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Social Science & Medicine (1982) Jul 2019Child sexual abuse (CSA) represents a significant public health concern. Research shows an association between the CSA status of mothers and the abuse status of their...
A systematic review of the association between the childhood sexual abuse experiences of mothers and the abuse status of their children: Protection strategies, intergenerational transmission, and reactions to the abuse of their children.
Child sexual abuse (CSA) represents a significant public health concern. Research shows an association between the CSA status of mothers and the abuse status of their children, how they react to the abuse of their children, and behaviors they engage in to protect their children from abuse. However, a systematic review of this literature has yet to be conducted, and this review aimed to fill that gap. Seven databases and search engines were searched for relevant studies from inception until March 2017. Reference lists of included studies and titles of studies that cited included studies were also searched. Two authors independently completed study screening, data extraction, and quality determinations. Ninety-three studies were identified and narratively synthesized by significant, non-significant, and descriptive results. These results were further elaborated on in the context of the methods used. Though some heterogeneity existed, results showed that status as a mother with a CSA history (M) was associated with having children who experienced CSA. There was no evidence that M status was associated with a greater likelihood of believing their children when they disclosed abuse, although M status was associated with increased emotional distress. Results were mixed regarding whether M status was associated with perpetrating maltreatment broadly, perpetrating individual forms of maltreatment, such as emotional abuse or neglect, or having the potential to abuse. Most studies found no association between M status and use of corporal punishment. However, when mothers and others were combined, because the main perpetrator was not listed, it was found that belonging to this combined group was associated with increased risk of engaging in maltreatment behaviors. Finally, few studies on protective behaviors of M were located. Future research is needed with larger, more diverse samples using validated instruments. This information will be critical for future intervention development.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Adult Survivors of Child Abuse; Child; Child Abuse, Sexual; Child, Preschool; Female; Historical Trauma; Humans; Male; Mother-Child Relations; Mothers; Parenting
PubMed: 31195192
DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.05.004 -
Journal of Neurogastroenterology and... Sep 2020Adverse early life experiences are associated with the development of stroke, cancer, diabetes, and chronic respiratory and ischemic heart diseases. These negative...
BACKGROUND/AIMS
Adverse early life experiences are associated with the development of stroke, cancer, diabetes, and chronic respiratory and ischemic heart diseases. These negative experiences may also play a role in the development of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)--a functional gastrointestinal disease. This review discusses the research to date on the parental, perinatal, and childhood risk and protective factors associated with the development of IBS.
METHODS
A literature search was completed for studies published between 1966 and 2018 that investigated premorbid factors occurring during the perinatal and childhood periods as well as parental factors that were associated with the development of IBS.
RESULTS
Twenty-seven studies fulfilled the review criteria. Risk factors that appeared in more than one study included: (1) parental IBS, substance abuse, parental punishment, and rejection as parental risk factors; (2) low birth weight as a perinatal risk factor; and (3) crowded living conditions in low-income families, childhood anxiety, depression, or child abuse as childhood risk factors. Protective factors for IBS were emotional warmth from the parents and being born to an older mother.
CONCLUSIONS
More effort is needed to identify what fetal and maternal factors are associated with low birth weight and IBS. A well-executed prospective birth cohort with a collection of bio-samples and functional data will provide a better understanding of how adversity and the interplay between genetics, epigenetics, and numerous risk factors affect the development of IBS.
PubMed: 32989183
DOI: 10.5056/jnm20109 -
Journal of Psychosomatic Research Mar 2017The cognitive neuropsychological model of depression proposes that negative biases in the processing of emotionally salient information have a central role in the... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
The cognitive neuropsychological model of depression proposes that negative biases in the processing of emotionally salient information have a central role in the development and maintenance of depression. We have conducted a systematic review to determine whether acute experimental inflammation is associated with changes to cognitive and emotional processing that are thought to cause and maintain depression.
METHODS
We identified experimental studies in which healthy individuals were administered an acute inflammatory challenge (bacterial endotoxin/vaccination) and standardised tests of cognitive function were performed.
