520-8 -
Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and... Jan 2024This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess how laser conditioning affected brackets bonded to dental ceramics' shear bond strength (SBS). The study was... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess how laser conditioning affected brackets bonded to dental ceramics' shear bond strength (SBS). The study was conducted by searching Pubmed/Medline, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar up to September 14, 2022. In addition, the reference lists of the relevant articles were checked manually. Articles that compared SBS of laser-treated feldspathic, lithium disilicate, or zirconia surfaces with other standard techniques for bonding metal or ceramic orthodontic brackets were considered. Using a random-effects model, data pooling was carried out as the weighted mean difference (WMD). This study initially contained 1717 reports, and following review, 32 articles were deemed suitable for our meta-analysis. The pooling results showed that the treatments with lasers such as "Er:YAG" [WMD = -1.12 MPa; 95% confidence interval (CI): -1.93 to -0.31], "Er:YAG + Silane" (WMD = -3.08 MPa; 95% CI: -4.77 to -1.40), and "Nd: YAG + Silane" (WMD = -2.58 MPa; 95% CI: -3.76 to -1.40) had statistically significant lower adhesion values compared with controls. Contrarily, "Ti:Sapphire femtosecond" demonstrated significantly higher bonding values (WMD = 0.94 MPa; 95% CI: 0.29-1.60). In contrast, other interventions obtained no statistically significant difference in SBS. Most of the laser groups showed results comparable with those of conventional approaches. Although more research is necessary for definitive conclusions, laser treatment may be an effective option for treating the surfaces of ceramic materials.
Topics: Ceramics; Lasers; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Orthodontic Brackets; Shear Strength; Silanes; Surface Properties
PubMed: 37862260
DOI: 10.1089/photob.2023.0098 -
International Orthodontics Sep 2023Tooth bleaching was reported to decrease bond strength of orthodontic brackets. The antioxidant application was investigated to reverse the bleaching effect for... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Tooth bleaching was reported to decrease bond strength of orthodontic brackets. The antioxidant application was investigated to reverse the bleaching effect for immediate bracket bonding. This scoping review of in vitro studies is to assess systematically the effect of antioxidant application on shear bond strength (SBS) before orthodontic bracket bonding after tooth bleaching.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This review was provided according to the Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. An electronic literature search was performed for full-text articles in English via Scopus, Web of Science, MEDLINE/PubMed, and Google Scholar databases from 2012 to May 9, 2023.
RESULTS
A total of 549 records were retrieved from the electronic search, and 361 after discarding duplicates. According to eligibility criteria, 23 records were included in this study.
CONCLUSION
Included studies revealed that antioxidants could increase the SBS of brackets after bleaching. However, there was controversiality whether SBS was just improved or restored to the unbleached level according to various factors, including the antioxidant type, concentration, application time, and form. Most studies reported that 10% sodium ascorbate (SA), ascorbic acid, green tea (GT), and tocopherol solutions restored SBS of metal brackets but not ceramic brackets. The result of 10% SA and GT gel was controversial. Lower concentrations than 10% was effective with pink bark, grape seed, quercetin flavonoid, and chamomile to restore SBS. The included studies revealed that retinol acetate, gooseberry, and dimethyl sulfoxide did not restore SBS.
Topics: Humans; Antioxidants; Tooth Bleaching; Orthodontic Brackets; Dental Bonding; Ascorbic Acid; Shear Strength
PubMed: 37257393
DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2023.100777