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British Journal of Cancer Apr 2022Protein kinase CSNK2 (CK2) is a pleiotropic serine/threonine kinase frequently dysregulated in solid and hematologic malignancies. To consolidate a wide range of... (Review)
Review
Protein kinase CSNK2 (CK2) is a pleiotropic serine/threonine kinase frequently dysregulated in solid and hematologic malignancies. To consolidate a wide range of biological and clinically oriented data from this unique kinase in cancer, this systematic review summarises existing knowledge from in vitro, in vivo and pre-clinical studies on CSNK2 across 24 different human cancer types. CSNK2 mRNA transcripts, protein levels and activity were found to be routinely upregulated in cancer, and commonly identified phosphotargets included AKT, STAT3, RELA, PTEN and TP53. Phenotypically, it frequently influenced evasion of apoptosis, enhancement of proliferation, cell invasion/metastasis and cell cycle control. Clinically, it held prognostic significance across 14 different cancers, and its inhibition in xenograft experiments resulted in a positive treatment response in 12. In conjunction with commentary on preliminary studies of CSNK2 inhibitors in humans, this review harmonises an extensive body of CSNK2 data in cancer and reinforces its emergence as an attractive target for cancer therapy. Continuing to investigate CSNK2 will be crucial to advancing our understanding of CSNK2 biology, and offers the promise of important new discoveries scientifically and clinically.
Topics: Apoptosis; Casein Kinase II; Cell Cycle Checkpoints; Cell Proliferation; Humans; Neoplasms
PubMed: 34773100
DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01616-2 -
Annals of Oncology : Official Journal... Apr 2016Borderline ovarian tumors (BOT) are epithelial tumors of the ovaries with both malignant and non-malignant aspects. On the one hand, they are characterized by cellular... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Borderline ovarian tumors (BOT) are epithelial tumors of the ovaries with both malignant and non-malignant aspects. On the one hand, they are characterized by cellular proliferation and nuclear atypia but, on the other hand, they usually do not show infiltrative growth pattern. Balancing radicality between oncologic safety and treatment burden has already led to remarkable changes in the management pattern over the last decades and is still a challenging task.
DESIGN
This review is based on both a systematic review published by the authors and added with evidence gained from actually published literature.
RESULTS
As they frequently affect younger patients, the clinical management of BOT is complicated by aspects as preserving fertility and reducing postoperative morbidity. Over the past decades, the surgical therapy shifted from a radical approach to more conservative treatment. Today, fertility-sparing surgery is first-choice treatment in younger patients. In addition, minimal-invasive surgery has become the preferred surgical approach in these patients. Even recurrences are curable in most patients because only a minority of relapses transform to invasive cancer.
CONCLUSION
More studies on BOT are needed and longer follow-up and better characterization of high-risk subtypes are crucial to better understand long-term risk of BOT and avoid the rare but the fatal outcome in those few patients being undertreated by the current management strategies.
Topics: Disease Management; Female; Fertility Preservation; Humans; Neoplasm Staging; Ovarian Neoplasms; Ovariectomy; Ovary
PubMed: 27141065
DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw090 -
Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine :... Mar 2024Ameloblastic carcinoma (AC) is the most common odontogenic malignancy, constituting approximately 30% of cases in this category. Literature is sparse on malignant... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Ameloblastic carcinoma (AC) is the most common odontogenic malignancy, constituting approximately 30% of cases in this category. Literature is sparse on malignant odontogenic neoplasms, with a large proportion of current knowledge derived from case reports or small case series.
METHODS
A systematic review of case series/case reports of AC was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) Statement guidelines. Demographic and clinical information, including duration of the lesion, location, clinical presentation and radiologic features, were analysed. Additionally, the origin of the lesion (primary/secondary), Ki-67 proliferation index, treatment performed, metastasis, tumour recurrence and prognosis were collected for analysis.
RESULTS
A total of 126 studies, including 285 individual cases of AC, were included in this review. Patients presented with a near-equal distribution of painless and painful swellings. ACs presented at a median age of 45 years, with a male-to-female ratio of 1:2. The mandible was most frequently involved, with rare cases extending to involve more than one region, including crossing the midline. Although most lesions presented with poorly-demarcated borders (52.6%), unilocular lesions with well-demarcated borders (47.4%) comprised a substantial number in the sample. The proliferation index was only reported in 27 cases, with a mean score of 42% and a wide range. The probability of tumour recurrence increased, and the survival probability decreased with prolonged follow-up duration.