RESULTS
Fourteen references were identified, reporting findings from 12 independent studies on 345 participants. Methodological quality was rated strong or moderate for 11 studies. Acute experimental inflammation was triggered using a variety of agents (including endotoxin from E. coli, S. typhi, S. abortus Equi and Hepatitis B vaccine) and cognition was assessed over hours to months, using cognitive tests of i) attention/executive functioning, ii) memory and iii) social/emotional processing. Studies found mixed evidence that acute experimental inflammation caused changes to attention/executive functioning (2 of 6 studies showed improvements in attention executive function compared to control), changes in memory (3 of 5 studies; improved reaction time: reduced memory for object proximity: poorer immediate and delayed memory) and changes to social/emotional processing (4 of 5 studies; reduced perception of emotions, increased avoidance of punishment/loss experiences, and increased social disconnectedness).
CONCLUSIONS
Acute experimental inflammation causes negative biases in social and emotional processing that could explain observed associations between inflammation and depression.
Topics: Cognition; Emotions; Humans; Inflammation; Social Behavior
PubMed: 28183402
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.01.002 -
MedEdPublish (2016) 2017This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. To increase the motivation of students at small group seminar education sessions, teachers and...
This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. To increase the motivation of students at small group seminar education sessions, teachers and institutions often revert to rewarding the prepared students and/or punishing those who did not prepare. How effective is that? We sought to find theoretical claims or disclaims for this policy from Self-Determination Theory, which is an important contemporary theory about motivation. SDT distinguishes intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and provides evidence for the use of rewards and punishments. The primary aim was to explore the effects of extrinsic rewards and negative incentives on the intrinsic motivation in the literature. A secondary goal was to provide practical tips for teachers to improve the motivation of medical students. Verbal rewards can increase the intrinsic motivation. Unexpected tangible and task-non-contingent tangible rewards appear to have no detrimental effect on the intrinsic motivation. All other expected tangible rewards and negative incentives, like threats and deadlines, have been found to undermine the intrinsic motivation. Autonomous self-regulated learning (intrinsic motivation, identified regulation and/or integrated regulation) is associated with high quality learning and well-being. Autonomous self-regulated learning is therefore the desired drive for learning and can be supported by a teacher via satisfying the needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness. Extrinsic rewards and negative incentives should be avoided as they both undermine the intrinsic motivation. Autonomous self-regulated learning leads to more effective learning. Several practical tips that support one of the three basic psychological needs are discussed. Most are relatively easy to apply and stimulate autonomous self-regulated learning.
PubMed: 38406451
DOI: 10.15694/mep.2017.000086 -
Transplantation Reviews (Orlando, Fla.) Jan 2020In order to improve the demand-supply-mismatch in transplantation medicine, policy makers have to think about adapting existing legal frameworks for donor organ... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
In order to improve the demand-supply-mismatch in transplantation medicine, policy makers have to think about adapting existing legal frameworks for donor organ allocation. This study aims to systematically review preferences of physicians as well as patients in the field of transplantation medicine. PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO and PsycINFO were searched from January 2000 to December 2018 without language restrictions. Fourteen publications were identified, six aiming at physicians, seven focusing on patients and one on both groups. The criteria used in these studies to elicit preferences can be grouped into six different main categories, all deriving from the general principle of equality: "Effectiveness/Benefit", "Medical urgency", "Own fault", "Social value", "Medical background" and "Socio-demographic status". Whilst patients on the one hand show a high demand for equal access, outcome maximization and punishment for damaging behaviors, they would still allocate organs to people with very low survival chances. Physicians decide against equal access to transplantation in cases where clinical evidence is weighed more heavily, e.g. in the cases of ethnicity and sex. Also, they seem more informed regarding the involvement of medical factors and give less importance to those with uncertain effects on transplantation outcome, such as tissue or blood group match. It is important to continuously monitor preferences of all involved stakeholders in order to achieve fair and accessible transplantation systems.
