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Food Chemistry Feb 2021Consumption of oat and buckwheat have been associated with various health benefits that may be attributed to their nutritional composition. We performed a systematic...
Consumption of oat and buckwheat have been associated with various health benefits that may be attributed to their nutritional composition. We performed a systematic review to evaluate the profile and quantity of bioactive compounds present in oat and buckwheat. Among 154 studies included in final analysis, 113 and 178 bioactive compounds were reported in oat and buckwheat, respectively. Total phytosterols, tocols, flavonoids and rutin content were generally higher in buckwheat, β-glucans were significantly higher in oat, while avenanthramides and saponins were characteristically present in oat. The majority of studies included in current review were published before 2010s. The heterogeneous methodological procedures used across the studies precluded our possibility to meta-analyse the evidence and raises the need for harmonization of separation and extraction methods in future studies. Our findings should further stimulate the exploration of metabolites related to identified phytochemicals and their roles in human health.
Topics: Avena; Fagopyrum; Humans; Phytochemicals
PubMed: 32950005
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127982 -
Atherosclerosis May 2016Regular intake of phytosterols (PS) is proven to dose-dependently lower LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C). Whether PS consumption can also impact low-grade inflammation is... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Regular intake of phytosterols (PS) is proven to dose-dependently lower LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C). Whether PS consumption can also impact low-grade inflammation is unclear. Considering the low feasibility of outcomes studies involving PS consumption, investigation of surrogate markers of atherosclerosis represents a valuable approach. This study assessed the anti-inflammatory effect of PS consumption, according to inflammatory biomarkers, mainly C-reactive protein (CRP).
METHODS AND RESULTS
A systematic search of Medline, Cab Abstracts, and Food Science & Technology Abstracts was conducted through January 2015. Our study selection included randomized controlled trials (RCT), involving intake of PS-enriched foods as active treatment, and measurement of plasma inflammatory biomarkers. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed using average baseline and end-of-intervention concentrations and control-adjusted absolute changes in CRP and blood lipids. There were 20 eligible RCTs including a total of 1308 subjects. The absolute change of plasma CRP levels with PS consumption was -0.10 mg/L (95%CI -0.26; 0.05), a non-significant change, and heterogeneity had borderline significance (I(2) = 29.1; p-value = 0.073). The absolute reduction of LDL-C was -14.3 mg/dL (95%CI -17.3; -11.3). Meta-regression analyses showed that both the dose and duration of PS intake significantly influenced the absolute changes in plasma CRP (β = -0.35, p = 0.0255 and β = -0.03, p = 0.0209, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS
In this meta-analysis, regular intake of PS-enriched foods did not significantly change CRP, whilst LDL-C concentrations were significantly reduced. Further studies with higher PS doses may provide more definite conclusions on a potential anti-inflammatory effect of PS intake.
Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Biomarkers; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, LDL; Humans; Inflammation; Lipids; Phytosterols; Plants; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Regression Analysis; Triglycerides
PubMed: 26987068
DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.01.035 -
Journal of the American College of... Jan 2020Phytosterol and phytostanol (PS) supplementation is reported to improve atherogenic and anti-atherogenic apolipoproteins (Apo). The purpose of the present study is to... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Phytosterol Supplementation Could Improve Atherogenic and Anti-Atherogenic Apolipoproteins: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Phytosterol and phytostanol (PS) supplementation is reported to improve atherogenic and anti-atherogenic apolipoproteins (Apo). The purpose of the present study is to critically investigate the effectiveness of PS supplementation on Apo in adults.A comprehensive search was conducted of all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted up to September 2018 in the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus. Mean difference with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using a random-effects model (DerSimonian-Laird method).Fifty-one arms from 37 RCTs were included in the present meta-analysis. Findings showed that PS supplementation and fortification increased Apo-AI (weighted mean difference [WMD]: 0.014 mg/dl, 95% CI: 0.001, 0.028, = 0.042) and Apo-CII (WMD: 0.303 mg/dl, 95% CI: 0.084, 0.523, = 0.007) and lowered Apo-B (WMD: -0.063 mg/dl, 95% CI: -0.075, -0.051, < 0.001), Apo-B/Apo-A-I ratio (WMD: -0.044 mg/dl, 95% CI: -0.062, -0.025, < 0.001), and Apo-E (WMD: -0.255 mg/dl, 95% CI: -0.474, -0.036, = 0.023). However, PS supplementation did not have significant effects on Apo-AII and Apo-CIII. PS supplementation or fortification significantly changes Apo-E ( = -0.137, nonlinearity = 0.006) and Apo-CIII ( = 1.26, nonlinearity = 0.028) based on PS dosage (mg/d) and Apo-CIII ( = 3.34, nonlinearity = 0.013) and Apo-CII ( = 1.09, nonlinearity = 0.017) based on trial duration (weeks) in a nonlinear fashion.Based on our findings, supplements or fortified foods containing PS might have a considerable favorite effect in achieving Apo profile target; however, due to high heterogeneity among included studies, results must be interpreted with caution.KEY TEACHING POINTSCardiovascular diseases (CVDs) recognized as main public health concern worldwide with considerable mortality of all global deaths.Apo-lipoproteins are amphipathic molecules involved in the lipoprotein metabolism which introduced as .Phytosterols bioactive components of plants have important biological functions in cholesterol metabolism in humans.Here we showed that phytosterols and phytostanols improve apo-lipoproteins profile of humans; finding from meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Phytosterols supplementation lowered atherogenic apo-lipoproteins (Apo-B and Apo-E) and increased anti-atherogenic apo-lipoproteins (Apo-AI, Apo-CII).
Topics: Animals; Apolipoproteins; Atherosclerosis; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Dietary Supplements; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Heart Disease Risk Factors; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Phytosterols; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 31074692
DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2019.1605313 -
Progress in Lipid Research Oct 2016The most common form of phytosterol (PS) fortified foods are fat spreads and dairy products. The predominant fats used are soybean/sunflower (SS) or rapeseed/canola (RC)... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The most common form of phytosterol (PS) fortified foods are fat spreads and dairy products. The predominant fats used are soybean/sunflower (SS) or rapeseed/canola (RC) oils and animal fat (D) in dairy products. This review aimed to investigate whether the carrier fat is a determinant of the hypocholesterolaemic effects of PS fortified foods. Databases were searched using relevant keywords and published RCTs from 1990 investigating the effects of dietary PS intervention (≥1.5g per day) on total cholesterol and LDL-C were included. After methodological quality assessment and data extraction, a total of 32 RCTs (RC, n=15; SS, n=9; D, n=8) were included. As expected, all fat groups significantly reduced TC and LDL-C (p<0.01). When compared across different carrier fats, RC as the main carrier fat, reduced LDL-C significantly more than the SS spreads (p=0.01). Therefore, a combination of monounsaturated fatty acid rich spread with adequate amounts of omega-3 fatty acids (as evident in RC spreads) may be the superior carrier fat for the delivery of PS for optimal blood cholesterol-lowering. The findings of this research provide useful evidence for optimising the hypocholesterolaemic effects of PS and support further investigation into the possible mechanisms behind these findings.
Topics: Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol; Clinical Trials as Topic; Databases, Factual; Dietary Fats; Humans; Hypolipidemic Agents; Phytosterols; Plant Oils
PubMed: 27497855
DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.08.002 -
Journal of Clinical Lipidology 2017Cinnamon is a rich botanical source of polyphenols, whose positive effects on blood lipid concentrations have been hypothesized, but have not been conclusively studied. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Cinnamon is a rich botanical source of polyphenols, whose positive effects on blood lipid concentrations have been hypothesized, but have not been conclusively studied.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of the study was to systematically review and evaluate the effect of administration of cinnamon on blood lipid concentrations.
