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QJM : Monthly Journal of the... Jul 2015The risk of renal damage in patients with high alcohol consumption is controversial. The objective of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the associations between high... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
The risk of renal damage in patients with high alcohol consumption is controversial. The objective of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the associations between high alcohol consumption and progression of kidney damage including chronic kidney disease (CKD), end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and proteinuria.
METHODS
A literature search was performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Databases from inception through August 2014 to identify studies investigating the association between high alcohol consumption and CKD, ESRD or proteinuria. Studies that reported odds ratios, relative risks or hazard ratios comparing the risk of CKD, ESRD or proteinuria in patients consuming high amount of alcohol versus those who did not consume alcohol were included. Pooled risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a random-effect, generic inverse variance method.
RESULTS
Twenty studies with 292 431 patients were included in our analysis to assess the associations between high alcohol consumption and progression of kidney damage. The pooled RRs of CKD, proteinuria and ESRD in patients with high alcohol consumption were 0.83 (95% CI: 0.71-0.98), 0.85 (95% CI: 0.62-1.17) and 1.00 (95% CI: 0.55-1.82), respectively. Post hoc analysis assessing the sex-specific association between high alcohol consumption and CKD demonstrated pooled RRs of 0.72 (95% CI: 0.57-0.90) in males and 0.78 (95% CI: 0.58-1.03) in females.
CONCLUSIONS
Our study demonstrates an inverse association between high alcohol consumption and risk for developing CKD in males. There is no significant association between high alcohol consumption and the risk for developing proteinuria or ESRD.
Topics: Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholism; Disease Progression; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Proteinuria; Publication Bias; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Risk Assessment
PubMed: 25519235
DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcu247 -
European Journal of Anaesthesiology Jul 2021To investigate the association of pre-operative proteinuria with postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) development as well as the requirement for a renal replacement... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the association of pre-operative proteinuria with postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) development as well as the requirement for a renal replacement therapy (RRT) and mortality at short-term and long-term follow-up.
BACKGROUND
Postoperative AKI is associated with surgical morbidity and mortality. Pre-operative proteinuria is potentially a risk factor for postoperative AKI and mortality. However, the results in literature are conflicting.
METHODS
We searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Library from the inception through to 3 June 2020. Observational cohort studies investigating the association of pre-operative proteinuria with postoperative AKI development, requirement for RRT, and all-cause mortality at short-term and long-term follow-up were considered eligible. Using inverse variance method with a random-effects model, the pooled effect estimates and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated.
RESULTS
Twenty-eight studies were included. Pre-operative proteinuria was associated with postoperative AKI development [odds ratio (OR) 1.74, 95% CI, 1.45 to 2.09], in-hospital RRT (OR 1.70, 95% CI, 1.25 to 2.32), requirement for RRT at long-term follow-up [hazard ratio (HR) 3.72, 95% CI, 2.03 to 6.82], and long-term all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 1.50, 95% CI, 1.30 to 1.73). In the subgroup analysis, pre-operative proteinuria was associated with increased odds of postoperative AKI in both cardiovascular (OR 1.77, 95% CI, 1.47 to 2.14) and noncardiovascular surgery (OR 1.63, 95% CI, 1.01 to 2.63). Moreover, there is a stepwise increase in OR of postoperative AKI development when the quantity of proteinuria increases from trace to 3+.
CONCLUSION
Pre-operative proteinuria is significantly associated with postoperative AKI and long-term mortality. Pre-operative anaesthetic assessment should take into account the presence of proteinuria to identify high-risk patients.
PROSPERO REGISTRATION
CRD42020190065.
Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Humans; Postoperative Period; Proteinuria; Renal Replacement Therapy; Risk Factors
PubMed: 34101638
DOI: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000001542 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Nov 2023Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and death. Increased oxidative stress in people with CKD has been implicated... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and death. Increased oxidative stress in people with CKD has been implicated as a potential causative factor. Antioxidant therapy decreases oxidative stress and may consequently reduce cardiovascular morbidity and death in people with CKD. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2012.
OBJECTIVES
To examine the benefits and harms of antioxidant therapy on death and cardiovascular and kidney endpoints in adults with CKD stages 3 to 5, patients undergoing dialysis, and kidney transplant recipients.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Register of Studies until 15 November 2022 using search terms relevant to this review. Studies in the Register are identified through searches of CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE, conference proceedings, the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) Search Portal, and ClinicalTrials.gov.