Topics: Humans; Organ Transplantation; Patient Preference; Physicians; Practice Patterns, Physicians'; Resource Allocation; Tissue and Organ Procurement; Waiting Lists
PubMed: 31718886
DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2019.100515 -
European Neuropsychopharmacology : the... May 2018Dopaminergic medication can induce severe addictive behaviours (e.g., pathological gambling) in susceptible Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. It is still unknown which...
Dopaminergic medication can induce severe addictive behaviours (e.g., pathological gambling) in susceptible Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. It is still unknown which particular neurocognitive processes become exacerbated or dysfunctional in PD patients with addictive behaviours. We sought to systematically review the relevant literature to identity potential neurocognitive correlates of medication-induced addictive behaviours in PD. We framed our review around neurocognitive processes central to four dominant accounts of substance addiction: 'aberrant learning', 'incentive sensitization', 'impulsivity to compulsivity' and 'impaired response inhibition and salience attribution'. Searches of the PubMed and Scopus databases were completed on June 23, 2017. To be included, studies were required to involve: (a) medicated PD patients, without a history of deep brain stimulation, with and without addictive behaviours; (b) a reward-related or decision-making task; and (c) statistical comparison of addictive and non-addictive groups' 'on' medication performance on the task(s). Studies were summarised qualitatively with statistically significant (p<.05) group differences and effect sizes (Cohen's d) highlighted. 35 studies were included. Findings showed that the extant literature is highly heterogeneous. The domains of reward and punishment learning, reflection impulsivity and disadvantageous decision-making exemplify this. More homogeneity exists in domains in which (a) neurocognitive dysfunction is not apparent (motor control, cognitive/attentional flexibility and cognitive control) or (b) typical neurocognitive processes appear exacerbated by medication (reward motivation and choice impulsivity). Future large-scale neurocognitive studies are still required to develop our scientific understanding of addictive behaviours in PD and aid their clinical treatment and prediction.
Topics: Behavior, Addictive; Cognitive Dysfunction; Dopamine Agents; Humans; Neuropsychological Tests; Parkinson Disease
PubMed: 29653742
DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.03.012 -
BMC Public Health Nov 2023Uptake for cervical cancer screening (CCS) is extremely low among immigrant women, particularly Muslim women, because of barriers related to religious values, beliefs,...
BACKGROUND
Uptake for cervical cancer screening (CCS) is extremely low among immigrant women, particularly Muslim women, because of barriers related to religious values, beliefs, and fatalism. This scoping review aimed to summarize and analyze the findings of previous studies regarding perceived barriers to CCS among Muslim immigrant women.
METHODS
A search of electronic databases of peer-reviewed articles, including MEDLINE, CINAHL, PubMed, and Scopus was conducted. The following criteria were used for the selection of the articles: (a) the study population consisted of immigrant Muslim women, (b) CCS barriers were the main focus of the study, (c) the articles were original research articles, (d) the research was conducted within the last 10 years, and (d) the study was reported in English language.
RESULTS
Barriers included sociodemographic factors, economic, language, cognitive, and emotional reactions. The healthcare system was classified as a community barrier, whereas culture and religion were categorized as social barriers. Beliefs that becoming ill and dying is the will of Allah and that health problems are a punishment from God were considered to be major barriers to CCS among immigrant Muslim women.
CONCLUSION
Access to health service centers and CCS among Muslim immigrant women is challenging. Information dissemination by health care workers is needed to increase awareness of CCS and access to CCS service points among immigrant Muslim women. Physician recommendations to attend CCS also play an important role.
Topics: Female; Humans; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Islam; Early Detection of Cancer; Health Personnel; Emigrants and Immigrants
PubMed: 38037019
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17309-9 -
Omega Nov 2023: To provide an overview of how gender identity is treated in death row research. : By use of a systematic review of 56 peer-reviewed journal articles that were...
