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Reviews in Medical Virology Nov 2021Infectious diseases occur worldwide with great frequency in both adults and children, causing 350,000 deaths in 2017, according to the latest World Health Organization... (Review)
Review
Infectious diseases occur worldwide with great frequency in both adults and children, causing 350,000 deaths in 2017, according to the latest World Health Organization reports. Both infections and their treatments trigger mitochondrial interactions at multiple levels: (i) incorporation of damaged or mutated proteins into the complexes of the electron transport chain; (ii) impact on mitochondrial genome (depletion, deletions and point mutations) and mitochondrial dynamics (fusion and fission); (iii) membrane potential impairment; (iv) apoptotic regulation; and (v) generation of reactive oxygen species, among others. Such alterations may result in serious adverse clinical events with considerable impact on the quality of life of the children and could even cause death. Herein, we use a systematic review to explore the association between mitochondrial alterations in paediatric infections including human immunodeficiency virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes viruses, various forms of hepatitis, adenovirus, T-cell lymphotropic virus and influenza. We analyse how these paediatric viral infectious processes may cause mitochondrial deterioration in this especially vulnerable population, with consideration for the principal aspects of research and diagnosis leading to improved disease understanding, management and surveillance.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Child; Communicable Diseases; DNA, Mitochondrial; Humans; Mitochondria; Pediatrics; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 33792105
DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2232 -
Molecular Psychiatry Dec 2023The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic system is the primary inhibitory neurotransmission system in the mammalian brain. Its dysregulation has been shown in multiple brain... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic system is the primary inhibitory neurotransmission system in the mammalian brain. Its dysregulation has been shown in multiple brain conditions, but in Alzheimer's disease (AD) studies have provided contradictory results. Here, we conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis to investigate whether the GABAergic system is altered in AD patients compared to healthy controls (HC), following the PRISMA 2020 Statement. We searched PubMed and Web of Science from database inception to March 18, 2023 for studies reporting GABA, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) 65/67, GABA, GABA and GABA receptors, GABA transporters (GAT) 1-3 and vesicular GAT in the brain, and GABA levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood. Heterogeneity was estimated using the I index, and the risk of bias was assessed with an adapted questionnaire from the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools. The search identified 3631 articles, and 48 met the final inclusion criteria (518 HC, mean age 72.2, and 603 AD patients, mean age 75.6). Random-effects meta-analysis [standardized mean difference (SMD)] revealed that AD patients presented lower GABA levels in the brain (SMD = -0.48 [95% CI = -0.7, -0.27], adjusted p value (adj. p) < 0.001) and in the CSF (-0.41 [-0.72, -0.09], adj. p = 0.042), but not in the blood (-0.63 [-1.35, 0.1], adj. p = 0.176). In addition, GAD65/67 (-0.67 [-1.15, -0.2], adj. p = 0.006), GABA receptor (-0.51 [-0.7, -0.33], adj. p < 0.001), and GABA transporters (-0.51 [-0.92, -0.09], adj. p = 0.016) were lower in the AD brain. Here, we showed a global reduction of GABAergic system components in the brain and lower GABA levels in the CSF of AD patients. Our findings suggest the GABAergic system is vulnerable to AD pathology and should be considered a potential target for developing pharmacological strategies and novel AD biomarkers.
Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Humans; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Glutamate Decarboxylase; Brain; Aged; Receptors, GABA; GABA Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Female; Male
PubMed: 37419974
DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02140-w -
Journal Francais D'ophtalmologie Jan 2017Epiretinal membranes (ERM) have been increasingly characterized with the advent of new optical coherence tomographies (OCTs). We intended to perform a systematic review... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Epiretinal membranes (ERM) have been increasingly characterized with the advent of new optical coherence tomographies (OCTs). We intended to perform a systematic review regarding prognostic factors (PF) of ERM after surgery.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Systematic review of electronic databases was performed (last date of search was 10 August 2015): Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar, clinicaltrials.gov and current controlled trials. Search queries included: "membrane", "pucker", "prognosis", "prognostic", "epiretinal", "épirétinienne". Inclusion criteria were: (1) primary purpose was to identify a PF of ERM; (2) prospective or retrospective study, case series (more than 10 patients), or clinical trials; (3) follow-up of at least 3 months; (4) complete ophthalmological evaluation in each patient with visual acuity and OCT, preoperative and≥3months after surgery; (5) vitrectomy with ERM peeling performed in each patient. Eligibility criteria verification, data extraction and evaluation of risk of bias were performed according to Cochrane's recommendations.
