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Differentiation; Research in Biological... 2022Macrophages derived from human monocytic leukemia THP-1 cell line are often used as the alternative of human primary macrophage. However, the polarization method of... (Review)
Review
Macrophages derived from human monocytic leukemia THP-1 cell line are often used as the alternative of human primary macrophage. However, the polarization method of THP-1 to macrophages varies between different laboratories, which may unknowingly affect the relevance of research output across research groups. In this regard, a systematic search was developed in Pubmed, BioOne, Scopus, and Science Direct to identify articles focusing on THP-1 polarization into M1 and M2 macrophages. All selected articles were read and discussed by two independent reviewers. The selection process was based on selected keywords on the title, abstract and full-text level. A total of 85 articles were selected and categorized based on the field of studies, method of THP-1 differentiation, and markers or genes expressed upon differentiation. THP-1 derived macrophages were mainly used together with primary monocyte-derived macrophages in cellular inflammation studies, while it was commonly employed alone in cancer research. THP-1 derived macrophages are also of paramount importance in biomaterials studies to prevent unfavorable immune responses in-vivo. We explored various methods of THP-1 differentiation and suggested several common genes encountered to characterize M1 and M2 macrophages differentiated from THP-1. The systematic review highlights the relevance of using THP-1 derived macrophage as a useful alternative to primary macrophage. Although it is not possible to derive a standard method of THP-1 polarization into M1 and M2 macrophages from this review, it may lead researchers to obtain reproducible polarization protocol based on commonly used stimulants and markers of differentiation.
Topics: Humans; THP-1 Cells; Monocytes; Macrophages; Cell Differentiation
PubMed: 36370526
DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2022.10.001 -
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research :... Jan 2015This work provides a systematic review of the literature from January 2003 to April 2014 pertaining to the incidence, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of... (Review)
Review
This work provides a systematic review of the literature from January 2003 to April 2014 pertaining to the incidence, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ), and offers recommendations for its management based on multidisciplinary international consensus. ONJ is associated with oncology-dose parenteral antiresorptive therapy of bisphosphonates (BP) and denosumab (Dmab). The incidence of ONJ is greatest in the oncology patient population (1% to 15%), where high doses of these medications are used at frequent intervals. In the osteoporosis patient population, the incidence of ONJ is estimated at 0.001% to 0.01%, marginally higher than the incidence in the general population (<0.001%). New insights into the pathophysiology of ONJ include antiresorptive effects of BPs and Dmab, effects of BPs on gamma delta T-cells and on monocyte and macrophage function, as well as the role of local bacterial infection, inflammation, and necrosis. Advances in imaging include the use of cone beam computerized tomography assessing cortical and cancellous architecture with lower radiation exposure, magnetic resonance imaging, bone scanning, and positron emission tomography, although plain films often suffice. Other risk factors for ONJ include glucocorticoid use, maxillary or mandibular bone surgery, poor oral hygiene, chronic inflammation, diabetes mellitus, ill-fitting dentures, as well as other drugs, including antiangiogenic agents. Prevention strategies for ONJ include elimination or stabilization of oral disease prior to initiation of antiresorptive agents, as well as maintenance of good oral hygiene. In those patients at high risk for the development of ONJ, including cancer patients receiving high-dose BP or Dmab therapy, consideration should be given to withholding antiresorptive therapy following extensive oral surgery until the surgical site heals with mature mucosal coverage. Management of ONJ is based on the stage of the disease, size of the lesions, and the presence of contributing drug therapy and comorbidity. Conservative therapy includes topical antibiotic oral rinses and systemic antibiotic therapy. Localized surgical debridement is indicated in advanced nonresponsive disease and has been successful. Early data have suggested enhanced osseous wound healing with teriparatide in those without contraindications for its use. Experimental therapy includes bone marrow stem cell intralesional transplantation, low-level laser therapy, local platelet-derived growth factor application, hyperbaric oxygen, and tissue grafting.
Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Bacterial Infections; Bisphosphonate-Associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaw; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; Consensus; Denosumab; Diphosphonates; Humans; Macrophages; Mandible; Monocytes; Osteoporosis; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta; Risk Factors; T-Lymphocytes
PubMed: 25414052
DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2405 -
Inflammation Research : Official... Aug 2022Several experimental models have been designed to promote the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs. The in vitro model using RAW 264.7 cells has been widely used.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
INTRODUCTION
Several experimental models have been designed to promote the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs. The in vitro model using RAW 264.7 cells has been widely used. However, there is still no consensus on which inflammatory mediators should initially be measured to screen for possible anti-inflammatory effects. To determine the rationality of measuring inflammatory mediators together with NO, such as the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukins (IL) 1β and 6, we carried out this systematic review (SR) and meta-analysis (MA).
