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Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) Dec 2014Estimates of the variability that athletes show from competition to competition provide information about the relative contributions of environmental and other factors... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Estimates of the variability that athletes show from competition to competition provide information about the relative contributions of environmental and other factors affecting competitive performance. Smallest and other important thresholds for assessing changes in performance in competitions and field or laboratory tests can also be derived from estimates of variability.
OBJECTIVES
To systematically review estimates of within-athlete variability of competitive performance in various sports.
METHODS
We searched SPORTDiscus and Google Scholar for studies providing estimates of within-athlete variability between competitions. Estimates are reported here as coefficients of variation (CV) only for the best athletes. Some studies also combined within-athlete variability with between-athlete differences into a measure of predictability expressed as an intraclass correlation coefficient, reported here for the full field of competition.
RESULTS
Skeleton and 1,000-m speed-skating times have the lowest within-athlete variability (CV of 0.15% and 0.4%, respectively), apparently because of the effect of the initial phase of the race on race dynamics. Times in sprint and endurance sports also have relatively low variability (0.6-1.4%), reflecting the predominant contribution of mean power output to performance. The power-velocity relationship tends to make CV for time smaller in sports performed against water or wind resistance, but this effect is offset by variability in the effects of wind and water on individual athletes. Sports requiring explosive power in a single effort, such as field events and weightlifting, have larger CVs for their performance measures (1.4-3.3%), likely reflecting substantial contributions of skill. Sports with the greatest within-athlete variability (~50%) were those with subjective scores (e.g. surfing). Predictability correlations ranged from 0.17 (half-pipe snowboarding) to 0.93 (cross-country skiing). There was little difference in variability or predictability between men and women. Application of power-velocity and power-duration relationships allows transformation of the estimates of within-athlete variability of competitive performance into thresholds for smallest and other important changes in performance in laboratory and field tests of power output.
CONCLUSION
Understanding the contributions of race dynamics, power output, environment, skill, and subjective scoring to the variability of athletic performance should help identify and evaluate strategies for performance enhancement.
Topics: Athletes; Athletic Performance; Competitive Behavior; Female; Humans; Male; Reproducibility of Results; Sports
PubMed: 25108349
DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0239-x -
Psychiatry Research Sep 2017The Indigenous populations of Australia and New Zealand are considered at higher risk of mood and anxiety disorders but many studies do not include direct comparisons... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The Indigenous populations of Australia and New Zealand are considered at higher risk of mood and anxiety disorders but many studies do not include direct comparisons with similar non-Indigenous controls. We conducted a systematic search of relevant electronic databases, as well as snowballing and targeted searches of the grey literature. Studies were included for meta-analysis if they compared rates of mood and anxiety disorders between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians or Maori. Seven Australian and 10 NZ studies were included. Overall, Indigenous people in both countries did not have significantly higher rates of disorder. However, in terms of specific disorders, there were differences in risk by gender, country (Australia or NZ), disorder type, and prevalence (current, 12-month or lifetime). For instance, Indigenous Australians and Maori both had significantly lower rates of simple phobias (current prevalence) and Maori participants had significantly lower rates of both lifetime simple phobia and generalised anxiety disorders. By contrast, Indigenous Australians had significantly higher rates of bipolar affective disorder and social phobia (current prevalence). Generalisations regarding the risk of psychiatric disorders in Indigenous people cannot therefore be made as this varies by several factors. These include disorder type, sociodemographic factors, Indigenous origin and study method.
Topics: Adult; Anxiety Disorders; Australia; Female; Humans; Male; Mood Disorders; Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander; New Zealand; Phobic Disorders; Prevalence
PubMed: 28544944
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.05.015 -
Telemedicine Journal and E-health : the... May 2017African Americans (AA) experience high levels of health disparities for several diseases, yet remain underrepresented in clinical trials and other types of research. The... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
African Americans (AA) experience high levels of health disparities for several diseases, yet remain underrepresented in clinical trials and other types of research. The high ownership of smartphones among AA puts them in a unique position to be recruited into e-Health/m-Health interventions.
