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BMJ Open Dec 2014Since conflicting results have been published on the role of tobacco smoking on the risk of endometriosis, we provide an up-to-date summary quantification of this... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
Since conflicting results have been published on the role of tobacco smoking on the risk of endometriosis, we provide an up-to-date summary quantification of this potential association.
DESIGN
We performed a PubMed/MEDLINE search of the relevant publications up to September 2014, considering studies on humans published in English. We searched the reference list of the identified papers to find other relevant publications. Case-control as well as cohort studies have been included reporting risk estimates on the association between tobacco smoking and endometriosis. 38 of the 1758 screened papers met the inclusion criteria. The selected studies included a total of 13,129 women diagnosed with endometriosis.
SETTING
Academic hospitals.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
Risk of endometriosis in tobacco smokers.
RESULTS
We obtained the summary estimates of the relative risk (RR) using the random effect model, and assessed the heterogeneity among studies using the χ(2) test and quantified it using the I(2) statistic. As compared to never-smokers, the summary RR were 0.96 (95% CI 0.86 to 1.08) for ever smokers, 0.95 (95% CI 0.81 to 1.11) for former smokers, 0.92 (95% CI 0.82 to 1.04) for current smokers, 0.87 (95% CI 0.70 to 1.07) for moderate smokers and 0.93 (95% CI 0.69 to 1.26) for heavy smokers.
CONCLUSIONS
The present meta-analysis provided no evidence for an association between tobacco smoking and the risk of endometriosis. The results were consistent considering ever, former, current, moderate and heavy smokers, and across type of endometriosis and study design.
Topics: Endometriosis; Female; Global Health; Humans; Morbidity; Risk Factors; Smoking; Smoking Cessation
PubMed: 25534211
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006325 -
BMC Oral Health Nov 2019Smoking is a major risk factor for periodontitis and tooth loss. Smoking cessation has a positive impact in periodontal treatment. However, so far, no systematic review... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Smoking is a major risk factor for periodontitis and tooth loss. Smoking cessation has a positive impact in periodontal treatment. However, so far, no systematic review has evaluated the effect of smoking cessation on tooth loss. Therefore, this review aimed to evaluate if smoking cessation reduces the risk of tooth loss.
METHODS
Observational (cross-sectional and longitudinal) studies that investigated the association between smoking cessation and tooth loss were included. MEDLINE, EMBASE and LILACS databases were searched for articles published up to November 2018. Pooled results for subgroups of current and former smokers were compared in meta-analysis. Meta-regression was used to test the influence of smoking status on estimates and explore the heterogeneity.
RESULTS
Of 230 potentially relevant publications, 21 studies were included in the qualitative review and 12 in the quantitative analysis. Meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies did not show any differences between former and current smokers in the chance of losing 1 or more teeth (OR = 1.00; 95% CI = 0.80 to 1.24, I = 80%), losing more than 8 teeth (OR = 1.02; 95% CI = 0.78 to 1.32, I = 0%) or being edentulous (OR = 1.37; 95% CI = 0.94 to 1.99, I = 98%). Meta-analysis from longitudinal studies showed that, when compared to never smokers, former smokers presented no increased risk of tooth loss (RR = 1.15; 95% CI = 0.98 to 1.35, I = 76%), while current smokers presented an increased risk of tooth loss (RR = 2.60; 95% CI = 2.29 to 2.96, I = 61%). Meta-regression showed that, among former smokers, the time of cessation was the variable that better explained heterogeneity (approximately 60%).
CONCLUSIONS
Risk for tooth loss in former smokers is comparable to that of never smokers. Moreover, former smokers have a reduced risk of tooth loss, when compared to current smokers.
Topics: Humans; Oral Health; Risk Factors; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Tooth Loss
PubMed: 31718636
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-019-0930-2 -
The Indian Journal of Tuberculosis Oct 2023Of the problems in tuberculosis (TB) control program is the recurrence of this disease. In some studies, smoking has been reported as the most important risk factor.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
INTRODUCTION
Of the problems in tuberculosis (TB) control program is the recurrence of this disease. In some studies, smoking has been reported as the most important risk factor. Therefore, the present study aimed at examining the association between smoking and tuberculosis recurrence using meta-analysis.