METHODOLOGY
We conducted this SR and MA in accordance with the Preferred Reporting of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Intervention. This review was registered in the Open Science Framework ( https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/8C3HT ).
RESULTS
LPS-induced cells produced high NO levels compared to non-LPS induced, and this production was not related to cell density. TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, also showed high levels after cells had been stimulated with LPS. Though with some restrictions, all studies were reliable, as the risk of bias was detected in the test compounds and systems.
CONCLUSION
Measurement of NO levels may be sufficient to screen for possible anti-inflammatory action in the context of LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Biomarkers; Inflammation Mediators; Interleukin-1beta; Lipopolysaccharides; Macrophages; Mice; NF-kappa B; Nitric Oxide; RAW 264.7 Cells; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
PubMed: 35612604
DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01584-0 -
BMC Medicine Nov 2020Although neutrophils have been linked to the progression of cancer, uncertainty exists around their association with cancer outcomes, depending on the site, outcome and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Although neutrophils have been linked to the progression of cancer, uncertainty exists around their association with cancer outcomes, depending on the site, outcome and treatments considered. We aimed to evaluate the strength and validity of evidence on the association between either the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) or tumour-associated neutrophils (TAN) and cancer prognosis.
METHODS
We searched MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from inception to 29 May 2020 for systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies on neutrophil counts (here NLR or TAN) and specific cancer outcomes related to disease progression or survival. The available evidence was graded as strong, highly suggestive, suggestive, weak or uncertain through the application of pre-set GRADE criteria.
RESULTS
A total of 204 meta-analyses from 86 studies investigating the association between either NLR or TAN and cancer outcomes met the criteria for inclusion. All but one meta-analyses found a hazard ratio (HR) which increased risk (HR > 1). We did not find sufficient meta-analyses to evaluate TAN and cancer outcomes (N = 9). When assessed for magnitude of effect, significance and bias related to heterogeneity and small study effects, 18 (9%) associations between NLR and outcomes in composite cancer endpoints (combined analysis), cancers treated with immunotherapy and some site specific cancers (urinary, nasopharyngeal, gastric, breast, endometrial, soft tissue sarcoma and hepatocellular cancers) were supported by strong evidence.
CONCLUSION
In total, 60 (29%) meta-analyses presented strong or highly suggestive evidence. Although the NLR and TAN hold clinical promise in their association with poor cancer prognosis, further research is required to provide robust evidence, assess causality and test clinical utility.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
PROSPERO CRD42017069131 .
Topics: Female; Humans; Lymphocytes; Male; Neoplasms; Neutrophils; Prognosis; Survival Analysis
PubMed: 33213430
DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01817-1 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is defined as two or more pregnancy loss, affecting the happiness index of fertility couples. The mechanisms involved in the...
Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is defined as two or more pregnancy loss, affecting the happiness index of fertility couples. The mechanisms involved in the occurrence of RSA are not clear to date. The primary problem for the maternal immune system is how to establish and maintain the immune tolerance to the semi-allogeneic fetuses. During the pregnancy, decidual macrophages mainly play an important role in the immunologic dialogue. The purpose of this study is to explore decidual macrophages, and to understand whether there is a connection between these cells and RSA by analyzing their phenotypes and functions. Pubmed, Web of Science and Embase were searched. The eligibility criterion for this review was evaluating the literature about the pregnancy and macrophages. Any disagreement between the authors was resolved upon discussion and if required by the judgment of the corresponding author. We summarized the latest views on the phenotype, function and dysfunction of decidual macrophages to illuminate its relationship with RSA.
