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Annals of Anatomy = Anatomischer... Aug 2022The main objective of this systematic review is to carry out a qualitative synthesis of the available bibliography on the use of scaffolds used in dentistry for the... (Review)
Review
AIMS
The main objective of this systematic review is to carry out a qualitative synthesis of the available bibliography on the use of scaffolds used in dentistry for the revitalisation treatment of immature teeth with open apex.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The search was carried out in the MEDLINE, Scopus and Cochrane databases. The search included the terms 'Pulp regeneration' OR 'Pulp revitalisation' AND 'scaffold'. The inclusion criteria were articles published in English, which carry out revitalisation treatments, with analysis of the results obtained and comparison of them, carried out in humans, in immature permanent teeth with open apex, and randomised clinical trials. The risk of bias assessment was performed with the RoB2 guideline.
RESULTS
Of 769 studies, 10 met the inclusion criteria. The scaffolds used were blood clot, platelet-rich plasma, platelet-rich fibrin, and blood clots combined with different membranes such as collagen membrane, collagen membrane and placentrex, chitosan membrane and hydrogel with basic growth factor for fibroblasts. The clinical success rate is excellent for all scaffolds used. The best scaffold for root development is platelet-rich plasma and it is the scaffold with the highest percentage of response to vitality test.
CONCLUSION
Our results suggested that platelet-rich plasma is the preferred scaffold of choice, although all the scaffolds analysed have acceptable results.
Topics: Collagen; Dental Pulp; Humans; Platelet-Rich Fibrin; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Regeneration
PubMed: 35367348
DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2022.151936 -
Current Pollution Reports Sep 2023There is a growing interest in understanding the health effects of exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) through the study of the human metabolome. In...
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
There is a growing interest in understanding the health effects of exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) through the study of the human metabolome. In this systematic review, we aimed to identify consistent findings between PFAS and metabolomic signatures. We conducted a search matching specific keywords that was independently reviewed by two authors on two databases (EMBASE and PubMed) from their inception through July 19, 2022 following PRISMA guidelines.
RECENT FINDINGS
We identified a total of 28 eligible observational studies that evaluated the associations between 31 different PFAS exposures and metabolomics in humans. The most common exposure evaluated was legacy long-chain PFAS. Population sample sizes ranged from 40 to 1,105 participants at different stages across the lifespan. A total of 19 studies used a non-targeted metabolomics approach, 7 used targeted approaches, and 2 included both. The majority of studies were cross-sectional ( = 25), including four with prospective analyses of PFAS measured prior to metabolomics.
SUMMARY
Most frequently reported associations across studies were observed between PFAS and amino acids, fatty acids, glycerophospholipids, glycerolipids, phosphosphingolipids, bile acids, ceramides, purines, and acylcarnitines. Corresponding metabolic pathways were also altered, including lipid, amino acid, carbohydrate, nucleotide, energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins. We found consistent evidence across studies indicating PFAS-induced alterations in lipid and amino acid metabolites, which may be involved in energy and cell membrane disruption.