CONCLUSION
This study provides more comprehensive, up-to-date descriptive data on these rare odontogenic malignancies, aiding clinicians and Pathologists with the diagnosis and surgeons in their management of cases.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Odontogenic Tumors; Mandible; Prognosis; Carcinoma
PubMed: 38368851
DOI: 10.1111/jop.13517 -
Medical Oncology (Northwood, London,... Aug 2016C-Jun activation domain-binding protein-1 (Jab1) not only is full but also a subunit (CSN5) of the constitutive photomorphogenesis 9 signalosome (CSN), which is an... (Review)
Review
C-Jun activation domain-binding protein-1 (Jab1) not only is full but also a subunit (CSN5) of the constitutive photomorphogenesis 9 signalosome (CSN), which is an evolutionarily conserved and multifunctional protein that involves in controlling cellular proliferation and apoptosis, affecting a series of pathways, as well as regulating genomic instability and DNA damage and repair. The CSN is a highly conservative protein from yeast to human and interacts with the cullin-RING family of ubiquitin ligases so that it could be execute a process of removing NEDD8, a ubiquitin-like polypeptide (deneddylase activity). The role of Jab1/CSN5's multi-function has been proved as being oncogenic in nature, what is more, Jab1/CSN5 has been confirmed by much evidence that it participates in the carcinogenesis progression and is tightly associated with poor prognosis. However, the biologic implication of Jab1/CSN5 activity during the cancer's development is unclear. We performed a systematic literature review and assessment from PubMed and Medline databases in this article. Jab1/CSN5 is participate in a lot of biologic responses, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, DNA metabolism, invasion, DNA damage and repair, and recurrence. It also promotes cell transformation and tumorigenesis. In this review, we mainly expound the progress in the function and research advances of Jab1/CSN5 and in untangling the Jab1/CSN5 signaling pathway. Based on these bases, its potential as a therapeutic target for cancer can play a greater role in future cancer treatment.
Topics: Animals; COP9 Signalosome Complex; Carcinogenesis; Humans; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Neoplasms; Peptide Hydrolases; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 27412572
DOI: 10.1007/s12032-016-0805-1 -
Exploration of Targeted Anti-tumor... 2023One in eight fatalities globally are considered cancer-related. The need for cancer therapy is growing. Natural products continue to play a role in drug development, as... (Review)
Review
AIM
One in eight fatalities globally are considered cancer-related. The need for cancer therapy is growing. Natural products continue to play a role in drug development, as up to 50% of authorized drugs in the last 30 years have been isolated from natural sources.
METHODS
Anticancer, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and other actions have all been reported in research papers using plants from the genus in the treatment and prevention of disease.
RESULTS
Results from the anticancer test showed that the genus, especially , and had significant promise as an anticancer agent against several cancer cell lines. Numerous factors, including phytochemical composition, increased apoptotic activity, decreased cell proliferation, stopped angiogenesis, and reduced inflammation.
CONCLUSIONS
These results, despite preliminary, show promise for further purification and investigation of bioactive compounds and extracts within the genus for their anticancer properties.
PubMed: 37205310
DOI: 10.37349/etat.2023.00134 -
Environmental Research Apr 2021Microcystins (MCs) are the most common cyanobacteria toxins in eutrophic water, which have strong hepatotoxicity. In the past decade, epidemiological and toxicological... (Review)
Review
Microcystins (MCs) are the most common cyanobacteria toxins in eutrophic water, which have strong hepatotoxicity. In the past decade, epidemiological and toxicological studies on liver damage caused by MCs have proliferated, and new mechanisms of hepatotoxicity induced by MCs have also been discovered and confirmed. However, there has not been a comprehensive and systematic review of these new findings. Therefore, this paper summarizes the latest advances in studies on the hepatotoxicity of MCs to reveal the effects and mechanisms of hepatotoxicity induced by MCs. Current epidemiological studies have confirmed that symptoms or signs of liver damage appear after human exposure to MCs, and a long time of exposure can even lead to liver cancer. Toxicological studies have shown that MCs can affect the expression of oncogenes by activating cell proliferation pathways such as MAPK and Akt, thereby promoting the occurrence and development of cancer. The latest evidence shows that epigenetic modifications may play an important role in MCs-induced liver cancer. MCs can cause damage to the liver by inducing hepatocyte death, mainly manifested as apoptosis and necrosis. The imbalance of liver metabolic homeostasis may be involved in hepatotoxicity induced by MCs. In addition, the combined toxicity of MCs and other toxins are also discussed in this article. This detailed information will be a valuable reference for further exploring of MCs-induced hepatotoxicity.
Topics: Apoptosis; Humans; Liver; Microcystins
PubMed: 33617868
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110890 -
Photomedicine and Laser Surgery Mar 2015The aim of this article is to review experimental studies of visible and infrared light irradiation of human and animal stem cells (SCs) in vitro and in vivo to assess... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this article is to review experimental studies of visible and infrared light irradiation of human and animal stem cells (SCs) in vitro and in vivo to assess photobiomodulation effects on their proliferation and differentiation.
BACKGROUND DATA
The clinical application of light irradiation remains controversial, primarily because of the complexity of the rational choice of irradiation parameters. In laboratories, the theoretical justification underlying the choice of irradiation parameters also remains a challenge.
METHODS
A systematic review was completed of original research articles that investigated the effects of light irradiation on human and animal SCs in vitro and in vivo (to June 2014). Relevant articles were sourced from PubMed and MEDLINE(®). The search terms were laser (light) therapy (irradiation), stem cells, and phototherapy, stem cells.
RESULTS
The analysis revealed the importance of cell type when choosing the cell irradiation parameters. The influence of wavelength on the SC proliferation rate seemed to be nonsignificant. The high values of increased proliferation or differentiation were obtained using high power density, low energy density, and short exposure time. SC exposure to light without inducers did not lead to their differentiation. The maximum differentiation was achieved using irradiation parameters different from the ones needed to achieve the maximum proliferation of the same cells.