Topics: Pregnancy; Humans; Female; Decidua; Abortion, Habitual; Macrophages; Abortion, Induced
PubMed: 36569856
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.994888 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2022In recent years, research has demonstrated the efficacy propolis as a potential raw material for pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. There is limited report detailing... (Review)
Review
In recent years, research has demonstrated the efficacy propolis as a potential raw material for pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. There is limited report detailing the mechanisms of action of propolis and its bioactive compounds in relation to their anti-inflammatory properties. Thus, the aim of the present review is to examine the latest experimental evidence (2017-2022) regarding the anti-inflammatory properties of propolis. A systematic scoping review methodology was implemented. After applying the exclusion criteria, a total of 166 research publications were identified and retrieved from Scopus, Web of Science, and Pubmed. Several key themes related to the anti-inflammatory properties of propolis were subsequently identified, namely in relation to cancers, oral health, metabolic syndrome, organ toxicity and inflammation, immune system, wound healing, and pathogenic infections. Based on the latest experimental evidence, propolis is demonstrated to possess various mechanisms of action in modulating inflammation towards the regulatory balance and anti-inflammatory environment. In general, we summarize that propolis acts as an anti-inflammatory substance by inhibiting and downregulating TLR4, MyD88, IRAK4, TRIF, NLRP inflammasomes, NF-κB, and their associated pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. Propolis also reduces the migration of immune cells such as macrophages and neutrophils, possibly by downregulating the chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10.
Topics: Humans; Propolis; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Cytokines; Inflammation; Macrophages
PubMed: 36500579
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238473 -
International Journal of Surgery... Sep 2016Hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is not only a pathophysiological process involving the liver, but also a complex systemic process affecting multiple tissues... (Review)
Review
Hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is not only a pathophysiological process involving the liver, but also a complex systemic process affecting multiple tissues and organs. Hepatic IRI can seriously impair liver function, even producing irreversible damage, which causes a cascade of multiple organ dysfunction. Many factors, including anaerobic metabolism, mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress and secretion of ROS, intracellular Ca(2+) overload, cytokines and chemokines produced by KCs and neutrophils, and NO, are involved in the regulation of hepatic IRI processes. Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) can be an important mediator of early leukocyte recruitment and target in acute and chronic liver injury associated to ischemia. MMPs and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) could be used as markers of I-R injury severity stages. This review explores the relationship between factors and inflammatory pathways that characterize hepatic IRI, MMPs and current pharmacological approaches to this disease.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Biomarkers; Cytokines; Genetic Therapy; Hepatectomy; Kupffer Cells; Leukocytes; Liver; Liver Diseases; Liver Transplantation; Male; Matrix Metalloproteinases; Mitochondria, Liver; Oxidative Stress; Prognosis; Reperfusion Injury; Risk Assessment
PubMed: 27255130
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2016.05.050 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022Cardiovascular diseases, the notorious killer, are mainly caused by atherosclerosis (AS) characterized by lipids, cholesterol, and iron overload in plaques. Macrophages...
Cardiovascular diseases, the notorious killer, are mainly caused by atherosclerosis (AS) characterized by lipids, cholesterol, and iron overload in plaques. Macrophages are effector cells and accumulate to the damaged and inflamed sites of arteries to internalize native and chemically modified lipoproteins to transform them into cholesterol-loaded foam cells. Foam cell formation is determined by the capacity of phagocytosis, migration, scavenging, and the features of phenotypes. Macrophages are diverse, and the subsets and functions are controlled by their surrounding microenvironment. Generally, macrophages are divided into classically activated (M1) and alternatively activated (M2). Recently, intraplaque macrophage phenotypes are recognized by the stimulation of CXCL4 (M4), oxidized phospholipids (Mox), hemoglobin/haptoglobin complexes [HA-mac/M(Hb)], and heme (Mhem). The pro-atherogenic or anti-atherosclerotic phenotypes of macrophages decide the progression of AS. Besides, apoptosis, necrosis, ferroptosis, autophagy and pyrotopsis determine plaque formation and cardiovascular vulnerability, which may be associated with macrophage polarization phenotypes. In this review, we first summarize the three most popular hypotheses for AS and find the common key factors for further discussion. Secondly, we discuss the factors affecting macrophage polarization and five types of macrophage death in AS progression, especially ferroptosis. A comprehensive understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of plaque formation is conducive to disentangling the candidate targets of macrophage-targeting therapies for clinical intervention at various stages of AS.