: To provide an overview of how gender identity is treated in death row research. : By use of a systematic review of 56 peer-reviewed journal articles that were identified as empirical, employing either qualitative or quantitative data, concepts measuring the use of gender and race identity were developed. : Findings were presented by the methodology employed, area of research, sample composition, and key concepts which included the use of gendered terminology in titles, abstracts, and manuscripts, as well as by the author(s)'s gender identities. : In general, regardless of methodology or area of research, death row research does not account for the effects of gender or intersectional identities unless the sample participants or subject matter pertains to women.
PubMed: 37987800
DOI: 10.1177/00302228231215527 -
PloS One 2019We aimed to systematically review recidivism rates in individuals given community sentences internationally. We sought to explore sources of variation between these...
OBJECTIVE
We aimed to systematically review recidivism rates in individuals given community sentences internationally. We sought to explore sources of variation between these rates and how reporting practices may limit their comparability across jurisdictions. Finally, we aimed to adapt previously published guidelines on recidivism reporting to include community sentenced populations.
METHODS
We searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO, SAGE and Google Scholar for reports and studies of recidivism rates using non-specific and targeted searches for the 20 countries with the largest prison populations worldwide. We identified 28 studies with data from 19 countries. Of the 20 countries with the largest prison populations, only 2 reported recidivism rates for individuals given community sentences.
RESULTS
The most commonly reported recidivism information between countries was for 2-year reconviction, which ranged widely from 14% to 43% in men, and 9% to 35% in women. Explanations for recidivism rate variations between countries include when the follow-up period started and whether technical violations were taken into account.
CONCLUSION
Recidivism rates in individuals receiving community sentences are typically lower in comparison to those reported in released prisoners, although these two populations differ in terms of their baseline characteristics. Direct comparisons of the recidivism rates in community sentenced cohorts across jurisdictions are currently not possible, but simple changes to existing reporting practices can facilitate these. We propose recommendations to improve reporting practices.
Topics: Criminals; Humans; Prisoners; Punishment; Recidivism
PubMed: 31539388
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222495 -
BMC Women's Health Apr 2019Restrictive abortion laws are the single most important determinant of unsafe abortion, a major, yet preventable, global health issue. While reviews have been conducted...
BACKGROUND
Restrictive abortion laws are the single most important determinant of unsafe abortion, a major, yet preventable, global health issue. While reviews have been conducted on the extent of the phenomenon, no study has so far analysed the evidence of why women turn to informal sector providers when legal alternatives are available. This work provides a systematic review of the qualitative literature on informal sector abortion in setting where abortion is legal.
METHODS
We used the PRISMA guidelines to search Pubmed, Web of Science, Sciencedirect and Google Scholar databases between January and February 2018. 2794 documents in English and French were screened for eligibility against pre-determined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Articles investigating women's reasons for aborting in the informal sector in settings where abortion is legal were included. In total, sixteen articles were identified as eligible for this review. Findings were reported following the PRISMA guidelines.
RESULTS
The review highlights the diverse reasons women turn to the informal sector, as abortions outside of legal health facilities were reported to be a widespread and normalised practice in countries where legal abortion is provided. Women cited a range of reasons for aborting in the informal sector; these included fear of mistreatment by staff, long waiting lists, high costs, inability to fulfil regulations, privacy concerns and lack of awareness about the legality of abortion or where to procure a safe and legal abortion. Not only was unsafe abortion spoken of in terms of medical and physical safety, but also in terms of social and economic security.
CONCLUSION
The use of informal sector abortions (ISAs) is a widespread and normalised practice in many countries despite the liberalisation of abortion laws. Although ISAs are not inherently unsafe, the practice in a setting where it is illegal will increase the likelihood that women will not be given the necessary information, or that they will be punished. This study brings to the fore the diverse reasons why women opt to abort outside formal healthcare settings and their issues with provision of abortion services in legal contexts, providing an evidence base for future research and policies.
Topics: Abortion Applicants; Abortion, Legal; Cultural Characteristics; Female; Global Health; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Informal Sector; Pregnancy; Social Stigma; Women's Health Services
PubMed: 30961574
DOI: 10.1186/s12905-019-0751-0