PubMed: 37753190
DOI: 10.1007/s40726-023-00269-4 -
Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research Aug 2023This systematic review aimed to assess efficacy and safety for skin-applied formulations containing CBD. Bibliographic and clinical trial registries were searched for... (Review)
Review
This systematic review aimed to assess efficacy and safety for skin-applied formulations containing CBD. Bibliographic and clinical trial registries were searched for interventional human trials using cutaneously administered CBD or reported plasma CBD concentrations (any species). Eight of 544 articles fitted the selection criteria: 3 placebo-controlled randomized and 5 single-arm trials. Eleven more studies were found in clinical trial databases but not accessible. Symptoms targeted were dermatopathologies or safety (two studies), pain (two), and behavior (one). Doses were 50-250 mg or 0.075-1.0% CBD, but coformulated with other ingredients. Risk of bias was high and reporting deficiencies further compromised data reliability. Diverse methodologies and formulations hampered syntheses for CBD dose, efficacy, and safety. Plasma CBD levels in dogs and rodents were 0.01-5 μM translating to <100 nM free, unbound CBD in humans. Adverse events were uncommon and mild, but meaningless without CBD's contribution to efficacy data. Achievable CBD plasma concentrations ∼100 nM can interact predominantly with high-affinity CBD targets, for example, TRPA1 and TRPM8 membrane channels that are abundantly expressed in pathological conditions. Even if reached, higher CBD concentrations on less susceptible targets risk complex and unsafe CBD therapy. A conceptual framework is proposed where dermal capillary loops create sinking for topical CBD demonstrating parallels between topical and transdermal CBD administration. Users risk generalizing inadequately designed trials to all CBD preparations. New clinical trials are urgently needed: they must demonstrate that outcomes are solely from CBD pharmacology, are reliable, unbiased, safe, and comparable. Measurements of sustained plasma CBD levels are mandatory, irrespective of administration route for successful translation from systems that express human molecular targets. Placebos must be appropriate. Transcutaneous and topical formulations need preliminary studies to optimize CBD skin penetration. Then, users can rationally balance efficacy against potential harms and cost-effectiveness of CBD formulations.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Dogs; Cannabidiol; Reproducibility of Results; Pain; Administration, Cutaneous; Seizures
PubMed: 35605018
DOI: 10.1089/can.2021.0154 -
Journal of Intensive Care Medicine Jul 2023To summarize the role of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) in critically ill adults and children with severe sepsis. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVES
To summarize the role of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) in critically ill adults and children with severe sepsis.
DATA COLLECTION
A systematic search was performed using the following databases: Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane from January 1990 till December 2022. Comparative studies of TPE in severe sepsis were selected. Adult and pediatric data were analyzed separately.
DATA SYNTHESIS
Eight randomized control trials and 6 observational studies (n = 50,142 patients) were included. Centrifugal TPE was the most common modality (209/280, 74.6% adults and 952/1026, 92.7% children). Every TPE study utilized different volume exchanges. Most TPE sessions (1173/1306, 89.8%) employed fresh frozen plasma (FFP) as replacement fluid and heparin as anticoagulant. Adults with severe sepsis supported with TPE using FFP had lower mortality (risk ratio, : 0.64 [95% confidence interval, : 0.49, 0.84]) compared to those who did not. In contrast, TPE was associated with increased mortality in septic children without thrombocytopenia-associated multiorgan failure (: 2.23, 95% : 1.93, 2.57). There was no difference in outcomes in patients supported with centrifugal and membrane TPE. In both populations, patients supported on TPE as a continuous regime had poorer outcome.
CONCLUSION
Current evidence indicates that TPE is a potential adjunct therapy in adults with severe sepsis but not in children.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Child; Shock, Septic; Plasma Exchange; Sepsis; Multiple Organ Failure; Plasma
PubMed: 37097910
DOI: 10.1177/08850666231170775 -
Heart Failure Reviews Jan 2024Iron overload increases the production of harmful reactive oxygen species in the Fenton reaction, which causes oxidative stress in the body and lipid peroxidation in the... (Review)
Review
Iron overload increases the production of harmful reactive oxygen species in the Fenton reaction, which causes oxidative stress in the body and lipid peroxidation in the cell membrane, and eventually leads to ferroptosis. Diabetes is associated with increased intracellular oxidative stress, inflammation, autophagy, microRNA alterations, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which cause cardiac remodeling and cardiac diastolic contractile dysfunction, leading to the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). While these factors are also closely associated with ferroptosis, more and more studies have shown that iron-mediated ferroptosis is an important causative factor in DCM. In order to gain fresh insights into the functions of ferroptosis in DCM, this review methodically summarizes the traits and mechanisms connected with ferroptosis and DCM.
Topics: Humans; Diabetic Cardiomyopathies; Ferroptosis; MicroRNAs; Autophagy; Diastole; Reactive Oxygen Species; Diabetes Mellitus
PubMed: 37555989
DOI: 10.1007/s10741-023-10336-z -
Molecular Biology Reports Nov 2022Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is known as the major viral entry site for SARS-CoV-2. However, viral tissue tropism and high rate of infectivity do not directly... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is known as the major viral entry site for SARS-CoV-2. However, viral tissue tropism and high rate of infectivity do not directly correspond with the level of ACE2 expression in the organs. It may suggest involvement of other receptors or accessory membrane proteins in SARSCoV-2 cell entry.