METHODS
We assessed 13 randomized controlled trials with 750 participants investigating the effect of cinnamon supplementation on blood lipid concentrations. A meta-analysis was performed using random effect models, with weighted mean differences (WMDs; with 95% confidence interval [CI]) for endpoints calculated using a random effects model.
RESULTS
No statistically significant effect of cinnamon was observed on blood low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; WMD: -0.16 mmol/L [-6.19 mg/dL], 95% CI: -0.35, 0.03 [-13.53, 1.16], P = .10) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; WMD: 0.05 mmol/L [1.92 mg/dL], 95% CI: -0.03, 0.12 [-0.03, 4.64], P = .21) concentrations. However, a statistically significant reduction in blood triglycerides (WMD: -0.27 mmol/L [-23.91 mg/dL], 95% CI: -0.39, -0.14 [-34.54, -12.40], P < .01) and total cholesterol concentrations (WMD: -0.36 mmol/L [-13.92 mg/dL], 95% CI: -0.63, -0.09 [-24.36, -3.48], P < .01) was observed. HDL-C was significantly elevated after the omission of 1 study (WMD: 0.04 mmol/L [1.54 mg/dL], 95% CI: 0.03, 0.06 [1.16, 2.32], P < .01) during our sensitivity analysis. A meta-regression analysis was conducted, and no significant association was found between changes in lipid parameters and cinnamon dose. In contrast, changes in blood levels of total cholesterol (slope: 0.09; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.16; P < .01), LDL-C (slope: 0.05; 95% CI: 0.001, 0.10; P = .05) and triglycerides (slope: 0.06; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.09; P < .01) were significantly and positively associated with the duration of supplementation. No statistically significant association was found between blood HDL-C changes and duration of supplementation.
CONCLUSION
Cinnamon supplementation significantly reduced blood triglycerides and total cholesterol concentrations without any significant effect on LDL-C and HDL-C.
Topics: Cholesterol, HDL; Cholesterol, LDL; Cinnamomum zeylanicum; Humans; Lipids; Phytosterols; Polyphenols; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Triglycerides
PubMed: 28887086
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2017.08.004 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Dec 2015The effects of nuts on major cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, including dose-responses and potential heterogeneity by nut type or phytosterol content, are not... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
The effects of nuts on major cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, including dose-responses and potential heterogeneity by nut type or phytosterol content, are not well established.
OBJECTIVES
We examined the effects of tree nuts (walnuts, pistachios, macadamia nuts, pecans, cashews, almonds, hazelnuts, and Brazil nuts) on blood lipids [total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides], lipoproteins [apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein B (ApoB), and apolipoprotein B100], blood pressure, and inflammation (C-reactive protein) in adults aged ≥18 y without prevalent CVD.
DESIGN
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Two investigators screened 1301 potentially eligible PubMed articles in duplicate. We calculated mean differences between nut intervention and control arms, dose-standardized to one 1-oz (28.4 g) serving/d, by using inverse-variance fixed-effects meta-analysis. Dose-response for nut intake was examined by using linear regression and fractional polynomial modeling. Heterogeneity by age, sex, background diet, baseline risk factors, nut type, disease condition, duration, and quality score was assessed with meta-regression. Publication bias was evaluated by using funnel plots and Egger's and Begg's tests.
RESULTS
Sixty-one trials met eligibility criteria (n = 2582). Interventions ranged from 3 to 26 wk. Nut intake (per serving/d) lowered total cholesterol (-4.7 mg/dL; 95% CI: -5.3, -4.0 mg/dL), LDL cholesterol (-4.8 mg/dL; 95% CI: -5.5, -4.2 mg/dL), ApoB (-3.7 mg/dL; 95% CI: -5.2, -2.3 mg/dL), and triglycerides (-2.2 mg/dL; 95% CI: -3.8, -0.5 mg/dL) with no statistically significant effects on other outcomes. The dose-response between nut intake and total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol was nonlinear (P-nonlinearity < 0.001 each); stronger effects were observed for ≥60 g nuts/d. Significant heterogeneity was not observed by nut type or other factors. For ApoB, stronger effects were observed in populations with type 2 diabetes (-11.5 mg/dL; 95% CI: -16.2, -6.8 mg/dL) than in healthy populations (-2.5 mg/dL; 95% CI: -4.7, -0.3 mg/dL) (P-heterogeneity = 0.015). Little evidence of publication bias was found.
