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Autism : the International Journal of... Apr 2020Difficulty performing age-appropriate motor skills affects up to 83% of children with autism spectrum disorder. This systematic review examined the effect of motor and...
Difficulty performing age-appropriate motor skills affects up to 83% of children with autism spectrum disorder. This systematic review examined the effect of motor and physical activity intervention on motor outcomes of children with autism spectrum disorder and the effect of motor learning strategies on motor skill acquisition, retention, and transfer. Six databases were searched from 2000 to 2019. Forty-one studies were included: 34 intervention studies and 7 motor learning studies. The overall quality of the evidence was low. Participants included 1173 children with autism spectrum disorder ranging from 3 to 19 years. Results from level II and III intervention studies supported that participation outcomes improved with a physical education intervention; activity outcomes improved with aquatic, motor activity, motor skill, and simulated horse riding interventions; and body structure and function outcomes improved with aquatic, exergaming, motor activity, motor skill, and simulated horse riding interventions. Results from level II and III motor learning studies supported that motor skill acquisition improved with visual, versus verbal, instructions but was not influenced by differences in instructional personnel. More rigorous research on motor intervention is needed with well-controlled study designs, adequate sample sizes, and manualized protocols. In addition, research on motor learning strategies is warranted as it generalizes across motor interventions.
Topics: Animals; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Child; Exercise; Horses; Humans; Motor Skills; Physical Education and Training
PubMed: 31782658
DOI: 10.1177/1362361319885215 -
Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation... 2018To evaluate evidence supporting physical and occupational therapy interventions used to improve sensory and motor outcomes for children 0-6 years with central hypotonia.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate evidence supporting physical and occupational therapy interventions used to improve sensory and motor outcomes for children 0-6 years with central hypotonia.
METHODS
Four electronic databases were searched from 1996 to March 2017. Level of evidence and study conduct was evaluated using American Academy of Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine criteria. Traffic lighting classification identified interventions that were green (proven effective), yellow (possibly effective) or red (proven ineffective or contraindicated).
RESULTS
Thirty-seven articles were included. Nine studies measured orthotic interventions while four distinct studies published over nine articles measured treadmill interventions. Remaining studies measured impact of compression garments, massage, motor and sensori-motor interventions, positioning and mobility interventions.
CONCLUSIONS
Green light evidence supports treadmill training (to promote ambulation and gait characteristics) and massage (to positively affect muscle tone, motor development and use of vision) for infants with Down syndrome. These interventions are considered Yellow (possibly effective) for other populations. Green light evidence supports impact of orthoses on foot alignment for ambulatory children with hypotonia, while impact on gait characteristics is Yellow light and motor development may be negatively impacted (Red light) in pre-ambulatory children. All other interventions rated Yellow (possibly effective) and therapists should monitor using sensitive outcome measures.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Muscle Hypotonia; Physical Therapy Modalities; Psychomotor Performance
PubMed: 29630564
DOI: 10.3233/PRM-170507 -
Developmental Medicine and Child... Jun 2020To synthesize the existing literature and determine the efficacy of neonatal therapy, starting in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), on the motor, cognitive, and...
AIM
To synthesize the existing literature and determine the efficacy of neonatal therapy, starting in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), on the motor, cognitive, and behavioral outcomes of infants born preterm.
METHOD
Databases were searched for randomized controlled trials or quasi-randomized controlled trials of direct therapy early intervention for infants with a gestational age of less than 37 weeks, initiated in the NICU and delivered by a therapist or parent with therapist support. Quality was evaluated using the Cochrane standardized risk of bias assessment tool. Recommendations were made using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations approach.
RESULTS
Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Studies were categorized into four intervention categories: (1) parent-delivered motor intervention (PDMI); (2) therapist-delivered postural control intervention (TDPCI); (3) developmental care; and (4) oromotor intervention. Risk of bias varied from low (10 studies) to high (three studies) or was unclear (two studies).
INTERPRETATION
Preliminary support indicates that daily PDMI improves motor and cognitive outcomes in the short-term and possibly long-term. TDPCI is effective in promoting short-term gains in motor development. Developmental care programs designed by a neonatal therapist appear to be effective in improving short-term behavior but are inconclusive for motor and cognitive outcomes or long-term behavioral outcomes. Regarding oromotor interventions, there is insufficient research to be confident in their efficacy on improving developmental outcomes.
WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS
Parent-delivered motor interventions (PDMIs) are more effective in improving motor and cognitive outcomes than other interventions. Preliminary support indicates that daily PDMI improves motor and cognitive outcomes in the short- and possibly long-term. Therapist-delivered postural control interventions are effective in promoting short-term gains in motor development. Developmental care programs designed by a neonatal therapist are effective in improving the short-term behavior of infants born preterm. Oral motor interventions were found to have no effect on improving developmental outcomes.
Topics: Child Development; Cognition; Humans; Infant Behavior; Infant Care; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Motor Skills
PubMed: 32077096
DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14485 -
Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) Sep 2017Many variables related to sport have been shown to have circadian rhythms. Chronotype is the expression of circadian rhythmicity in an individual, and three categories... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Many variables related to sport have been shown to have circadian rhythms. Chronotype is the expression of circadian rhythmicity in an individual, and three categories of chronotype are defined: morning types (M-types), evening types (E-types), and neither types (N-types). M-types show earlier peaks of several psychophysiological variables during the day than E-types. The effect of chronotype on athletic performance has not been extensively investigated.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of the present review was to study the effect of chronotype on athletic performance and the psychophysiological responses to physical activity.
METHODS
The present review adheres to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) reporting guidelines. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for scientific papers using the keywords "chronotype", "circadian typology", "morningness", and "eveningness" in combination with each of the words "sport", "performance", and "athletic." Relevant reference lists were inspected. We limited the search results to peer-reviewed papers published in English from 1985 to 2015.
RESULTS
Ten papers met our inclusion criteria. Rating of perceived exertion and fatigue scores in relation to athletic performances are influenced by chronotype: M-types perceived less effort when performing a submaximal physical task in the morning than did N- and E-types. In addition, M-types generally showed better athletic performances, as measured by race times, in the morning than did N- and E-types. Other results concerning chronotype effect on physiological responses to physical activity were not always consistent: heterogeneous samples and different kinds of physical activity could partially explain these discrepancies.
CONCLUSIONS
Sports trainers and coaches should take into account the influence of both the time of day and chronotype effect when scheduling training sessions into specific time periods.
Topics: Adult; Athletes; Athletic Performance; Child; Circadian Rhythm; Exercise; Female; Humans; Male; Psychomotor Performance; Sleep; Surveys and Questionnaires; Young Adult
PubMed: 28493061
DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0741-z -
Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance Aug 2016Cognitive performance is crucial during military operations. It is suggested that impaired cognitive performance accounts for most of the accidents during training... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Cognitive performance is crucial during military operations. It is suggested that impaired cognitive performance accounts for most of the accidents during training courses and actual battle. There is a need to define when soldiers' operational readiness becomes impaired. The objective of this systematic review was to investigate the effects of sustained military operations (SUSOPS) on vigilance, reaction time, working memory, and reasoning in order to select good indicators for performance impairment.
METHODS
A systematic literature search was performed using publicly accessible databases (IngentaConnect, PubMed, Science Direct, and Defense Technical Information Center online) that were screened until July 2015. Keywords were military, sustained operations, (cognitive) performance, soldier, and training.
RESULTS
Only 7 out of 589 studies met the inclusion criteria. Selected studies were difficult to compare due to different methodologies, cognitive tasks, and military courses. Vigilance, reaction time, and working memory were affected after only a few hours, showing severe impairment. They are linearly related to military stress up to 80 h of SUSOPS. These three indicators needed little recovery time to return to baseline levels. After more than 80 h of SUSOPS, no significant impairments of those indicators were observed. Reasoning becomes impaired after high stress levels of relatively short duration and can remain affected after more than 80 h of SUSOPS.
DISCUSSION
Vigilance, reaction time, and working memory are affected after only a few hours while little recovery time is needed. For reasoning to return to baseline values, longer recovery is needed than the time available during SUSOPS. Vrijkotte S, Roelands B, Meeusen R, Pattyn N. Sustained military operations and cognitive performance. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2016; 87(8):718-727.
Topics: Attention; Cognitive Dysfunction; Fatigue; Humans; Memory; Military Personnel; Reaction Time; Stress, Psychological; Task Performance and Analysis; Time Factors
PubMed: 27634607
DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.4468.2016 -
Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) Jul 2021Mental fatigue (MF) is a psychobiological state that impairs endurance performance in healthy athletes. Recently, multiple studies indicated that MF could also impair...