RESULTS
From 817 studies found, 21 were included (9 prospective, 12 retrospective, 0 trials). In all studies, there was significant visual acuity improvement after surgery. The majority of the studies included pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) combined with phacoemulsification.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
PF for visual acuity (VA) improvement after ERM surgery included: shorter duration of symptoms before surgery, lesser central foveal thickness at baseline identified by the OCT, good integrity of the inter segment/outer segment photoreceptor junction at baseline, and thinner ganglion cell inner plexiform layer at baseline. To avoid bias, studies should analyze VA separately if phacoemulsification is also performed. The knowledge of these PF may assist in planning surgery.
Topics: Epiretinal Membrane; Humans; Phacoemulsification; Prognosis; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Tomography, Optical Coherence; Visual Acuity; Vitrectomy
PubMed: 28089219
DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2016.12.001 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2023Recovery from a traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) is challenging due to the limited regenerative capacity of the central nervous system to restore cells, myelin, and... (Review)
Review
Recovery from a traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) is challenging due to the limited regenerative capacity of the central nervous system to restore cells, myelin, and neural connections. Cell therapy, particularly with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), holds significant promise for TSCI treatment. This systematic review aims to analyze the efficacy, safety, and therapeutic potential of MSC-based cell therapies in TSCI. A comprehensive search of PUBMED and COCHRANE databases until February 2023 was conducted, combining terms such as "spinal cord injury," "stem cells," "stem cell therapy," "mesenchymal stem cells," and "traumatic spinal cord injury". Among the 53 studies initially identified, 22 (21 clinical trials and 1 case series) were included. Findings from these studies consistently demonstrate improvements in AIS (ASIA Impairment Scale) grades, sensory scores, and, to a lesser extent, motor scores. Meta-analyses further support these positive outcomes. MSC-based therapies have shown short- and medium-term safety, as indicated by the absence of significant adverse events within the studied timeframe. However, caution is required when drawing generalized recommendations due to the limited scientific evidence available. Further research is needed to elucidate the long-term safety and clinical implications of these advancements. Although significant progress has been made, particularly with MSC-based therapies, additional studies exploring other potential future therapies such as gene therapies, neurostimulation techniques, and tissue engineering approaches are essential for a comprehensive understanding of the evolving TSCI treatment landscape.
Topics: Humans; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; Spinal Cord Injuries; Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy; Myelin Sheath; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Spinal Cord
PubMed: 37511478
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411719 -
Annals of Hematology Jul 2022Hematological malignancies (HM) have been, until recently, viewed as contraindications to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) due to bleeding and infectious... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Hematological malignancies (HM) have been, until recently, viewed as contraindications to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) due to bleeding and infectious complications. However, conflicting literature regarding whether ECMO should be used for patients with HM still exists. We conducted a random effects meta-analysis to investigate the outcomes of patients with HM on ECMO. We searched Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane through 10 October 2021. Risk of bias and certainty of evidence were assessed using the JBI checklists and GRADE approach respectively. Thirteen observational studies (422 patients with HM, 9778 controls without HM) were included. The pooled in-hospital mortality for patients with HM and those with hematopoietic stem cell transplants for HM indications needing ECMO were 79.1% (95%CI: 70.2-86.9%) and 87.7% (95%CI: 80.4-93.8%), respectively. Subgroup analyses found that mortality was higher in adults than children (85.1% vs 67.9%, p = 0.003), and in Asia compared to North America and Europe (93.8% vs 69.6%, p < 0.001). Pooled ECMO duration was 10.0 days (95%CI: 7.5-12.5); pooled ICU and hospital lengths of stay were 19.8 days (95%CI: 12.4-27.3) and 43.9 days (95%CI: 29.4-58.4) respectively. Age (regression coefficient [B]: 0.008, 95%CI: 0.003-0.014), proportion of males (B: 1.799, 95%CI: 0.079-3.519), and ECMO duration (B: - 0.022, 95%CI: - 0.043 to - 0.001) were significantly associated with higher mortality. In-hospital mortality of patients with HM who needed ECMO was 79.1%, with better outcomes in children, and in North America and Europe. ECMO should not be regarded as routine support therapy in these patients but can be carefully considered on a case-by-case basis.