CONCLUSIONS
Tree nut intake lowers total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, ApoB, and triglycerides. The major determinant of cholesterol lowering appears to be nut dose rather than nut type. Our findings also highlight the need for investigation of possible stronger effects at high nut doses and among diabetic populations.
Topics: Apolipoproteins B; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, LDL; Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Angiopathies; Down-Regulation; Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; Hyperlipidemias; Hypertension; Nuts; Trees
PubMed: 26561616
DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.110965 -
Journal of the Science of Food and... Aug 2017Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction, stroke and renal failure. Sesame consumption may benefit blood pressure (BP) owing... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction, stroke and renal failure. Sesame consumption may benefit blood pressure (BP) owing to its high polyunsaturated fatty acid, fibre, phytosterol and lignan contents. To clarify this, a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials was conducted. The PubMed (MEDLINE), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and Cochrane Library (Central) databases were systematically searched until August 2016. Eight controlled trials with a total of 843 participants met the eligibility criteria. A random effect meta-analysis showed that sesame consumption can reduce systolic BP (-7.83 mmHg, 95% CI: -14.12, -1.54; P < 0.05, I = 99%) and diastolic BP (-5.83 mmHg, 95% CI: -9.58, -2.08; P < 0.01, I = 98%). To reduce the heterogeneity, the meta-analysis was limited to high methodology quality trials (n = 4), which resulted in a significant reduction in systolic BP (-3.23 mmHg, 95% CI: -5.67, -0.79; I = 33%) and a non-significant reduction in diastolic BP (-2.08 mmHg, 95% CI: -4.85, 0.69; I = 62%). This study concluded that sesame consumption can reduce systolic and diastolic BP. However, further investigations with larger sample sizes and better methodology quality are required to confirm the BP-lowering effect of sesame consumption. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
Topics: Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Blood Pressure; Humans; Hypertension; Sesamum
PubMed: 28387047
DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8361 -
Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic... Jun 2020In the literature, there are still controversies regarding the effect of phytosterol(PS) supplementation on fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin levels and glycosylated... (Review)
Review
Effects of Phytosterols supplementation on blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and insulin levels in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
BACKGROUND
In the literature, there are still controversies regarding the effect of phytosterol(PS) supplementation on fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin levels and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in humans. We aimed to assess the impact of PS supplementation on FBS, HbA1c and insulin levels by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
METHODS
A comprehensive search was conducted to identify all RCTs published up to May 2019 in the following databases: PubMed-MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Scopus. The mean difference with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was pooled using a random-effects model (DerSimonian-Laird method).
RESULTS
Twenty-six arms from 20 RCTs were included in the present meta-analysis. Our findings show that PS supplementation decreases insulin levels (mean difference [MD]: -6.426 μU/ml, 95% CI: -7.187, -5.665, P- value = 0.000). However, PS supplementation did not have significant effects on FBS and HbA1c levels. Following PS supplementation, significant changes in FBS (mean difference [MD]: -1.942 mg/dl, 95% CI: -3.637, -0.246, P- value = 0.025) and HbA1c (mean difference [MD]: -0.059%, 95% CI: -0.114, -0.004, P- value = 0.035) based on PS dosage (mg/d) were recorded.
CONCLUSIONS
In patients with a baseline BMI <25 kg/m, PS consumption significantly increased FBS levels. Patients who consumed 1-2 g/day of PS had a lower FBS and lower HbA1c levels.