BACKGROUND
Mental fatigue (MF) is a psychobiological state that impairs endurance performance in healthy athletes. Recently, multiple studies indicated that MF could also impair sport-specific psychomotor performance (SSPP). Nevertheless, a systematic overview detailing the effects of MF on SSPP is currently lacking.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study is to collate relevant literature and examine the effect of MF on SSPP. A secondary aim was to create an overview of the potential subjective and physiological factors underlying this MF effect.
METHODS
PubMed (MEDLINE), Web of Science, PsycINFO and SPORTDiscus were searched (5th of November 2020). Studies were eligible when study outcomes encompassed any form of SSPP skill in a sport-specific context, the intervention was targeted to induce MF, and the population included healthy individuals. The presence of a manipulation check, to indicate the successful induction of MF, was obligatory for inclusion. Secondary outcomes were all outcomes (either physiological or psychological) that could explain the underlying mechanisms of the effect of MF on SSPP.
RESULTS
In total, 21 papers were included. MF was successfully induced in all but two studies, which were excluded from further analysis. MF negatively impacts a myriad of SSPP outcomes, including decision-making, reaction time and accuracy outcomes. No changes in physiological outcomes, that could underlie the effect of MF, were reported. Subjectively, only ratings of perceived of exertion increased due to MF in some studies.
CONCLUSIONS
Overall, the selected papers indicated that MF negatively affects SSPP. Research that assesses brain function, while evaluating the effect of MF on SSPP is essential to create further insight.
Topics: Athletes; Cognition; Humans; Mental Fatigue; Psychomotor Performance; Sports
PubMed: 33710524
DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01429-6 -
Maternal Diabetes and Cognitive Performance in the Offspring: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.PloS One 2015Diabetes during gestation is one of the most common pregnancy complications associated with adverse health effects for the mother and the child. Maternal diabetes has... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
Diabetes during gestation is one of the most common pregnancy complications associated with adverse health effects for the mother and the child. Maternal diabetes has been proposed to negatively affect the cognitive abilities of the child, but experimental research assessing its impact is conflicting. The main aim of our study was to compare the cognitive function in children of diabetic and healthy pregnant women.
METHODS
A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted through a literature search using different electronic databases from the index date to January 31, 2015. We included studies that assessed the cognitive abilities in children (up to 14 years) of diabetic and non-diabetic mothers using standardized and validated neuropsychological tests.
RESULTS
Of 7,698 references reviewed, 12 studies involving 6,140 infants met our inclusion criteria and contributed to meta-analysis. A random effect model was used to compute the standardized mean differences and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. Infants (1-2 years) of diabetic mothers had significantly lower scores of mental and psychomotor development compared to control infants. The effect size for mental development was -0.41 (95% CI -0.59, -0.24; p<0.0001) and for psychomotor development was -0.31 (95% CI -0.55, -0.07; p = 0.0125) with non-significant heterogeneity. Diabetes during pregnancy could be associated with decreased intelligence quotient scores in school-age children, although studies showed significant heterogeneity.
CONCLUSION
The association between maternal diabetes and deleterious effects on mental/psychomotor development and overall intellectual function in the offspring must be taken with caution. Results are based on observational cohorts and a direct causal influence of intrauterine hyperglycemia remains uncertain. Therefore, more trials that include larger populations are warranted to elucidate whether gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has a negative impact on offspring central nervous system (CNS).
Topics: Child; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Cognition; Diabetes, Gestational; Female; Humans; Infant; Intelligence; Mental Competency; Pregnancy; Psychomotor Performance
PubMed: 26566144
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142583 -
Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) Sep 2014The impact of active workstations has been studied in several settings, and several outcomes have been investigated. However, the effects on health, work performance,... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The impact of active workstations has been studied in several settings, and several outcomes have been investigated. However, the effects on health, work performance, quality of life, etc., have never been systematically reviewed.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the existing literature about active workstations and their possible positive health and work performance effects.
DATA SOURCES
We searched the electronic databases PubMed and Web of Science (up until 28 February 2014). The search terms we used were 'active workstation', 'standing workstation', 'standing desk', 'stand up workstation', 'stand up desk', 'walking desk', 'walking workstation', 'treadmill workstation', 'treadmill desk', 'cycling workstation', 'cycling desk' and 'bike desk', in combination with 'health', 'quality of life', 'cognition', 'computer task performance', 'absenteeism', 'productivity', 'academic achievement', 'cognitive decline', and 'independent living'. In addition, we searched the reference lists of relevant published articles.