OBJECTIVE
This article is a systematic review of the participation of AA in e-Health/m-Health interventions, the diseases/health conditions targeted, and the recruitment and retention strategies used.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A systematic review was done with PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, EBSCOhost, and CINAHL databases, as well as hand searches of 14 journals. The search was restricted to studies conducted in the United States and that were published between January 2000 and June 2016. Twenty-three distinct search terms were used.
RESULTS
After removal of duplicates, 565 studies were screened and assessed for eligibility, and 56 met the inclusion criteria. Eight studies had exclusively AA participants. Eighty percent of the studies had female participants. Participants were recruited primarily from clinics/healthcare facilities. Forty-five percent of the studies provided monetary incentives. Only five studies addressed retention of participants. The diseases/health conditions that were studied included overweight/obesity, diabetes, physical activity, cardiovascular conditions, nutrition, prenatal health, and HIV.
CONCLUSION
There was a low representation of AA in the studies in this review. Opportunities exist to engage AA in e-Health/m-Health research, but researchers must go beyond the traditional one-size-fits-all approach to determine what mixture of incentives and recruitment/retention strategies would work best for a particular health condition, population group, or community.
Topics: Adult; Black or African American; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomedical Research; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Motivation; Patient Selection; Telemedicine; United States
PubMed: 27792475
DOI: 10.1089/tmj.2016.0067 -
Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics Nov 2023Debates persist regarding the performance of existing glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimating equations in older individuals. We performed this meta-analysis to... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Debates persist regarding the performance of existing glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimating equations in older individuals. We performed this meta-analysis to assess the accuracy and bias of six commonly used equations, including the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration creatinine equation (CKD-EPI) and its combination with cystatin C (CKD-EPI), with the corresponding pair of the Berlin Initiative Study equations (BIS1 and BIS2) and the Full Age Spectrum equations (FAS and FAS).
METHODS
PubMed and the Cochrane Library were searched for studies comparing estimated GFR (eGFR) with measured GFR (mGFR). We analyzed the difference in P30 and bias among the six equations and investigated subgroups based on the area (Asian and non-Asian), mean age (60-74 years and ≥75 years), and levels of mean mGFR (<45 mL/min/1.73m and ≥45 mL/min/1.73m).
RESULTS
27 studies with 18,112 participants were included, all reporting P30 and bias. BIS1 and FAS exhibited significantly higher P30 than CKD-EPI. While no significant differences were observed between FAS and BIS1, or among the three combined equations in terms of either P30 or bias. Subgroup analyses revealed FAS and FAS achieved better results in most situations. However, in the subgroup of mGFR<45 mL/min/1.73m, CKD-EPI had relatively higher P30 and significantly smaller bias.
CONCLUSIONS
Overall, BIS and FAS provided relatively more accurate estimates of GFR than CKD-EPI in older adults. FAS and FAS may be better suited for various conditions, while CKD-EPI would be a better option for older individuals with impaired renal function.
Topics: Aged; Humans; Asian; Creatinine; ErbB Receptors; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Middle Aged; Reproducibility of Results; Models, Biological
PubMed: 37379796
DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2023.105107 -
Acta Bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis Mar 2015In Social Psychology, in relation to the effects of contact, there are two theoretical strands apparently fighting against each other: to one side, the contact... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND AND AIM
In Social Psychology, in relation to the effects of contact, there are two theoretical strands apparently fighting against each other: to one side, the contact hypothesis of Allport according to which, the meeting between members of different groups can, if managed in favorable conditions, reduce prejudice, on the other side, the Social Identity Theory of Tajfel and Turner, according to which the comparison between people belonging to different groups may actually generate an attitude of ingroup favoritism and outgroup discrimination. The aim of this review was to analyze how the literature has dealt with the problem of contact with people from different cultures in relation to its outcomes taking into account the environment of nursing.
METHOD
Systematic review.
RESULTS
There is sufficient evidence that contacts by race / ethnicity, present in nursing-education settings, in the relationship among nurse practitioners, and between nurses and patients, they produce discriminations and prejudices. The contact in the workplace shows however, also favorable outcomes, highlighting then contradictory results.