PubMed: 32550215
DOI: 10.1007/s40200-020-00526-z -
Phytomedicine : International Journal... Jan 2024Cardiovascular disease (CVDs) is the leading cause of death worldwide. The main risk factors are hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and increased serum lipids. The peanut... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Cardiovascular disease (CVDs) is the leading cause of death worldwide. The main risk factors are hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and increased serum lipids. The peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), also known as the groundnut, goober, pindar, or monkey nut, belongs to the Fabaceae family and is the fourth most cultivated oilseed in the world. The seeds and skin of peanuts possess a rich phytochemical profile composed of antioxidants, such as phenolic acids, stilbenes, flavonoids, and phytosterols. Peanut consumption can provide numerous health benefits, such as anti-obesity, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and hypolipidemic effects. Accordingly, peanuts have the potential to treat CVD and counteract its risk factors.
PURPOSE
This study aims to critically evaluate the effects of peanuts on metabolic syndrome (MetS) and CVD risk factors based on clinical studies.
METHOD
This review includes studies indexed in MEDLINE-PubMed, COCHRANE, and EMBASE, and the Preferred Reporting Items for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines were adhered to.
RESULTS
Nineteen studies were included and indicated that the consumption of raw peanuts or differing forms of processed foods containing peanut products and phytochemicals could improve metabolic parameters, such as glycemia, insulinemia, glycated hemoglobin, lipids, body mass index, waist circumference, atherogenic indices, and endothelial function.
CONCLUSION
We propose that this legume and its products be used as a sustainable and low-cost alternative for the prevention and treatment of MetS and CVD. However, further research with larger sample sizes, longer intervention durations, and more diverse populations is needed to understand the full benefit of peanut consumption in MetS and CVD.
Topics: Humans; Arachis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Lipids; Metabolic Syndrome; Nuts; Seeds; Clinical Studies as Topic
PubMed: 38000103
DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155170 -
Frontiers in Oncology 2021The banana ( spp.) plant produces elongated and edible fruit. The two main parthenocarpic species of banana are Colla and Colla. There are several health-promoting and...
BACKGROUND
The banana ( spp.) plant produces elongated and edible fruit. The two main parthenocarpic species of banana are Colla and Colla. There are several health-promoting and disease-preventing effects of Colla, which are attributed to its important bioactive compounds, including phenolics, carotenoids, biogenic amines, phytosterols, and volatile oils, found in the stem, fruit, pseudostem, leaf, flower, sap, inner trunk, root, and inner core. Banana possesses numerous pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, antiulcerogenic, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, leishmanicidal, anthelmintic, and anticancer properties. Various individual studies have reported anticancer effects of different components of the banana plant. However, according to our understanding, an up-to-date, systematic, and critical analysis of existing scientific results has not yet been carried out.
OBJECTIVES
This review aims to include a thorough assessment of banana and its phytochemicals for cancer prevention and therapy with a focus on cellular and molecular mechanisms of action.
METHODS
The available research studies on anticancer activities of banana extracts, fractions and pure compounds were collected using various scholarly databases, such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus, based on predetermined selection criteria.
RESULTS
Various banana extracts, fractions, and phytoconstituents, including ferulic acid, protocatechualdehyde, 2-pentanone, 4-epicyclomusalenone, cycloeucalenol acetate, and chlorogenic acid, have been shown to exhibit cancer preventative and anticancer activities in breast, cervical, colorectal, esophageal, hepatic, oral, prostate, and skin cancers. Bioactive components present in bananas have exhibited antiproliferative, cell cycle arrest-inducing, apoptotic, anti-adhesive, anti-invasive, and antiangiogenic effects through modulation of diverse, dysregulated oncogenic signaling pathways.
CONCLUSION
Based on the critical analysis of available literature, banana products and phytoconstituents show enormous potential for future development of drugs for cancer prevention and therapy. However, more mechanistic studies and well-designed clinical trials should be performed to establish its efficacy.
PubMed: 34307163
DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.697143