METHODS AND RESULTS
A systematic search was carried out in PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library for studies reporting SARS-CoV-2 cell entry. We used a group of the MeSH terms including "cell entry", "surface receptor", "ACE2", and "SARS-CoV-2". We reviewed all selected papers published in English up to end of February 2022. We found several receptors or auxiliary membrane proteins (including CD147, NRP-1, CD26, AGTR2, Band3, KREMEN1, ASGR1, ANP, TMEM30A, CLEC4G, and LDLRAD3) along with ACE2 that facilitate virus entry and transmission. Expression of Band3 protein on the surface of erythrocytes and evidence of binding with S protein of SARS-CoV-2 may explain asymptomatic hypoxemia during COVID19 infection. The variants of SARS-CoV-2 including the B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.617.1 (Kappa), B.1.617.2 (Delta), B.1.617.2+ (Delta+), and B.1.1.529 (Omicron) may have different potency to bond with these receptors.
CONCLUSIONS
The high rate of infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 may be due to its ability to enter the host cell through a group of cell surface receptors. These receptors are potential targets to develop novel therapeutic agents for SARS-CoV-2.
Topics: Humans; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; Asialoglycoprotein Receptor; COVID-19; Protein Binding; Receptors, Virus; SARS-CoV-2; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
PubMed: 35754059
DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07700-x -
Current Drug Metabolism 2017The urge for the development and manufacture of new and effective antimicrobial agents is particularly demanding especially in the present scenario of emerging multiple... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The urge for the development and manufacture of new and effective antimicrobial agents is particularly demanding especially in the present scenario of emerging multiple drug resistant microorganisms. A promising initiative would be to converge nanotechnology to develop novel strategies for antimicrobial treatment. These distinct nano scale properties confer impressive antimicrobial capabilities to nanomaterials that could be exploited. Nanotechnology particularly modulates the physicochemical properties of organic and inorganic nanoparticles, rendering them suitable for various applications related to antimicrobial therapy compared to their bulk counterparts. However, a major issue associated with such usage of nanomaterials is the safety concern on heath care system. Hence, a thorough put knowledge on biocompatible nanostructures intended for antimicrobial therapy is needed.
METHODS
A systematic review of the existing scientific literature is being attempted here which includes the properties and applications of a few nano structured materials for antimicrobial therapy and also the mechanism of action of nanomaterials as antimicrobial agents. Silver (Ag), Graphene, Quantum dots (QDs), Zinc oxide (ZnO) and chitosan nanoparticles are taken as representatives of metals, semiconductors, metal oxides and organic nanoparticles that have found several applications in antimicrobial therapy are reviewed in detail.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
An ideal anti microbial should selectively kill or inhibit the growth of microbes but cause little or no adverse effect to the host. Each of the engineered nanomaterials reviewed here has its own advantages and disadvantages. Nanomaterials in general directly disrupt the microbial cell membrane, interact with DNA and proteins or they could indirectly initiate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that damage microbial cell components and viruses. Some like silver nanoparticles have broad spectrum antibacterial activity while others like cadmium containing QDs shows both antibacterial as well as antiprotozoal activity. Nano material formulations can be used directly or as surface coatings or as effective carriers for delivering antibiotics. Polycationic nature of Chitosan NPs helps in conjugation and stabilization of metallic nanoparticles which will enhance their effective usage in antimicrobial therapy.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Humans; Nanoparticles; Zinc Oxide
PubMed: 28952436
DOI: 10.2174/1389200218666170925122201 -
American Journal of Ophthalmology Jan 2023To compare the efficacy and safety of ultrathin Descemet stripping (automated) endothelial keratoplasty (UT-DS(A)EK) versus Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
PURPOSE
To compare the efficacy and safety of ultrathin Descemet stripping (automated) endothelial keratoplasty (UT-DS(A)EK) versus Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) for the treatment of Fuchs endothelial dystrophy (FED) and bullous keratopathy (BK).
DESIGN
Systematic review and meta-analysis.
METHODS
Literature containing DMEK and UT-DSAEK were searched in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, PubMed, EMBASE, LILACS, and through manual reference searching. Studies were included that measured the outcome of interventions-including best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), endothelial cell density (ECD), and postoperative complications, especially graft detachment with the need of re-bubbling, graft rejection, graft failure, and postoperative elevated intraocular pressure (IOP)-in patients with FED and BK. Included outcomes were pooled as standardized mean differences (SMD) or risk ratios (RR) using random effects models. Inter-study heterogeneity was assessed using the Q-test and I statistic.