CONCLUSIONS
The scarcity of material available in the literature and the inconsistency of results, both as regards to the effects of the contact in the training nursing, and as regards to the effects of the contact in relation to the quality of care provided, does not allow definitive conclusions to support the usefulness of the contact in nursing in terms of reducing prejudices and discriminations. It would therefore be advisable to investigate more deeply the effects of contact in the nursing environment.
Topics: Humans; Interprofessional Relations; Nurses, International; Social Identification
PubMed: 25835767
DOI: No ID Found -
British Journal of Psychology (London,... May 2023Two competing theories explain the other-'race' effect (ORE) either by greater perceptual expertise to same-'race' (SR) faces or by social categorization of other-'race'...
Two competing theories explain the other-'race' effect (ORE) either by greater perceptual expertise to same-'race' (SR) faces or by social categorization of other-'race' (OR) faces at the expense of individuation. To assess expertise and categorization contributions to the ORE, a promising-yet overlooked-approach is comparing activations for different other-'races'. We present a label-based systematic review of neuroimaging studies reporting increased activity in response to OR faces (African, Caucasian, or Asian) when compared with the SR of participants. Hypothetically, while common activations would reflect general aspects of OR perception, 'race'-preferential ones would represent effects of 'race'-specific visual appearance. We find that several studies report activation of occipito-temporal and midcingulate areas in response to faces across different other-'races', presumably due to high demand on the visual system and category processing. Another area reported in response to all OR faces, the caudate nucleus, suggests the involvement of socio-affective processes and behavioural regulation. Overall, our results support hybrid models-both expertise and social categorization contribute to the ORE, but they provide little evidence for reduced motivation to process OR faces. Additionally, we identify areas preferentially responding to specific OR faces, reflecting effects of visual appearance.
Topics: Humans; Asian People; Cognition; Facial Recognition; Neuroimaging; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Racial Groups; White; Black or African American; Social Behavior
PubMed: 36111613
DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12595 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jul 2022This paper aims to understand the challenges to healthy eating for Indigenous Australians using a Social Cognitive Theory lens. Understanding the environmental,... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
This paper aims to understand the challenges to healthy eating for Indigenous Australians using a Social Cognitive Theory lens. Understanding the environmental, cognitive, and behavioural barriers to healthy eating for Indigenous populations in Australia will help identify current gaps and highlight future actions needed in this area to close the gap for Indigenous Australians.
STUDY DESIGN
Narrative review of interventions of healthy eating programs in Australian Indigenous communities sourced using a systematic search protocol to understand the environmental, cognitive, and behavioural barriers to healthy eating among Indigenous Australians and to identify gaps and future actions needed to address this from 2010-2020.
RESULTS
The search produced 486 records, after duplicates were removed and the inclusion and exclusion process were utilised, seven interventions were retained in nine studies. The seven interventions had multiple study designs, from randomised control trials to case studies.
CONCLUSIONS
Further work needs to explore the long-term feasibility of providing fruit and vegetable discounts and the impact of remoteness for the delivery of healthy food. Dietary interventions need to be clearly described, and fidelity and process of the design and implementation process to help with replication of work.
Topics: Australia; Cognition; Diet, Healthy; Health Services, Indigenous; Humans; Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander; Vegetables
PubMed: 35954672
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159314 -
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.... Mar 2021Worldwide, the numbers of cosmetic procedures continue to climb. However, cosmetic surgery (CS) continues to be plagued by negative stigmatization. This study reviews...
UNLABELLED
Worldwide, the numbers of cosmetic procedures continue to climb. However, cosmetic surgery (CS) continues to be plagued by negative stigmatization. This study reviews the literature to identify how attitudes toward CS vary by sex, age, race, culture, and nationality, and aims to determine how other factors like media exposure interact with demographics to influence how well CS is accepted.
METHODS
A PRISMA-guided systematic review of the literature was conducted to identify all English-language papers reporting on CS or plastic surgery acceptance, attitudes, or stigmatization, specifically examining for data on age, sex, race/ethnicity, culture, and media influence.