CONCLUSIONS
Increased power density and reduced energy density were needed to increase the SC response. Based on the analysis, we have presented a graph of the cell response to generalized photostimulus, and introduced the concepts of "photostress" and "photoshock" to describe the stages of this response.
Topics: Cell Differentiation; Cell Proliferation; In Vitro Techniques; Infrared Rays; Light; Stem Cells
PubMed: 25692649
DOI: 10.1089/pho.2014.3830 -
Cancer Letters Oct 2022p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4), a member of the serine-threonine kinase family, was initially identified as a protein kinase that functions downstream of the Rho GTPases... (Review)
Review
p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4), a member of the serine-threonine kinase family, was initially identified as a protein kinase that functions downstream of the Rho GTPases cdc42 and Rac1. Recently, it has been proven that PAK4 not only regulates many cellular physiological processes, but also plays an important role in the occurrence and development of various cancers. Here, we provide a systematic overview of PAK4, including its structure, localization, expression and aberration, upstream regulators, and key functions in almost every aspect of cancer hallmarks, including cancer cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis, angiogenesis, metabolism reprogramming, and immune escape. Subsequently, we also discuss the existing small molecule PAK4 inhibitors according to their structure types and their potential applications in cancer treatment. We hope our systematic review will provide the most comprehensive description of the current advancements in PAK4 research and new enlightenment for the individualized diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
Topics: Cell Proliferation; Humans; Neoplasms; Protein Kinases; Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; p21-Activated Kinases
PubMed: 35798086
DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215813 -
Phytotherapy Research : PTR Sep 2021A growing literature indicates several health benefits of theanine, a major nonprotein derivative amino acid special to tea, and a nonedible mushroom. This study aimed... (Review)
Review
A growing literature indicates several health benefits of theanine, a major nonprotein derivative amino acid special to tea, and a nonedible mushroom. This study aimed to systematically review the scientific evidence regarding the anticarcinogen and anticancer effects of natural theanine. A systematic search for the relevant articles published until January 2021 on MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Knowledge was conducted. Out of 377 initial records, 14 in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies met our inclusion criteria. Most of the included in vitro and ex vivo studies reported beneficial effects of theanine on the proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, migration, and invasion in various cancer cell lines. The in vivo studies also supported the potential impacts of theanine on cancer incidence or progression. Theanine exerted its anticancer function by inhibiting EGFR, VEGFR, Met, and Akt/mTOR, JAK2/STAT3, and ERK/NFκB pathways, as well as activating the intrinsic apoptosis pathway and caspase-independent programmed cell death. In conclusion, the results indicated moderate apoptotic, antimetastatic, antimigration, and anti-invasion effects, along with the mild antiproliferative influence of theanine on cancer. Further studies are necessary to ascertain the effectiveness of theanine on the prevention and suppression of cancer and shed light upon the attributable mechanisms in the in vivo condition.
Topics: Glutamates; Humans; Neoplasms; Signal Transduction; Tea
PubMed: 33891786
DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7110 -
International Endodontic Journal Apr 2018The typical treatment for irreversibly inflamed/necrotic pulp tissue is root canal treatment. As an alternative approach, regenerative endodontics aims to regenerate... (Review)
Review
The typical treatment for irreversibly inflamed/necrotic pulp tissue is root canal treatment. As an alternative approach, regenerative endodontics aims to regenerate dental pulp-like tissues using two possible strategies: cell transplantation and cell homing. The former requires exogenously transplanted stem cells, complex procedures and high costs; the latter employs the host's endogenous cells to achieve tissue repair/regeneration, which is more clinically translatable. This systematic review examines cell homing for dental pulp regeneration, selecting articles on in vitro experiments, in vivo ectopic transplantation models and in situ pulp revascularization. MEDLINE/PubMed and Scopus databases were electronically searched for articles without limits in publication date. Two reviewers independently screened and included papers according to the predefined selection criteria. The electronic searches identified 46 studies. After title, abstract and full-text examination, 10 articles met the inclusion criteria. In vitro data highlighted that multiple cytokines have the capacity to induce migration, proliferation and differentiation of dental pulp stem/progenitor cells. The majority of the in vivo studies obtained regenerated connective pulp-like tissues with neovascularization. In some cases, the samples showed new innervation and new dentine deposition. The in situ pulp revascularization regenerated intracanal pulp-like tissues with neovascularization, innervation and dentine formation. Cell homing strategies for pulp regeneration need further understanding and improvement if they are to become a reliable and effective approach in endodontics. Nevertheless, cell homing currently represents the most clinically viable pathway for dental pulp regeneration.
Topics: Cell Differentiation; Cell Movement; Cell Proliferation; Databases, Factual; Dental Pulp; Endodontics; Humans; Regeneration; Root Canal Therapy; Stem Cell Transplantation; Stem Cells; Tissue Engineering; Tissue Scaffolds
PubMed: 29047120
DOI: 10.1111/iej.12868