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Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) Sep 2017Many variables related to sport have been shown to have circadian rhythms. Chronotype is the expression of circadian rhythmicity in an individual, and three categories... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Many variables related to sport have been shown to have circadian rhythms. Chronotype is the expression of circadian rhythmicity in an individual, and three categories of chronotype are defined: morning types (M-types), evening types (E-types), and neither types (N-types). M-types show earlier peaks of several psychophysiological variables during the day than E-types. The effect of chronotype on athletic performance has not been extensively investigated.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of the present review was to study the effect of chronotype on athletic performance and the psychophysiological responses to physical activity.
METHODS
The present review adheres to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) reporting guidelines. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for scientific papers using the keywords "chronotype", "circadian typology", "morningness", and "eveningness" in combination with each of the words "sport", "performance", and "athletic." Relevant reference lists were inspected. We limited the search results to peer-reviewed papers published in English from 1985 to 2015.
RESULTS
Ten papers met our inclusion criteria. Rating of perceived exertion and fatigue scores in relation to athletic performances are influenced by chronotype: M-types perceived less effort when performing a submaximal physical task in the morning than did N- and E-types. In addition, M-types generally showed better athletic performances, as measured by race times, in the morning than did N- and E-types. Other results concerning chronotype effect on physiological responses to physical activity were not always consistent: heterogeneous samples and different kinds of physical activity could partially explain these discrepancies.
CONCLUSIONS
Sports trainers and coaches should take into account the influence of both the time of day and chronotype effect when scheduling training sessions into specific time periods.
Topics: Adult; Athletes; Athletic Performance; Child; Circadian Rhythm; Exercise; Female; Humans; Male; Psychomotor Performance; Sleep; Surveys and Questionnaires; Young Adult
PubMed: 28493061
DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0741-z -
European Urology Oncology Feb 2022Prostate cancer (PCa) is a complex disease that disproportionately impacts Black men in the USA. The structural factors that drive heterogeneous outcomes for patients of... (Review)
Review
CONTEXT
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a complex disease that disproportionately impacts Black men in the USA. The structural factors that drive heterogeneous outcomes for patients of differing backgrounds are probably the same ones that result in population-level disparities. The relative contribution of drivers along the PCa disease continuum is an active area of investigation and debate.
OBJECTIVE
To critically synthesize the available evidence on PCa disparities from a population-level perspective in comparison to data from "equal access and equal care settings" and to provide a consensus summary of the state of PCa disparities.
EVIDENCE ACQUISITION
A plenary panel on PCa disparities presented at the Prostate Cancer Foundation meeting on October 24, 2019 and ensuing discussions are reported here. We used a systematic literature review approach and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses to select the most relevant publications. A total of 3333 publications between 2011 and 2021 were retrieved, of which 52 were included in the review; an additional 13 articles on screening guidelines, seminal clinical trials, and statistical methodology were used in the evidence synthesis.
EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS
Race disparities in PCa are a result of a complex interaction between socioeconomic factors impacting access to care and ancestral/genetic factors that may influence tumor biology. Black men in the USA continue to have a nearly 1.8 times higher population-level incidence rate than White men. Failure to account for the race-specific incidence burden would continue to lead to residual disparity even after achieving relatively similar outcomes after primary treatment, resulting in a higher long-term mortality burden. Selection bias remains possible in PCa studies, which often rely on highly specific cohorts of Black men with higher use of health care resources that may not represent the average Black patient in the USA. Novel methods including mediation analysis and genetic ancestry rather than self-identified race can optimize analytical models investigating racial disparities and may lead to a better understanding of PCa genomic diversity and behavior.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings emphasize the importance of racially diverse studies, including precision -omics, prevention, and targeted therapy initiatives, to elucidate mechanisms underlying racial differences in outcomes and response to therapy. We propose novel approaches for studying and addressing PCa disparities. Contemporary methods, particularly in the domain of mediation analysis, can promote scientific rigor in understanding these disparities.
PATIENT SUMMARY
Inaccurate data interpretation or lack of data altogether for Black men can impact policy and ultimately affect millions of individuals of African origin worldwide. Our review identifies a need to develop and prioritize a strategy for including Black and other men with prostate cancer in intervention studies and randomized clinical trials to halt the widening prostate cancer disparities.