SELECTION CRITERIA
We included all randomised controlled trials investigating the use of antioxidants, compared with placebo, usual or standard care, no treatment, or other antioxidants, for adults with CKD on cardiovascular and kidney endpoints.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Titles and abstracts were screened independently by two authors who also performed data extraction using standardised forms. Results were pooled using random effects models and expressed as risk ratios (RR) or mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Confidence in the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.
MAIN RESULTS
We included 95 studies (10,468 randomised patients) that evaluated antioxidant therapy in adults with non-dialysis-dependent CKD (31 studies, 5342 patients), dialysis-dependent CKD (41 studies, 3444 patients) and kidney transplant recipients (21 studies, 1529 patients). Two studies enrolled dialysis and non-dialysis patients (153 patients). Twenty-one studies assessed the effects of vitamin antioxidants, and 74 assessed the effects of non-vitamin antioxidants. Overall, the quality of included studies was moderate to low or very low due to unclear or high risk of bias for randomisation, allocation concealment, blinding, and loss to follow-up. Compared with placebo, usual care, or no treatment, antioxidant therapy may have little or no effect on cardiovascular death (8 studies, 3813 patients: RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.40; I² = 33%; low certainty of evidence) and probably has little to no effect on death (any cause) (45 studies, 7530 patients: RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.11; I² = 0%; moderate certainty of evidence), CVD (16 studies, 4768 patients: RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.99; I² = 23%; moderate certainty of evidence), or loss of kidney transplant (graft loss) (11 studies, 1053 patients: RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.67 to 1.17; I² = 0%; moderate certainty of evidence). Compared with placebo, usual care, or no treatment, antioxidants had little to no effect on the slope of urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (change in UACR) (7 studies, 1286 patients: MD -0.04 mg/mmol, 95% CI -0.55 to 0.47; I² = 37%; very low certainty of evidence) but the evidence is very uncertain. Antioxidants probably reduced the progression to kidney failure (10 studies, 3201 patients: RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.41 to 1.02; I² = 41%; moderate certainty of evidence), may improve the slope of estimated glomerular filtration rate (change in eGFR) (28 studies, 4128 patients: MD 3.65 mL/min/1.73 m², 95% CI 2.81 to 4.50; I² = 99%; low certainty of evidence), but had uncertain effects on the slope of serum creatinine (change in SCr) (16 studies, 3180 patients: MD -13.35 µmol/L, 95% CI -23.49 to -3.23; I² = 98%; very low certainty of evidence). Possible safety concerns are an observed increase in the risk of infection (14 studies, 3697 patients: RR 1.30, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.50; I² = 3%; moderate certainty of evidence) and heart failure (6 studies, 3733 patients: RR 1.40, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.75; I² = 0; moderate certainty of evidence) among antioxidant users. Results of studies with a low risk of bias or longer follow-ups generally were comparable to the main analyses.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
We found no evidence that antioxidants reduced death or improved kidney transplant outcomes or proteinuria in patients with CKD. Antioxidants likely reduce cardiovascular events and progression to kidney failure and may improve kidney function. Possible concerns are an increased risk of infections and heart failure among antioxidant users. However, most studies were of suboptimal quality and had limited follow-up, and few included people undergoing dialysis or kidney transplant recipients. Furthermore, the large heterogeneity in interventions hampers drawing conclusions on the efficacy and safety of individual agents.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Antioxidants; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Cardiovascular Diseases; Heart Failure
PubMed: 37916745
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008176.pub3 -
Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023is a core Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of diabetes and diabetic nephropathy (DN). It has been used for the treatment of diabetes for over 1,000 years.... (Review)
Review
is a core Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of diabetes and diabetic nephropathy (DN). It has been used for the treatment of diabetes for over 1,000 years. Catalpol is the main active compound in Rehmannia roots. Current evidence suggests that catalpol exhibits significant anti-diabetic bioactivity, and thus it has attracted increasing research attention for its potential use in treating DN. However, no studies have systematically evaluated these effects, and its mechanism of action remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of catalpol on DN, as well as to summarize its possible mechanisms of action, in DN animal models. We included all DN-related animal studies with catalpol intervention. These studies were retrieved by searching eight databases from their dates of inception to July 2022. In addition, we evaluated the methodological quality of the included studies using the Systematic Review Center for Laboratory animal Experimentation (SYRCLE) risk-of-bias tool. Furthermore, we calculated the weighted standard mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) using the Review Manager 5.3 software and evaluated publication bias using the Stata (12.0) software. A total of 100 studies were retrieved, of which 12 that included 231 animals were finally included in this review. As compared to the control treatment, treatment with catalpol significantly improved renal function in DN animal models by restoring serum creatinine (Scr) ( = 0.0009) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) ( < 0.00001) levels, reducing proteinuria ( < 0.00001) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) ( < 0.0001), improving kidney indices ( < 0.0001), and alleviating renal pathological changes in the animal models. In addition, it may elicit its effects by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, improving podocyte apoptosis, regulating lipid metabolism, delaying renal fibrosis, and enhancing autophagy. The preliminary findings of this preclinical systematic review suggest that catalpol elicits significant protective effects against hyperglycemia-induced kidney injury. However, more high-quality studies need to be carried out in the future to overcome the methodological shortcomings identified in this review.