Topics: Adult; Asia; Child; Europe; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Hematologic Neoplasms; Hospital Mortality; Humans; Male
PubMed: 35622097
DOI: 10.1007/s00277-022-04855-2 -
Psychopharmacology Bulletin Oct 2020This evidence-based systematic review will focus on the use of dexmedetomidine and its role as adjuvant anesthetics in regional blocks to help better guide physicians in... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This evidence-based systematic review will focus on the use of dexmedetomidine and its role as adjuvant anesthetics in regional blocks to help better guide physicians in their practice. This review will cover background and mechanism of dexmedetomidine as well as the use in various regional blocks.
RECENT FINDINGS
Local anesthetics are preferred for nerve blocks over opioids; however, both due come with its own side effects. Local anesthetics may be toxic as they disrupt cell membrane and proteins, but by using adjuvants such as dexmedetomidine, that can prolong sensory and motor blocks can reduce total amount of local anesthetics needed. Dexmedetomidine is an alpha-2-adrenergic agonist used as additive for regional nerve block. It has a relatively low side effect profile and have been researched in various regional blocks (intrathecal, paravertebral, axillary, infraclavicular brachial plexus, interscalene). Dexmedetomidine shows promising results as adjuvant anesthetics in most regional blocks.
SUMMARY
Many studies have been done and many show promising results for the use of dexmedetomidine in regional blocks. It may significantly increase in duration of sensory and motor blocks that correlates with lower pain scores and less need of morphine in various regional blocks.
Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Anesthesia, Conduction; Anesthetics, Local; Brachial Plexus Block; Dexmedetomidine
PubMed: 33633422
DOI: No ID Found -
Molecular Biology Reports Apr 2023FF adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase, also known as the complex V, is the central ATP-producing unit in the cells arranged in the mitochondrial and plasma membranes.... (Review)
Review
FF adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase, also known as the complex V, is the central ATP-producing unit in the cells arranged in the mitochondrial and plasma membranes. FF ATP synthase also regulates the central metabolic processes in the human body driven by proton motive force (Δp). Numerous studies have immensely contributed toward highlighting its regulation in improving energy homeostasis and maintaining mitochondrial integrity, which otherwise gets compromised in illnesses. Yet, its role in the implication of non-communicable diseases remains unknown. FF ATP synthase dysregulation at gene level leads to reduced activity and delocalization in the cristae and plasma membranes, which is directly associated with non-communicable diseases: cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and renal diseases. Individual subunits of the FF ATP synthase target ligand-based competitive or non-competitive inhibition. After performing a systematic literature review to understand its specific functions and its novel drug targets, the present article focuses on the central role of FF ATP synthase in primary non-communicable diseases. Next, it discusses its involvement through various pathways and the effects of multiple inhibitors, activators, and modulators specific to non-communicable diseases with a futuristic outlook.
Topics: Humans; Adenosine Triphosphate; Glycogen Synthase; Noncommunicable Diseases; Mitochondria; Mitochondrial Membranes; Mitochondrial Proton-Translocating ATPases
PubMed: 36715790
DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08299-3 -
Cornea Nov 2017To review and compare the published reports of Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) and Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty/Descemet stripping... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Meta-Analysis Review
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Outcomes of Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty Versus Descemet Stripping Endothelial Keratoplasty/Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty.
PURPOSE
To review and compare the published reports of Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) and Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty/Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK/DSAEK) procedures with regard to endothelial cell density/loss, best spectacle-corrected visual acuity, central corneal thickness, subjective outcomes (patient's reported satisfaction/preference), and postoperative complications.
METHODS
A thorough search was conducted in the databases including AMED, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and MEDLINE without date restrictions. Systematic reviews, meta-analysis, randomized controlled trials, case series, and audits comparing DMEK and DSAEK were included.
RESULTS
DMEK is superior to DSAEK for the following outcomes: visual acuity, central corneal thickness, and patient satisfaction. There was a statistically significant difference in the mean spectacle-corrected visual acuity at 6 months for DMEK (mean = 0.161, SD = 0.129) and DSAEK eye (mean = 0.293, SD = 0.153) conditions; t (297) = 8.042, P < 0.0001. The pooled mean difference was -0.13 (95% confidence interval, -0.16 to -0.09) and I = 44%, indicating better visual acuity for DMEK. Mean postoperative endothelial cell density showed statistically no significant difference in the mean values for DMEK (mean = 1855, SD = 442) and DSAEK eye (mean = 1872, SD = 429) conditions; t (336) = 0.375, P = 0.708. A higher proportion of patients prefer DMEK to DSAEK. However, DSAEK is superior to DMEK with respect to the need for rebubbling as the rebubbling rate was higher in the DMEK group.