Topics: Disease Progression; Humans; Incidence; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Socioeconomic Factors
PubMed: 34446369
DOI: 10.1016/j.euo.2021.07.006 -
Journal of the American Geriatrics... Sep 2023The timely detection of Alzheimer's disease and other related dementias (ADRD) is suboptimal. Digital data already stored in electronic health records (EHR) offer... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The timely detection of Alzheimer's disease and other related dementias (ADRD) is suboptimal. Digital data already stored in electronic health records (EHR) offer opportunities for enhancing the timely detection of ADRD by facilitating the development of passive digital markers (PDMs). We conducted a systematic evidence review to identify studies that describe the development, performance, and validity of EHR-based PDMs for ADRD.
METHODS
We searched the literature published from January 2000 to August 2022 and reviewed cross-sectional, retrospective, or prospective observational studies with a patient population of 18 years or older, published in English that collected and interpreted original data, included EHR as a source of digital data, and had the primary purpose of supporting ADRD care. We extracted relevant data from the included studies with guidance from the Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies checklist and used the US Preventive Services Task Force criteria to appraise each study.
RESULTS
We included and appraised 19 studies. Four studies were considered to have a fair quality, and none was considered to have a good quality. The functionality of the PDMs varied from detecting mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease or ADRD, to forecasting stages of ADRD. Only seven studies used a valid reference diagnostic method. Nine PDMs used only structured EHR data, and five studies provided complete information on the race and ethnicity of its population. The number of features included in the PDMs ranges from 10 to 853, and the PMDs used a variety of statistical and machine learning algorithms with various time-at-risk windows. The area under the curve (AUC) for the PDMs varied from 0.67 to 0.97.
CONCLUSION
Although we noted heterogeneity in the PDMs development and performance, there is evidence that these PDMs have the potential to detect ADRD at earlier stages.
Topics: Humans; Alzheimer Disease; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dementia; Observational Studies as Topic; Retrospective Studies; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 37249252
DOI: 10.1111/jgs.18426 -
Journal of Neuro-oncology Jul 2023Social determinants of health broadly affect healthcare access and outcomes. Studies report that minorities and low socioeconomic status (SES) patients undergoing... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
PURPOSE
Social determinants of health broadly affect healthcare access and outcomes. Studies report that minorities and low socioeconomic status (SES) patients undergoing intracranial meningioma resection demonstrate worse outcomes and higher mortality rates. This systematic review and meta-analysis summarizes the available research reporting racial and SES disparities in intracranial meningioma resection outcomes.
METHODS
A systematic review was conducted using PRISMA guidelines and included peer-reviewed, English-language articles from the United States between 2000 and 2022 that reported racial and SES disparities in meningioma outcomes. Outcomes included overall survival (OS), extent of resection (EOR), hospitalization costs, length of stay (LOS), 30-day readmission, recurrence, and receipt of surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy. A quantitative meta-analysis was performed only on survival outcomes by race. All other variables were summarized as a systematic review.
RESULTS
633 articles were identified; 19 studies met inclusion criteria. Black or low SES patients were more likely to have increased hospitalization costs, rates of 30-day readmission, LOS, recurrence and less likely to undergo surgery, gross total resection, and adjuvant radiotherapy for their tumors. Six studies were used for the quantitative meta-analysis of race and OS. Compared to White patients, Black patients had significantly worse survival outcomes, and Asian patients had significantly better survival outcomes.
CONCLUSION
Disparities in outcomes exist for patients who undergo surgery for meningioma, such that Black and low SES patients have worse outcomes. The literature is quite sparse and contains confounding relationships not often accounted for appropriately. Further studies are needed to help understand these disparities to improve outcomes.
Topics: Humans; United States; Meningioma; Social Class; Hospitalization; Length of Stay; Meningeal Neoplasms; Healthcare Disparities
PubMed: 37440095
DOI: 10.1007/s11060-023-04393-5 -
Annals of Epidemiology Aug 2016Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is highly prevalent among correctional populations. We aimed to explore racial and ethnic disparities in hepatitis C antibody (anti-HCV)... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
PURPOSE
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is highly prevalent among correctional populations. We aimed to explore racial and ethnic disparities in hepatitis C antibody (anti-HCV) prevalence in U.S. correctional populations.
