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Frontiers in Pharmacology 2021Viruses cause various human diseases, some of which become pandemic outbreaks. This study synthesized evidence on antiviral medicinal plants in Africa which could... (Review)
Review
Viruses cause various human diseases, some of which become pandemic outbreaks. This study synthesized evidence on antiviral medicinal plants in Africa which could potentially be further studied for viral infections including Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment. PUBMED, CINAHIL, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Google databases were searched through keywords; antiviral, plant, herb, and Africa were combined using "AND" and "OR". studies, studies, or clinical trials on botanical medicine used for the treatment of viruses in Africa were included. Thirty-six studies were included in the evidence synthesis. Three hundred and twenty-eight plants were screened for antiviral activities of which 127 showed noteworthy activities against 25 viral species. These, were Poliovirus (42 plants), HSV (34 plants), Coxsackievirus (16 plants), Rhinovirus (14plants), Influenza (12 plants), Astrovirus (11 plants), SARS-CoV-2 (10 plants), HIV (10 plants), Echovirus (8 plants), Parvovirus (6 plants), Semiliki forest virus (5 plants), Measles virus (5 plants), Hepatitis virus (3 plants), Canine distemper virus (3 plants), Zika virus (2 plants), Vesicular stomatitis virus T2 (2 plants). Feline herpesvirus (FHV-1), Enterovirus, Dengue virus, Ebola virus, Chikungunya virus, Yellow fever virus, Respiratory syncytial virus, Rift Valley fever virus, Human cytomegalovirus each showed sensitivities to one plant. The current study provided a list of African medicinal plants which demonstrated antiviral activities and could potentially be candidates for COVID-19 treatment. However, all studies were preliminary and screening. Further are required for plant-based management of viral diseases.
PubMed: 35002686
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.682794 -
Journal of Clinical Pathology Jul 2023Fat embolism syndrome is a rare but underdiagnosed complication of sickle cell disease associated with high morbidity and mortality. It affects predominantly patients...
Fat embolism syndrome is a rare but underdiagnosed complication of sickle cell disease associated with high morbidity and mortality. It affects predominantly patients with a previously mild course of their illness and those of non-SS genotypes while there is possibly an association with infection with human parvovirus B19 (HPV B19). Here, we present the mortality rates and autopsy findings of all reported cases to date. A systematic review has revealed 99 published cases in the world literature with a mortality rate of 46%. Mortality varied greatly according to the time of reported cases with no survivors in the 1940s, 1950s or 1960s and no deaths since 2020. 35% of cases had previously undiagnosed sickle cell disease and the latter was only identified at autopsy after developing fat embolism with a fatal outcome. 20% of cases reported after 1986 tested positive for HPV B19 with an associated mortality of 63% whereas in cases that have not documented HPV B19 infection the mortality was 32%. The organs most often staining positive for fat were the kidneys, lungs, brain and heart whereas ectopic haematopoietic tissue was found in 45% of the examined lung specimens.
Topics: Humans; Autopsy; Papillomavirus Infections; Erythema Infectiosum; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Parvovirus B19, Human; Embolism, Fat
PubMed: 36849230
DOI: 10.1136/jcp-2023-208763 -
Surgical Infections Nov 2022Parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection is a rare cause of severe anemia in liver transplant recipients. However, few studies have systematically reviewed reported cases and...
Parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection is a rare cause of severe anemia in liver transplant recipients. However, few studies have systematically reviewed reported cases and summarized experience in managing this disease. We described a retrospective case series of eight adult liver transplant recipients with B19V-associated severe anemia and performed a literature review of epidemiology, etiology, clinical courses, diagnosis, treatment options available, and outcomes of B19V-associated anemia in adult liver transplant recipients. We systematically reviewed articles describing adult liver transplant recipients with B19V-associated anemia from PubMed and ScienceDirect databases from database inception to May 2022. Eight articles containing 23 cases were identified in addition to eight cases from our center for a total of 31 patients (mean age, 45.7 ± 9.7 years; 74.2% male). Eighty-seven percent developed transfusion-dependent anemia within two months after liver transplantation (LT). Fever and progressive anemia are among the major manifestations. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)-based therapy was given to all patients and the treatment protocols varied among different centers. Except for two cases who died of comorbidities, 17 patients obtained long-term recovery from anemia after one course of treatment and six (19%) experienced relapses that were reversed by repeated courses of IVIG therapy. Two recipients presented with IVIG-associated side effects and two developed acute cellular rejection (ACR) after reduction of immunosuppression. B19V infection should be suspected early as a cause of severe anemia of unknown etiology in adult liver transplant recipients. The clearance of B19V typically lags behind recovery of anemia, and inadequate clearance of virus after cessation of IVIG appears to be a potential risk of anemia recurrence. Moreover, more attention should be paid to the side effects of high-dose IVIG infusion and ACR because of reduction of immunosuppression.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Female; Parvovirus B19, Human; Parvoviridae Infections; Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; Liver Transplantation; Retrospective Studies; Anemia
PubMed: 36269593
DOI: 10.1089/sur.2022.186 -
Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics Apr 2018A significant proportion of cases of acute liver failure (ALF) do not have an identifiable cause; so called "non A-E," "non A, non B, non C," "seronegative" or...
BACKGROUND
A significant proportion of cases of acute liver failure (ALF) do not have an identifiable cause; so called "non A-E," "non A, non B, non C," "seronegative" or "indeterminate" hepatitis. However, this entity is clinically not well described.
AIM
To collate the known incidence and outcomes in indeterminate hepatitis. This systematic review sought to identify potential aetiologies that ought to be considered, and identify likely future objectives in classification and treatment strategies for indeterminate hepatitis.
METHODS
Literature review to determine aetiological factors, prevalence and outcomes relating to indeterminate hepatitis.
RESULTS
There is significant heterogeneity within the reported cases of indeterminate hepatitis in the literature. Some of the potential infective aetiologies which are reviewed here include: parvovirus B19 (PVB19), herpes simplex virus (HSV), Toga-Like Virus and the Annelloviridae (including SEN-V). Interestingly, this condition predominately affects middle aged women, with subacute progression of the liver failure. In addition, the prognosis of indeterminate hepatitis is poor, with reduced spontaneous survival compared with other causes of acute liver failure and increased need for emergency liver transplantation.
CONCLUSIONS
Whilst various pathological processes have been implicated in the development of indeterminate hepatitis, the specific cause remains elusive. There is an urgent need for general consensus on a specific definition and exclusion of confounding aetiologies with coordinated multicentre investigation of this rare condition to identify aetiology and develop therapies to reduce the significant mortality and need for emergency liver transplantation associated with this condition.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Autoimmune Diseases; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Hepatitis; Humans; Liver Failure, Acute; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 29468698
DOI: 10.1111/apt.14566 -
Journal of Perinatal Medicine Sep 2022To identify the prevalence of viral congenital infections in newborns classified as premature, low-birthweight, small for gestational age or intrauterine growth...
Diagnosis of congenital infections in premature, low-birthweight newborns with intrauterine growth restriction caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), Parvo-B 19, and Zika virus: a systematic review.
OBJECTIVES
To identify the prevalence of viral congenital infections in newborns classified as premature, low-birthweight, small for gestational age or intrauterine growth restriction.
METHODS
The definition considered for selecting papers were: P as newborns younger than 28 days; V as low-birthweight, prematurity and intrauterine growth restriction; O as frequency of congenital infections with Cytomegalovirus, Parvovirus B19, Herpes Simplex, and Zika virus. The research was performed using EMBASE, LILACS, SCOPUS and MEDLINE databases, with no limitations on date and language.
RESULTS
Eight studies were included. Manuscripts including Herpes Simplex, Zika virus or Parvovirus B19 did not fulfill the defined criteria. A wide variation in the frequency of CMV congenital infection (0-4.8%) was found, which might be attributed to regional and methodological differences between investigations.