CONCLUSIONS
Although DMEK is associated with a higher rate of rebubbling, better visual outcomes were seen in DMEK.
Topics: Cell Count; Corneal Diseases; Corneal Endothelial Cell Loss; Descemet Stripping Endothelial Keratoplasty; Endothelium, Corneal; Graft Survival; Humans; Patient Preference; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 28834814
DOI: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000001320 -
Pediatric Critical Care Medicine : a... Jul 2015Neurologic injury remains a significant morbidity and risk factor for mortality in critically ill patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Our goal was... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Neurologic injury remains a significant morbidity and risk factor for mortality in critically ill patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Our goal was to systematically review the literature on the use of neuromonitoring methods during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
DATA SOURCES
Electronic searches of PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Scopus were conducted in March 2014, using a combination of medical subject heading terms and text words to define concepts of extracorporeal life support, neurologic monitoring techniques, evaluation, and outcomes.
STUDY SELECTION
Studies were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria defined a priori.
DATA EXTRACTION
Two authors reviewed all citations independently. A standardized data extraction form was used to construct evidence tables by neuromonitoring method. Evidence was graded using the Oxford Evidence-Based Medicine scoring system.
DATA SYNTHESIS
Of 3,459 unique citations, 39 studies met the inclusion criteria. Study designs were retrospective observational cohort studies (n = 20), prospective observational studies (n = 17), case-control studies (n = 2), and no interventional studies. Most studies evaluated newborns (n = 30). Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation neuromonitoring methods included neuroimaging (head ultrasound) (n = 12); intermittent, conventional, multichannel electroencephalography (n = 5); 1- to 2-channel amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (n = 2); Doppler ultrasound (n = 7); cerebral oximetry (n = 6); plasma brain injury biomarkers (n = 4); and other (n = 3). All evidence was graded 2B-4, with the majority of studies graded 3B (20/39 studies) and 4 (10/39 studies). Due to the heterogeneity of the studies included, aggregate analysis was not possible.
CONCLUSIONS
Data supporting the use and effectiveness of current neuromonitoring methods are limited. Most studies have modest sample sizes, are observational in nature, and include patient populations that are of different ages and pathologies, with very limited data for pediatric and adult ages. Well-designed studies with adequate power and standardized short- and long-term outcomes are needed to develop guidelines for neuromonitoring and ultimately neuroprotection in patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Topics: Biomarkers; Brain Injuries; Electroencephalography; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Humans; Neuroimaging; Neurophysiological Monitoring; Oximetry; Ultrasonography, Doppler
PubMed: 25828783
DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000000415 -
Journal of Nippon Medical School =... 2018Epigenetic inactivation of tumor suppressor genes is an important molecular mechanism in the formation and development of human tumors. The purpose of our study was to... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND/AIM
Epigenetic inactivation of tumor suppressor genes is an important molecular mechanism in the formation and development of human tumors. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the correlation between the methylation level of the secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1) gene and the risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC).
METHODS
The relevant literature was searched in detail in several electronic databases. The methodological heterogeneity was analyzed by meta-regression and subgroup analyses. The odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to summarize the dichotomous outcomes of our meta-analysis.
RESULTS
The ten included articles contained 535 RCC samples and 475 normal controls. The results demonstrated that the methylation level of the SFRP1 promoter region was significantly correlated with an increased incidence of RCC (OR=13.72; 95% CI: 6.01-31.28; P=0.000). Furthermore, the eligible studies that had sufficient clinical data about the RCC cases were included in the analysis, and the results indicated that the frequency of SFRP1 promoter methylation was associated with a higher histological grade (P=0.000), tumor stage (P=0.033), tumor size (≥5 cm; P=0.029), and distant metastasis (P=0.047).
CONCLUSION
Our results indicate that the methylation level of the SFRP1 promoter region is increased in patients with RCC compared to normal controls and might be involved in the occurrence and development of RCC. Additional well-designed studies are needed to further verify our conclusions.
Topics: Carcinoma, Renal Cell; Confidence Intervals; Humans; Incidence; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Kidney Neoplasms; Membrane Proteins; Meta-Analysis as Topic; Methylation; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Odds Ratio; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Risk
PubMed: 29731501
DOI: 10.1272/jnms.2018_85-13