METHODS
We systematically searched the literature for reports of anti-HCV prevalence among U.S. jail and prison populations, by race and ethnicity. We calculated summary prevalence estimates for non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, and "Other" race/ethnicity jail detainees and prisoners and determined the proportion of anti-HCV positive persons from racial/ethnic minority backgrounds.
RESULTS
Few studies reported anti-HCV prevalence data by race and ethnicity, and they suffered from methodologic weaknesses. Anti-HCV prevalence was highest among non-Hispanic Whites (35% [95% CI: 28%, 43%; k = 9], compared to 26% [95% CI: 21%, 32%; k = 10] among racial and ethnic minorities). However, the majority (63%) of persons with anti-HCV were from racial and ethnic minority backgrounds.
CONCLUSIONS
Racial and ethnic minority persons appear to comprise the majority of HCV burden in U.S. correctional settings. Universal screening and treatment of HCV infection in correctional settings may impact on community-level health disparities.
Topics: Ethnicity; Female; Health Status Disparities; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis C; Hepatitis C Antibodies; Humans; Male; Needs Assessment; Prevalence; Prisoners; Prisons; Racial Groups; United States
PubMed: 27480479
DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2016.06.013 -
International Journal of Environmental... Sep 2021There is increasing potential to improve the research and reporting on the health and wellbeing of Indigenous and Tribal peoples through the collection and (re)use of... (Review)
Review
There is increasing potential to improve the research and reporting on the health and wellbeing of Indigenous and Tribal peoples through the collection and (re)use of population-level data. As the data economy grows and the value of data increases, the optimization of data pertaining to Indigenous peoples requires governance that defines who makes decisions on behalf of whom and how these data can and should be used. An international a priori PROSPERO (#CRD42020170033) systematic review was undertaken to examine the health research literature to (1) identify, describe, and synthesize definitions and principles; (2) identify and describe data governance frameworks; and (3) identify, describe, and synthesize processes, policies and practices used in Indigenous Data Governance (ID-GOV). Sixty-eight articles were included in the review that found five components that require consideration in the governance of health research data pertaining to Indigenous people. This included (1) Indigenous governance; (2) institutional ethics; (3) socio-political dynamics; (4) data management and data stewardship; and (5) overarching influences. This review provides the first systematic international review of ID-GOV that could potentially be used in a range of governance strategies moving forward in health research.
Topics: Health Services, Indigenous; Humans; Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
PubMed: 34639617
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910318 -
Cureus Jun 2022Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a major cause of maternal death and morbidity worldwide. Throughout the years, there have not been many studies looking into the... (Review)
Review
Race/Ethnicity as a Risk Factor in the Development of Postpartum Hemorrhage: A Thorough Systematic Review of Disparity in the Relationship Between Pregnancy and the Rate of Postpartum Hemorrhage.
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a major cause of maternal death and morbidity worldwide. Throughout the years, there have not been many studies looking into the association of race and ethnicity with the occurrence of PPH. The goal of this study was to assess race and ethnicity as risk factors in the development of PPH in pregnant women. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) standards, we conducted the analysis and conducted a literature search using Google Scholar and PubMed. After applying our inclusion and exclusion criteria, the search technique yielded a total of eight articles. The analysis included seven observational studies and one randomized controlled trial. The incidence of PPH was chosen as the major outcome measure. An evaluation of eight studies revealed that although Hispanics, Asians, Native Hawaiians, and other Pacific Islanders (NHOPI) have a higher chance of developing PPH caused by uterine atony, Caucasians had a greater rate of transfusion than the other groups. In addition, compared to Caucasians, African Americans or African descendants had a lower risk of atonic PPH but increased odds of atonic PPH requiring interventions. On the other hand, compared to non-native groups, Native Americans had increased odds of uterine atony. The results showed that, in contrast to other races/ethnicities, Caucasians had the lowest risk of PPH. Additionally, it was shown that African Americans or those descended from Africans had a higher chance of PPH but a lower risk of atonic PPH.