STUDY SELECTION
Randomized controlled trials, non-randomized controlled trials and non-randomized non-controlled trials investigating the introduction of active workstations in humans were included in this systematic review. Only original studies were included, and we did not accept studies combining the introduction of active workstations with other interventions. Outcomes concerning health, energy expenditure, cognition, quality of life and work performance were included.
RESULTS
We included 32 studies, of which five were longitudinal studies in school-aged children, 10 were longitudinal studies in adults and 17 were non-longitudinal studies in adults. Sixteen studies investigated standing desks, 15 investigated walking desks, and one investigated a cycling workstation. The general findings were decreased sitting time, increased energy expenditure, a positive effect on several health markers, no detrimental effect on work performance, no acute effect on cognitive function and no straightforward findings concerning computer task performance.
CONCLUSION
The implementation of active workstations might contribute to improving people's health and physical activity levels. The effect of the use of these active workstations on cognition and applied work tasks, such as computer task performance, needs further investigation before conclusions can be drawn. Another aspect that needs further investigation is the implementation of the different active workstations in all age groups.
Topics: Cognition; Efficiency; Energy Metabolism; Ergonomics; Health Status Indicators; Humans; Quality of Life; Sedentary Behavior; Task Performance and Analysis; Workplace
PubMed: 24842828
DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0202-x -
BMC Geriatrics Dec 2023Faced with the lack of physical activity caused by mandatory home isolation during special periods and patients' inconvenience in carrying out professionally supervised... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Faced with the lack of physical activity caused by mandatory home isolation during special periods and patients' inconvenience in carrying out professionally supervised exercise, many home-based exercise programs have been developed. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the effects of home-based exercise on measures of motor symptoms, quality of life and functional performance in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients.
METHODS
We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis, and searched PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane library, and Web of Science from their inception date to April 1, 2023. The quality of the literature was assessed using PEDro's quality scale. The data was pooled using R software. Results are presented as pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI).
RESULTS
A total of 20 studies involving 1885 PD patients were included. Meta-analysis results showed that home-based exercise had a small effect in relieving overall motor symptoms in PD patients (SMD = -0.29 [-0.45, -0.13]; P < 0.0001), improving quality of life (SMD = 0.20 [0.08, 0.32]; P < 0.0001), walking speed (SMD = 0.26 [0.05, 0.48]; P = 0.005), balance ability (SMD = 0.23 [0.10, 0.36]; P < 0.0001), finger dexterity (SMD = 0.28 [0.10, 0.46]; P = 0.003) and decreasing fear of falling (SMD = -0.29 [-0.49, -0.08]; P = 0.001). However, home-based exercise did not significantly relieve the overall motor symptoms of PD patients when the training period was less than 8 weeks and the total number of sessions was less than 30.
CONCLUSION
During times of limited physical activity due to pandemics such as COVID-19, home-based exercise is an alternative to maintain and improve motor symptoms in PD patients. In addition, for the minimum dose of home-based exercise, we recommend that the exercise period is no less than 8 weeks and the total number of sessions is no less than 30 times.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
PROSPERO registration number: CRD42022329780.
Topics: Humans; Quality of Life; Parkinson Disease; Accidental Falls; Fingers; Fear; Motor Skills; Exercise; Exercise Therapy; Physical Functional Performance
PubMed: 38114897
DOI: 10.1186/s12877-023-04595-6 -
Accident; Analysis and Prevention Jan 2015Strategies to contend with driver distraction may no longer be sufficient for the emerging variety of contemporary driver distractions. A more systematic and systemic... (Review)
Review
Strategies to contend with driver distraction may no longer be sufficient for the emerging variety of contemporary driver distractions. A more systematic and systemic approach holds promise for improved road safety but is not currently being developed. This systematic review of multiple driver distractions aims to address this gap and presents two key findings. Systematic classification of distracting tasks with respect to driving is challenging, and engagement with Multiple-Additional-to-Driving (MAD) tasks is almost universally detrimental to driving performance. A model is presented to assist in systematically characterising multiple driver demands. Identified literature is placed into context using the model and shortfalls are identified.
Topics: Attention; Automobile Driving; Humans; Safety; Systems Analysis; Task Performance and Analysis
PubMed: 25073420
DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2014.07.006