PubMed: 37621314
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1192694 -
Kidney International Reports Nov 2022Women and girls with X-linked Alport syndrome have a risk of disease progression that is difficult to predict. This systematic review examined whether proteinuria...
INTRODUCTION
Women and girls with X-linked Alport syndrome have a risk of disease progression that is difficult to predict. This systematic review examined whether proteinuria correlated with genotype and disease severity in this population.
METHODS
PubMed and Scopus were searched for manuscripts from the past 20 years with "," "female," "proteinuria" and related terms. Genotypes and clinical data for women and girls with pathogenic heterozygous variants were extracted. Features were then compared between females with proteinuria or without proteinuria; and genotype-phenotype correlations for age at proteinuria and kidney failure determined.
RESULTS
Three-hundred sixty-six women and girls with variants and a median age of 29 years (interquartile range 15-46) were identified. Eighty-eight (24%) had large rearrangements or truncating variants, 63 (17%) had splicing variants, and 215 (59%) had missense changes. In all, 236 (64%) had proteinuria, 56 (16%) had kidney failure, 40 (16%) had a hearing loss, and 15 (7%) had ocular abnormalities. Women and girls with proteinuria were more likely to have large rearrangements or truncating variants ( = 0.005), and less likely to have missense changes ( = 0.0002). Those with proteinuria were also more likely to develop kidney failure ( < 0.0001). Women and girls with truncating, large or splicing variants developed proteinuria earlier than those with missense changes ( = 0.001, < 0.0001 respectively). Those whose proteinuria was detected before the age of 15 progressed to kidney failure sooner ( < 0.0001).
CONCLUSION
Proteinuria correlates with a more severe genotype in women and girls with X-linked Alport syndrome and is an indicator of disease severity and likely progression.
PubMed: 36531881
DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2022.08.021 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Dec 2014Cordyceps sinensis (Cordyceps, Dong Chong Xia Cao), a herbal medicine also known as Chinese caterpillar fungus, is one of the most commonly used ingredients in... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Cordyceps sinensis (Cordyceps, Dong Chong Xia Cao), a herbal medicine also known as Chinese caterpillar fungus, is one of the most commonly used ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of people with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
OBJECTIVES
This review aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects and potential adverse effects of Cordyceps sinensis for the treatment of people with CKD.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Renal Group's Specialised Register to 14 April 2014 through contact with the Trials' Search Co-ordinator using search terms relevant to this review. We also searched CINAHL, AMED, Current Controlled Trials, OpenSIGLE, and Chinese databases including CBM, CMCC, TCMLARS, Chinese Dissertation Database, CMAC and Index to Chinese Periodical Literature.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised and quasi-randomised trials comparing Cordyceps or its products with placebo, no treatment, or conventional treatment were considered for inclusion in the review.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two authors independently assessed data quality and extracted data. Statistical analyses were performed using the random-effects model and the results expressed as risk ratio (RR) for dichotomous outcomes or mean difference (MD) for continuous data with 95% confidence intervals (CI).