METHODS
To report the findings of this meta-analysis, we used PRISMA. The protocol of this study has been recorded in PROSPERO. The research question has been formulated based on PICO, and the search was performed using both MeSH and non-MeSH keywords. After screening and selecting the articles and evaluating their quality using the NOS checklist, the overall estimate of the odds ratio of tuberculosis recurrence in smokers was assessed with a 95% confidence interval.
RESULTS
Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The total number of samples in the group of patients with tuberculosis recurrence was 1988 with 855 (43%) smokers, and in the group of patients affected by tuberculosis without recurrence, it was 27,226 with 7503 (27.56%) smokers. In 13 studies, the odds ratio of tuberculosis recurrence was higher in smokers; this difference was statistically significant in 12 of them. Combining the results of these 14 studies, the odds ratio of tuberculosis recurrence in smokers was 2.10 times higher, using the random effects model (95% CI:1.69, 2.61).
CONCLUSION
Based on the results of study present, smoking increases the risk of tuberculosis recurrence. Therefore, to eradicate tuberculosis by 2030, more serious interventions should be taken to quit smoking, which in turn reduces the incidence of tuberculosis.
Topics: Humans; Smoking; Tobacco Smoking; Tuberculosis; Smoking Cessation; Risk Factors; Recurrence
PubMed: 37968054
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2023.04.010 -
Journal of Addictive Diseases 2022Unemployment is an economic and social phenomenon that has economic, social, personal, and health consequences. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Unemployment is an economic and social phenomenon that has economic, social, personal, and health consequences. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between unemployment and alcohol use and smoking as a systematic review and meta-analysis. The two databases PubMed and Scopus were selected for the search and using a set of keywords, these two sources of scientific information were searched from 2004 to June 2021 and 1996 until June 2021, respectively. To meta-analyze the relationship between unemployment and smoking and alcohol use, odds ratio and confidence interval were calculated for this relationship. The meta-analysis was performed based on a random-effects. Subgroups were also performed for men and women. Heterogeneity in studies as well as publication bias were also examined. A total of 52 cross-sectional and cohort studies were included in the meta-analysis. In the relationship between unemployment and alcohol use, the odds ratio was 1.25 and the confidence interval was between 1.12 and 1.41. In the relationship between unemployment and smoking, the odds ratio was 1.43 and the confidence interval was between 1.13 and 1.81. According to the results, it can be said that unemployment increases the likelihood of alcohol use and smoking. Therefore, policymakers must pay more attention to the health consequences of economic problems, especially unemployment.
Topics: Alcohol Drinking; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Odds Ratio; Smoking; Unemployment
PubMed: 34747337
DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2021.1981124 -
Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official... Feb 2023To systematically review the association between smoking behavior and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
INTRODUCTION
To systematically review the association between smoking behavior and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).
AIMS AND METHODS
PubMed, Medline, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Scopus databases were used to conduct this review. The two researchers independently screened the literatures, conducted the quality assessment, and data extraction according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The RevMan 5.3 was used to analysis the apnea hypopnea index (AHI) index, min saturation of oxyhemoglobin (SaO2), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) score, and oxygen desaturation index (DOI) and publication bias analysis to assess the effect of smoking on OSA patients. Furthermore, we performed subgroup of the severity of OSA, different countries of sample origin (western countries or eastern countries), and pack-years (PYs < 10 or PYs ≥ 20) to analyze the heterogeneity.
RESULTS
Thirteen studies were included in this analysis that conformed to inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria. Totally 3654 smokers and 9796 non-smokers have participated. The meta-analysis of 13 studies demonstrated that AHI levels were significantly higher in smoker group compared with non-smoker, ESS scores were also significantly higher in smoker group compared with non-smoker, min SaO2 levels were obviously lower in smoker group compared with non-smoker, however, DOI levels hadn't significantly different between two groups. The subgroup analysis showed that there was an association between severe OSA, eastern countries, pack-years, and smoking.