RESULTS
In total, 1515 abstracts were reviewed, of which 94 were deemed pertinent enough to warrant a full-text review. Among the potential demographic predictors of CS acceptance, the one with the most supportive data is sex, with women comprising roughly 90% of all CS patients in virtually all populations studied and consistently exhibiting greater CS knowledge and acceptance. Culturally, the pursuit of beauty through CS is a universal phenomenon, although different countries, races, and cultures differ in how willingly CS is embraced, and in the aesthetic goals of those choosing to have it. In countries with culturally diverse societies like the United States, non-Hispanic Whites continue to predominate among CS patients, but the number of CS patients of other races is rising disproportionately. In this trend, social media is playing a major role.
CONCLUSION
Healthcare practitioners performing cosmetic procedures need to consider demographic and cultural differences of the patients in order to enhance their understanding of their patients' aesthetic goals and expectations.
PubMed: 33777604
DOI: 10.1097/GOX.0000000000003501 -
Clinical Psychology Review Feb 2023Evidence suggests that social identities, which provide purpose and a sense of belonging to the social world, promote resilience against psychological strain and protect... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Evidence suggests that social identities, which provide purpose and a sense of belonging to the social world, promote resilience against psychological strain and protect well-being. This is especially important in ethnic minorities, who experience exclusion and discrimination from the majority group, and in migrant populations where adverse experiences, such as prejudice, disconnection from previous identities and issues of integration into the host country, negatively impact well-being. Drawing from the social identity theory, a meta-analysis was conducted examining the influence of group memberships and sense of belonging on ethnic minority and migrant mental health (depression and anxiety). The final search on three databases (i.e., PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science) was conducted on August 9th, 2022, identifying 3236 citations before removing any duplicates within and between databases. Across the 74 studies that met the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis, increased social identification (ethnic, national and other types of identification) was associated with low psychological symptoms. We found that social identification is protective against common psychological disorders but with small effect sizes for depression (r = - 0.09, CI = [- 0.12; - 0.06]) and anxiety (r = - 0.08, CI [- 0.12; - 0.03]). Results are discussed with regard to the role that social context plays on ethnic minority and migrant mental health and the importance of facilitating migrant integration with the host society after displacement.
Topics: Humans; Social Identification; Ethnic and Racial Minorities; Transients and Migrants; Ethnicity; Minority Groups; Anxiety
PubMed: 36379127
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102216 -
Sexually Transmitted Infections Mar 2023Human papillomavirus (HPV) represents the most common STI in the USA. HPV inequities in prevention, diagnostics and clinical care persist. We define inequities as... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Human papillomavirus (HPV) represents the most common STI in the USA. HPV inequities in prevention, diagnostics and clinical care persist. We define inequities as systematic, avoidable and unfair differences in health outcomes.
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this scoping review are to chart existing data on HPV-related inequities, identify gaps in existing literature and guide future research to reduce these inequities.
METHODS
We completed a scoping review following guidelines from the Joanna Briggs Institute and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses scoping reviews extension. We performed a literature search on PubMed and Ovid Embase in July 2022 for articles pertaining to HPV and evaluating populations within the USA. We included English language publications from 2018 to 2022 evaluating at least one health inequity outlined by the National Institutes of Health. General publication characteristics and health inequity data were charted in a masked, duplicate fashion using a pilot-tested Google Form. We analysed frequencies of health inequities and summarised main findings from included studies.
RESULTS
Our final sample included 170 publications. The most common inequities examined were race/ethnicity (140 studies), sex or gender (97 studies), and income (69 studies). Many historically marginalised racial/ethnic groups had lower rates of HPV-related knowledge, vaccination and worse overall outcomes related to HPV. Compared with women, men had lower rates of HPV vaccination and provider recommendation, and higher rates of HPV-infection. Results regarding income were largely conflicting.
CONCLUSION
Findings from our review demonstrate clear gaps in HPV-related inequity research. Vaccine completion, provider recommendation and intersectionality should continue to be evaluated to implement targeted interventions.
Topics: Male; Humans; Female; United States; Human Papillomavirus Viruses; Papillomavirus Infections; Ethnicity; Racial Groups; Health Inequities; Vaccination; Papillomavirus Vaccines
PubMed: 36396174
DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2022-055587