CONCLUSIONS
Newborn characteristics associated with CMV congenital infections may direct investigations towards these patients with a higher probability of infection. However, as data are controversial, studies concerning screening of infection are important to define recommendations of diagnosis.
Topics: Birth Weight; Cytomegalovirus; Cytomegalovirus Infections; Female; Fetal Growth Retardation; Herpes Simplex; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Parvovirus B19, Human; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Simplexvirus; Zika Virus; Zika Virus Infection
PubMed: 35427445
DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2021-0244 -
Medicine Apr 2020Human parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection exhibits a broad range of clinical outcomes. Blood transfusion is a common route of B19V transmission. However, information about... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Human parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection exhibits a broad range of clinical outcomes. Blood transfusion is a common route of B19V transmission. However, information about the overall prevalence of B19V infection and B19V genotypes among blood donors in mainland China is lacking.
METHODS
This meta-analysis was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A literature search for studies reporting the B19V prevalence among blood donors in mainland China from 2000 to 2018 was performed. The prevalence of B19V was estimated through a meta-analysis of the relevant literature. A comprehensive meta-analysis program was used for data processing and statistical analysis.
RESULTS
Twenty-one eligible articles were included, involving 48,923 participants assessed for B19V-DNA, 12,948 participants assessed for anti-B19V immunoglobulin M (IgM), and 8244 participants assessed for anti-B19V immunoglobulin G (IgG). The analysis revealed the pooled estimates of the prevalence rates of B19V-DNA, anti-B19V IgM, and anti-B19V IgG among blood donors to be 0.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.2-2.4%), 2.7% (95% CI 1.7-4.3%), and 33.6% (95% CI 28.2-39.4%), respectively. Moreover, phylogenetic analyses indicated that 142 of 169 (84.0%) B19V isolates belonged to Genotype 1.
CONCLUSIONS
The overall prevalence of B19V among blood donors is not high in mainland China, and most isolates belong to Genotype 1.
Topics: Blood Donors; Blood Transfusion; China; DNA, Viral; Genotype; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin M; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus B19, Human; Prevalence
PubMed: 32332630
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000019832 -
Viruses Jun 2019Diverse viral infections have been associated with myocarditis (MC) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). In this meta-analysis, we summarize the published results on the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Diverse viral infections have been associated with myocarditis (MC) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). In this meta-analysis, we summarize the published results on the association of parvovirus B19 (B19V) genomes with human MC/DCM versus controls.
METHODS
= 197 publications referring to B19V and MC or DCM were retrieved using multiple PubMed search modes. Out of these, = 29 publications met the inclusion criteria with data from prospective analyses on >10 unselected patients presenting with MC or DCM (dataset: MA01). Data retrieved simultaneously from both controls and MC/DCM patients were available from = 8 from these publications (dataset: MA02).
RESULTS
In the dataset MA01 B19V genomes were detected in 42.6% of the endomyocardial biopsies (EMB) in this cohort by PCR. In the dataset MA02 comprising = 638 subjects, there was no statistically significant different rate of B19V positivity in myocardial tissues comparing controls (mean: 38.8 + 24.1%) versus the MC/DCM-patients (45.5 + 24.3%; = 0.58). There was also no statistical difference between the positivity rate of B19V genomes in myocardial tissues of MA01 (46.0 + 19.5%) and the two patient groups of MA02 ( > 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
This systematic review reveals that the mean rate of PCR detected B19V genomes in patients presenting with MC/DCM does not differ significantly from the findings in control myocardial tissues. These data imply pathogenetically insignificant latency of B19V genomes in a proportion of myocardial tissues, both in MC-/DCM-patients and in controls. More information (i.e., replicative status, viral protein expression) is pertinent to achieve a comprehensive workup of myocardial B19V infection.
Topics: Biopsy; Cardiomyopathy, Dilated; Humans; Myocarditis; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus B19, Human; Polymerase Chain Reaction
PubMed: 31216741
DOI: 10.3390/v11060566