MAIN RESULTS
We included 22 studies that involved 1746 participants. Among people with CKD who were not receiving dialysis, Cordyceps preparations were found to significantly decrease serum creatinine (14 studies, 987 participants): MD -60.76 μmol/L, 95% CI -85.82 to -35.71); increase creatinine clearance (6 studies, 362 participants): MD 9.22 mL/min, 95% CI 3.10 to 15.34) and reduce 24 hour proteinuria (4 studies, 211 participants: MD -0.15 g/24 h, 95% CI -0.24 to -0.05). However, suboptimal reporting and flawed methodological approaches meant that risk of bias was assessed as high in four studies and unclear in 18 studies, and hence, these results need to be interpreted with caution.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
We found that Cordyceps preparation, as an adjuvant therapy to conventional medicine, showed potential promise to decrease serum creatinine, increase creatine clearance, reduce proteinuria and alleviate CKD-associated complications, such as increased haemoglobin and serum albumin. However, definitive conclusions could not be made because of the low quality of evidence.
Topics: Cordyceps; Creatine; Creatinine; Humans; Phytotherapy; Proteinuria; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
PubMed: 25519252
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008353.pub2 -
Autoimmunity Reviews Jan 2016There is growing interest in the role of tacrolimus as a potential therapeutic agent in SLE. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates the evidence for... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
There is growing interest in the role of tacrolimus as a potential therapeutic agent in SLE. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates the evidence for tacrolimus use in the management of lupus nephritis. Thirteen controlled studies were identified (9 suitable for inclusion), using Cochrane database, SCOPUS, Web of Science and OVID (MEDLINE and EMBASE). Data on complete and partial remission rates, proteinuria reduction and adverse events was extracted and analysed using RevMan software. The meta-analysis showed that overall tacrolimus is more effective at inducing complete renal remission than IVCYC (p=0.004), but there is no significant difference compared to MMF (p=0.87). Multi-target TAC+MMF therapy is more effective than IVCYC only when partial remission is included (p=0.0006). Frequency of key adverse effects seems comparable to other agents used in the management of lupus nephritis with fewer gastrointestinal side effects, leukopenia, menstrual disorders, infections and episodes of liver dysfunction reported, but more new onset hypertension and hyperglycaemia. Mortality was lower in the tacrolimus groups, but this was not statistically significant (p=0.15). Tacrolimus may be more effective at reducing proteinuria, but again this was not statistically significant. There are no controlled trials looking at use in pregnancy or juvenile patients, however case reports suggest potential efficacy and safety. In conclusion, in moderately severe lupus nephritis, there is some evidence supporting efficacy of tacrolimus or multi-target TAC+MMF over IVCYC, but no evidence supporting tacrolimus over MMF. Tacrolimus may be more effective at reducing proteinuria, having potential implications for long-term outcome. Key limitations of this study are the lack of long-term outcome data and the lack of high quality, large, blinded controlled trials in multi-ethnic groups.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Lupus Nephritis; Proteinuria; Remission Induction; Tacrolimus
PubMed: 26427983
DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.09.006 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Sep 2015Renal vasculitis presents as rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis which comprises of a group of conditions characterised by acute kidney injury (AKI), haematuria and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Renal vasculitis presents as rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis which comprises of a group of conditions characterised by acute kidney injury (AKI), haematuria and proteinuria. Treatment of these conditions comprises steroid and non-steroid agents in combination with plasma exchange. Although immunosuppression overall has been very successful in treatment of these conditions, many questions remain unanswered in terms of dose and duration of therapy, the use of plasma exchange and the role of new therapies. This an update of a review first published in 2008.
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the benefits and harms of any intervention used for the treatment of renal vasculitis in adults.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Specialised Register up to 27 July 2015 through contact with the Trials' Search Co-ordinator using search terms relevant to this review.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised controlled trials investigating any intervention for the treatment of renal vasculitis in adults.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two authors independently assessed study quality and extracted data. Statistical analyses were performed using a random effects model and results expressed as risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for dichotomous outcomes or mean difference (MD) for continuous outcomes.