RESULTS
Seven (of 163) studies met all the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Meta-analysis showed a significantly better BCVA 12 months postoperatively, but an increased re-bubbling rate in eyes after DMEK compared with eyes after UT-DS(A)EK (BCVA: SMD = 0.50 [95% CI 0.27-0.74] and re-bubbling rate: RR = 0.33 [95% CI 0.16-0.67]). All other parameters did not differ significantly between both interventions, although estimates were imprecise (graft failure: RR = 0.65 [95% CI 0.18-2.30], graft rejection: RR = 1.40 [95% CI 0.27-7.30], and postoperative intraocular pressure elevation: RR = 1.14 [95% CI 0.60-2.18]). Postoperative SMDs of ECD could not be evaluated due to significant heterogeneity between studies.
CONCLUSIONS
Although the improvement in BCVA was higher after UT-DS(A)EK than after conventional DS(A)EK, the BCVA after DMEK was still superior. The complication rates were comparable for both procedures, except for the higher rate of re-bubbling after DMEK.
Topics: Humans; Cell Count; Corneal Edema; Descemet Membrane; Descemet Stripping Endothelial Keratoplasty; Endothelium, Corneal; Fuchs' Endothelial Dystrophy; Retrospective Studies; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 36220351
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2022.09.013 -
Obesity Science & Practice Jun 2022Inositol is a sugar-alcohol and recognized as a key component of cell membrane phospholipids. It has crucial role in the cell signaling pathways and contribute to... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Inositol is a sugar-alcohol and recognized as a key component of cell membrane phospholipids. It has crucial role in the cell signaling pathways and contribute to improving glycemic responses. Although some earlier studies have revealed the effect of inositol mediating glucose uptake by improving insulin sensitivity, the benefit of inositol supplementation in patients with overweight and obesity is not completely understood. This study aimed to assess the impact of inositol supplementation on body mass index (BMI) through a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials.
METHODS
A systematic search was performed to August 2021 in the following databases: PubMed-Medline, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus. Fifteen controlled clinical trials investigating the effect of inositol on adult's BMI were finally included in the study. A random-effects model was employed to estimate the effect size. Subgroup analysis was performed by dose, duration, age, type of inositol. Meta-regression was used to investigate presence of any linear relationship. Begg's and Egger's tests were carried out to detect small study effect.
RESULTS
The results of pooled analysis showed that inositol supplementation significantly decreased BMI scores (WMD = -0.41 kg/m; 95% CI: -0.78, -0.04; = 0.028). Subgroup analysis was performed to identify the source of heterogeneity among studies ( = 73.9%, < 0.001), demonstrating supplementation duration, baseline BMI, mean age of participants, type of inositol and dosage were potential sources of heterogeneity. The effect of intervention was more clinically significant in participants with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and overweight/obesity. Inositol in the form of myo-inositol (MI) had stronger effect on BMI reduction.
CONCLUSION
The meta-analysis suggests that oral inositol supplementation has positive effect on BMI reduction. Inositol supplementation could be considered as an adjunct treatment to improve body mass index.
PubMed: 35664247
DOI: 10.1002/osp4.569 -
Frontiers in Genetics 2022Exosomes are nano-extracellular vesicles secreted by a variety of cells. They are composed of a double-layer membrane that can transport a variety of proteins, coding...
Exosomes are nano-extracellular vesicles secreted by a variety of cells. They are composed of a double-layer membrane that can transport a variety of proteins, coding and non-coding genes, and bioactive substances. Exosomes participate in information transmission between cells and regulate processes such as cell proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, and phenotypic transformation. They have broad prospects in the occurrence, development, and treatment of many diseases including orthopedics. Exosomes derived from different types of bone cells such as mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and their precursors are recognized to play pivotal roles in bone remodeling processes including osteogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, and angiogenesis. This articlesummarizes the characteristics of exosomes and their research progress in bone remodeling, bone tumors, vascular skeletal muscle injury, spinal cord injury, degenerative disc diseases, cartilage degeneration, osteoarthritis, necrosis of the femoral head, and osteoporosis.
PubMed: 36081990
DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.915141