CONCLUSIONS
Smoking behavior is a significant association with OSA. Heavy smokers with histories of more than 20 PYs were at a higher risk of OSA. Moreover, patient with severe OSA exhibited a significantly association with smoking compared with patients with mild or moderate OSA.
IMPLICATIONS
The relationship between smoking and OSA was controversial, especially, whether smoking increase or aggravate the risk of OSA. In our review and meta-analysis, we demonstrated that smoking behavior is a significant association with OSA. Heavy smokers with histories of more than 20 PYs were at a higher risk of OSA. Moreover, patient with severe OSA exhibited a significant association with smoking compared with patients with mild or moderate OSA. More prospective long-term follow-up studies about effect of quit smoking on OSA are recommended to establish the further relationship.
Topics: Humans; Smoking; Prospective Studies; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive; Tobacco Smoking; Non-Smokers
PubMed: 35922388
DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac126 -
Journal of Dentistry May 2015Recent studies implicate smoking as a significant factor in the failure of dental implants. This review aims to test the null hypothesis of no difference in the implant... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
Recent studies implicate smoking as a significant factor in the failure of dental implants. This review aims to test the null hypothesis of no difference in the implant failure rates, risk of postoperative infection, and marginal bone loss for smokers versus non-smokers, against the alternative hypothesis of a difference.
DATA
Main search terms used in combination: dental implant, oral implant, smoking, tobacco, nicotine, smoker, and non-smoker.
SOURCES
An electronic search was undertaken in September/2014 in PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register plus hand-searching.
STUDY SELECTION
Eligibility criteria included clinical human studies, either randomized or not. The search strategy resulted in 1432 publications, of which 107 were eligible, with 19,836 implants placed in smokers, with 1259 failures (6.35%), and 60,464 implants placed in non-smokers, with 1923 failures (3.18%).
CONCLUSIONS
The insertion of implants in smokers significantly affected the failure rates, the risk of postoperative infections as well as the marginal bone loss. The results should be interpreted with caution due to the presence of uncontrolled confounding factors in the included studies.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Smoking is a factor that has the potential to negatively affect healing and the outcome of implant treatment. It is important to perform an updated periodic review to synthesize the clinical research evidence relevant to the matter.
Topics: Alveolar Bone Loss; Dental Implants; Dental Restoration Failure; Humans; Periodontal Diseases; Smoking
PubMed: 25778741
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2015.03.003 -
Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 2023Recently, evidence has been accumulating that both smoking and mental health disorders are continuously increasing among adolescents. This systematic review elucidates...
INTRODUCTION
Recently, evidence has been accumulating that both smoking and mental health disorders are continuously increasing among adolescents. This systematic review elucidates the research into evidence of the direction of the association and risk factors influencing the relationship between smoking and depression. We also highlight recent studies on the effects of electronic cigarettes and developments on the association between depression and smoking.
METHODS
A literature search was conducted on databases including PubMed, Ovid Medline, EMBASE, and PsycINFO and in relevant neurology and psychiatry journals. Terms used for electronic searches included smoking, tobacco, cigarettes; depression; adolescent, youth; direction. Relevant information was then utilized to synthesize findings on the association between smoking and depression among adolescent population.
RESULTS
The initial database searches yielded 2,738 related articles. After screening and cross-referencing, duplicate articles, articles published in languages other than English, and studies on animals, social and lifestyle factors, mood disorders, and substance use were excluded. Of these, a total of 122 publications only focusing on smoking and depression in the adolescent population were selected for synthesis in this qualitative systemic review. These include 110 original research articles, eight meta-analyses and reviews, and four reports and websites.
CONCLUSION
The relationship between smoking and depression in the literature does not reflect the cause-effect relationship. The lack of evidence on the direction of the association may reflect futile study designs, confounding factors and/or use of indirect measures of depression and quantification of smoking. Future prospective randomized studies should target elucidation of the causal association.