Topics: Atherosclerosis; Foam Cells; Humans; Macrophage Activation; Macrophages; Plaque, Atherosclerotic
PubMed: 35432323
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.843712 -
Autoimmunity Reviews Nov 2019Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease; the clinical manifestations are correlated with continuum multiarticular synovitis, cartilage and...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease; the clinical manifestations are correlated with continuum multiarticular synovitis, cartilage and bone damage, and defeat of joint function, that causes disability. Involvement of internal organs is also frequent. Between the inflammatory cells involved in RA, macrophages play a key role. These cells can polarize in different phenotype and mediate the immune/inflammatory reaction as well as the reparatory phase when possible. The properties of these cells are mediate by the body's environmental factors. In this systematic review, all English-speaking articles concerning the role of M1 (pro-inflammatory) or M2 (anti-inflammatory) macrophages in RA were systematically reviewed and categorized according to their polarized-function in RA, especially in the synovial tissue. Analyses of the endogenous molecules and the drugs that could modulate M1 and M2 activity in RA were achieved.
METHODS
A sensitive search was developed in Pubmed, Web of Science, Ovid Med-Line, Embase Database and Science Direct Database (la both from Elsevier) to identify articles to increase the highlighting on the role of macrophages M1 and M2 in RA using the following terms: ((M1 AND M2) AND Rheumatoid Arthritis). All selected papers were read and discussed by two independent reviewers. The selection process was based on title, abstract and full text level. Relevant data were extracted and analyzed using a standardized template designed for this review.
RESULTS
In total 39 resulting articles were selected and categorized according to description of M1/M2's role in RA. Data from humans, mice and rats were subcategorized, thus in every section were highlighted the contribute, in peripheral blood and synovial tissue, of both polarized macrophages; section for endogenous molecules and drugs that favor the switch from M1 to M2 macrophages were carried out. The most evinced relevant results, were that in RA blood and in the synovial tissue, there isn't a clear distinction phase with M1 or M2 macrophages (by membrane marker analysis); rather there is M1 and M2 subset disequilibrium and by deeply analyses of mRNA gene and cytokine produced, it emerged that a non-coherent expression inner marker match with membrane molecules, and also the tissue section can define the marker expressed.
CONCLUSION
This systematic review emphasizes that the rigid classical subdivision of M1 and M2 macrophages, as well as the different samples' results comparison, might be questionable. In addition, it is suggested, when taking samples from RA patients, to carefully consider their therapies in order to analyze the M1 and M2 macrophages behavior without drug influence. In line with the advances in M1 and M2 knowledge, and the progression in the single-cell methodologies by identification of individual cell molecular markers, therapeutic approaches seem possible to favor the anti-inflammatory macrophage response in RA (e.g. M2 polarization).
Topics: Animals; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Humans; Macrophages
PubMed: 31520798
DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.102397 -
Critical Care Medicine May 2023We performed a systemic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of monocyte distribution width (MDW) and to compare with procalcitonin and... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVES
We performed a systemic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of monocyte distribution width (MDW) and to compare with procalcitonin and C-reactive protein (CRP), in adult patients with sepsis.
DATA SOURCES
A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library to identify all relevant diagnostic accuracy studies published before October 1, 2022.
STUDY SELECTION
Original articles reporting the diagnostic accuracy of MDW for sepsis detection with the Sepsis-2 or Sepsis-3 criteria were included.
DATA EXTRACTION
Study data were abstracted by two independent reviewers using a standardized data extraction form.
DATA SYNTHESIS
Eighteen studies were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of MDW were 84% (95% CI [79-88%]) and 68% (95% CI [60-75%]). The estimated diagnostic odds ratio and the area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve (SROC) were 11.11 (95% CI [7.36-16.77]) and 0.85 (95% CI [0.81-0.89]). Significant heterogeneity was observed among the included studies. Eight studies compared the diagnostic accuracies of MDW and procalcitonin, and five studies compared the diagnostic accuracies of MDW and CRP. For MDW versus procalcitonin, the area under the SROC was similar (0.88, CI = 0.84-0.93 vs 0.82, CI = 0.76-0.88). For MDW versus CRP, the area under the SROC was similar (0.88, CI = 0.83-0.93 vs 0.86, CI = 0.78-0.95).
CONCLUSIONS
The results of the meta-analysis indicate that MDW is a reliable diagnostic biomarker for sepsis as procalcitonin and CRP. Further studies investigating the combination of MDW and other biomarkers are advisable to increase the accuracy in sepsis detection.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Biomarkers; C-Reactive Protein; Monocytes; Procalcitonin; Sepsis
PubMed: 36877030
DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000005820