PubMed: 35923676
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.26460 -
Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health... Dec 2022The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine whether differences in reported fall rates exist between different ethnic groups. Searches were... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine whether differences in reported fall rates exist between different ethnic groups. Searches were carried out on four databases: Medline, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Scopus, and Web of Science. Only English language studies with community-dwelling participants aged 60 + years were included. Studies also needed to compare fall prevalence for at least two or more ethnic groups. Two reviewers independently screened all articles and evaluated study quality. Twenty-three articles were included for systematic review, and meta-analyses were carried out on the 16 retrospective studies that reported falls in the previous 12 months. The Asian group demonstrated significantly lower fall prevalence than all other ethnic groups at 13.89% (10.87, 16.91). The Hispanic group had a fall prevalence of 18.54% (12.95, 24.13), closely followed by the Black group at 18.60% (13.27, 23.93). The White group had the highest prevalence at 23.77% (18.66, 28.88). Some studies provided adjusted estimates of effect statistics for the odds/risk of falls, which showed that differences still existed between some ethnic groups even after adjusting for other risk factors. Overall, differences in fall prevalence do appear to exist between different ethnic groups, although the reasons for these differences currently remain undetermined and require further investigation. These findings highlight the need to provide more ethnically tailored responses to public health challenges, which could potentially increase the adherence to prevention interventions, and allow for a more targeted use of resources.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Accidental Falls; Retrospective Studies; Racial Groups; Independent Living; Ethnicity
PubMed: 34786654
DOI: 10.1007/s40615-021-01179-1 -
Australian and New Zealand Journal of... Feb 2016To describe the main characteristics of systematic reviews addressing questions of chronic disease and related risk factors for Indigenous Australians. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To describe the main characteristics of systematic reviews addressing questions of chronic disease and related risk factors for Indigenous Australians.
METHODS
We searched databases for systematic reviews meeting inclusion criteria. Two reviewers assessed quality and extracted characteristics using pre-defined tools.
RESULTS
We identified 14 systematic reviews. Seven synthesised evidence about health intervention effectiveness; four addressed chronic disease or risk factor prevalence; and six conducted critical appraisal as per current best practice. Only three reported steps to align the review with standards for ethical research with Indigenous Australians and/or capture Indigenous-specific knowledge. Most called for more high-quality research.
CONCLUSION
Systematic review is an under-utilised method for gathering evidence to inform chronic disease prevention and management for Indigenous Australians. Relevance of future systematic reviews could be improved by: 1) aligning questions with community priorities as well as decision maker needs; 2) involvement of, and leadership by, Indigenous researchers with relevant cultural and contextual knowledge; iii) use of critical appraisal tools that include traditional risk of bias assessment criteria and criteria that reflect Indigenous standards of appropriate research.
IMPLICATIONS
Systematic review method guidance, tools and reporting standards are required to ensure alignment with ethical obligations and promote rigor and relevance.
Topics: Australia; Chronic Disease; Disease Management; Humans; Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander; Risk Factors
PubMed: 26558444
DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.12476 -
The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 2018Despite Korean Americans being one of the fastest growing immigrant groups in the United States, little is known about their cardiovascular health or cardiovascular... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Despite Korean Americans being one of the fastest growing immigrant groups in the United States, little is known about their cardiovascular health or cardiovascular disease risk factors.
PURPOSE
The purpose of this report is to describe the prevalence of cardiovascular disease risks and their contributing factors in Korean Americans and recommend future directions for the development of cardiovascular disease prevention or management research to meet the unique needs of this ethnic group.
METHODS
We conducted a systematic review using databases of PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and identified 27 studies that reported the prevalence of cardiovascular disease or its risk factors in Korean Americans, published in English between 2000 and 2016.
RESULTS
We found high rates of unhealthy behaviors (eg, consumption of a high-sodium diet, physical inactivity, smoking) and risk factors (eg, hypertension, diabetes) for cardiovascular disease. Moreover, they were less likely to receive counseling about their diseases from healthcare providers and modify their lifestyle (eg, reduce their diet sodium intake, control their weight) to manage their diseases than were other ethnic populations. Individual-, interpersonal-, community-, and societal-level influences contributed to the high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors.
CONCLUSIONS
Data on subgroups of Asian Americans indicate that Korean Americans have significant lifestyle-related cardiovascular disease risks, which could be a critical agenda for researchers and clinicians to better understand cardiovascular health disparities in the United States.
Topics: Asian; Cardiovascular Diseases; Health Behavior; Humans; Prevalence; Republic of Korea; United States
PubMed: 28525522
DOI: 10.1097/JCN.0000000000000417