MAIN RESULTS
Thirty one studies (2217 patients) were included. Studies conducted earlier tended to have a higher risk of bias due to poor (or poorly reported) study design, broad inclusion criteria, less well developed disease definitions and low patient numbers. Later studies tend to have improved in all areas of quality, aided by the development of large transnational study groups.Plasma exchange as adjunctive therapy significantly reduces the risk of end-stage kidney disease at three months (2 studies: RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.78) and 12 months (6 studies: RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.72). Four studies (300 patients) compared the use of pulse and continuous administration of cyclophosphamide. Remission rates were equivalent but pulse treatment causes an increased risk of relapse (4 studies: RR 1.79, 95% CI 1.11 to 2.87) compared with continuous cyclophosphamide. Azathioprine has equivalent efficacy as a maintenance agent to cyclophosphamide with fewer episodes of leucopenia. Mycophenolate mofetil may be equivalent to cyclophosphamide as an induction agent but resulted in a higher relapse rate when tested against azathioprine in remission maintenance. Rituximab is an effective remission induction agent. Methotrexate or leflunomide are potential choices in remission maintenance therapy. Oral co-trimoxazole did not reduce relapses significantly in granulomatosis with polyangiitis.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Plasma exchange was effective in patients with severe AKI secondary to vasculitis. Pulse cyclophosphamide results in an increased risk of relapse when compared to continuous oral use but a reduced total dose. Whilst cyclophosphamide is standard induction treatment, rituximab and mycophenolate mofetil were also effective. Azathioprine, methotrexate and leflunomide were effective as maintenance therapy. Further studies are required to more clearly delineate the appropriate place of newer agents within an evidence-based therapeutic strategy.
Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adult; Azathioprine; Cyclophosphamide; Glomerulonephritis; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Plasma Exchange; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Vasculitis
PubMed: 26400765
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003232.pub3 -
Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine 2021Research suggest that albuminuria is not only an independent risk factor for the development of heart failure but may also act as a biomarker for predicting adverse...
Research suggest that albuminuria is not only an independent risk factor for the development of heart failure but may also act as a biomarker for predicting adverse outcomes. To date, no study has synthesized evidence on its role as a prognostic indicator. Thus, the current study aimed to quantitatively assess the prognostic utility of albuminuria as well as dipstick proteinuria in predicting mortality in heart failure patients. PubMed, Embase, ScienceDirect, CENTRAL, and Google Scholar databases were searched up to October 10, 2020. All studies reporting multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for albuminuria or dipstick proteinuria for mortality and/or hospitalization in heart failure patients were included. Eleven studies were included. Seven assessed albuminuria and five assessed dipstick proteinuria. Our analysis revealed a statistically significant increased risk of all-cause mortality with microalbuminuria (HR: 1.54; 95% CI, 1.23-1.93; = 79%; = 0.0002) and macroalbuminuria (HR: 1.76; 95% CI, 1.21-2.56; = 88%; = 0.003) in heart failure patients. The risk of all-cause mortality and hospitalization was also significantly increased with macroalbuminuria. Microalbuminuria was associated with significantly increased cardiovascular mortality and combined cardiovascular mortality and hospitalization. Positive dipstick test for proteinuria was significantly associated with mortality in heart failure (HR: 1.54; 95% CI, 1.28-1.84; = 67%; < 0.00001). Both microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria are predictors of mortality in patients with heart failure. Dipstick proteinuria may be used as a rapid screening test to predict mortality in these patients.
PubMed: 34055938
DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.665831 -
The association of obstructive sleep apnea and renal outcomes-a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC Nephrology Oct 2017The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarize the association of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with renal outcome. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarize the association of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with renal outcome.
METHODS
Our study followed the PRISMA guidelines. Two independent reviewers searched for relevant articles in the databases of Pubmed, the Web of Science and CENTRAL, and conducted study selection and quality assessment. A random-effect model was used to estimate the effects.
RESULTS
total of 1240 articles were initially identified (Pubmed = 568, Web of Science = 640, CENTRAL = 32). After removal of duplicate articles (n = 415) and irrelevant articles (n = 788), 37 were selected for full-text review, and 18 were finally included in the analysis. Overall, patients diagnosed with OSA were found to have a higher odds ratio (OR) of a poorer renal outcome, with a pooled OR of 1.77 (95% C.I.: 1.37–2.29). The significant association between OSA and a poorer renal outcome was not affected by the medical condition of diabetes mellitus (DM). In addition, we found that OSA was consistently associated with higher albuminuria/proteinuria and a lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), with a pooled OR of 1.84 (95% C.I.: 1.24–2.73) and 1.60 (95% C.I.: 1.19–2.16), respectively. A greater OSA severity was also found to be related to a higher OR, with a mild group OR of 1.45 (95% C.I.: 1.19–1.77) and a moderate and severe group OR of 2.39 (95% C.I.: 1.96–2.90).
CONCLUSIONS
Our study demonstrated that OSA is significantly associated with poorer renal function.
Topics: Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Risk Factors; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
PubMed: 29037156
DOI: 10.1186/s12882-017-0731-2