Topics: Humans; Depression; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Smoking; Tobacco Smoking; Risk Factors
PubMed: 35738567
DOI: 10.47626/2237-6089-2021-0429 -
International Journal of Cardiology Jan 2023With widespread awareness about the harmful effects of traditional smoking, many people are considering using an e-cigarette. However, many studies have shown that... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
With widespread awareness about the harmful effects of traditional smoking, many people are considering using an e-cigarette. However, many studies have shown that e-cigarettes are not entirely harmless, and their use has been implicated in causing major adverse cardiovascular events.
METHODS
We adopted the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines to conduct this systematic review. An electronic search was conducted comprehensively through five databases to find the relevant articles. The odds ratio (OR) was used for comparing groups. Meta-analysis was conducted using R statistical software version 3.4.3. A random-effects model was used.
RESULTS
A total of 4 studies were included in the analysis incorporating data on 585,306 individuals. Of these, 19,435 were e-cigarettes users, while 1693 used only traditional cigarettes, and 553,095 were non-e-cigarette users. 7.0% of e-cigarettes users suffered an MI (myocardial infarction), while 7.7% and 6.5% of traditional smokers and non-e-cigarettes users suffered an MI. The OR of getting an MI in e-cigarettes (e-cigarettes only or e-cigarettes + traditional smoking) users was 1.33 (95% CI = 1.14-1.56, p-value = 0.01) in comparison to non e-cigarette users (traditional smoking or no smoking). While it is 0.61 (95% CI = 0.40-0.93, p-value 0.02) when compared with traditional smoking.
CONCLUSION
Those using e-cigarettes have higher odds of suffering from an MI in comparison to not using e-cigarettes. However, using e-cigarettes is associated with half risk of the risk of MI in comparison to traditional smoking.
Topics: Humans; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Smokers; Myocardial Infarction
PubMed: 36087629
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.09.007 -
Environmental Research Oct 2017Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for ageing-related disease, but its association with biological ageing, indicated by telomere length, is unclear. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for ageing-related disease, but its association with biological ageing, indicated by telomere length, is unclear.
METHODS
We systematically reviewed evidence evaluating association between smoking status and telomere length. Searches were performed in MEDLINE (Ovid) and EMBASE (Ovid) databases, combining variation of keywords "smoking" and "telomere". Data was extracted for study characteristics and estimates for association between smoking and telomere length. Quality of studies was assessed with a risk of bias score, and publication bias was assessed with a funnel plot. I test was used to observe heterogeneity. Meta-analysis was carried out to compare mean difference in telomere length by smoking status, and a dose-response approach was carried out for pack-years of smoking and telomere length. A sensitivity analysis was carried out to examine sources of heterogeneity.
RESULTS
A total of 84 studies were included in the review, and 30 among them were included in our meta-analysis. Potential bias was addressed in half of included studies, and there was little evidence of small study bias. Telomere length was shorter among ever smokers compared to never smokers (summary standard mean difference [SMD]: -0.11 (95% CI -0.16 to -0.07)). Similarly, shorter telomere length was found among smokers compared to non-smokers, and among current smokers compared to never or former smokers. Dose-response meta-analysis suggested an inverse trend between pack-years of smoking and telomere length. However, heterogeneity among some analyses was observed.
CONCLUSION
Shorter telomeres among ever smokers compared to those who never smoked may imply mechanisms linking tobacco smoke exposure to ageing-related disease.
Topics: Humans; Risk Factors; Smoking; Telomere Homeostasis; Telomere Shortening; Tobacco Smoke Pollution
PubMed: 28704792
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.06.038 -
BMC Public Health Jun 2023Association of cigarette smoking habits with the risk of prostate cancer is still a matter of debate. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Association of cigarette smoking habits with the risk of prostate cancer is still a matter of debate. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the association between cigarette smoking and prostate cancer risk.
METHODS
We conducted a systematic search on PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science without language or time restrictions on June 11, 2022. Literature search and study screening were performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. Prospective cohort studies that assessed the association between cigarette smoking habits and the risk of prostate cancer were included. Quality assessment was conducted using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. We used random-effects models to obtain pooled estimates and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals.
RESULTS
A total of 7296 publications were screened, of which 44 cohort studies were identified for qualitative analysis; 39 articles comprising 3 296 398 participants and 130 924 cases were selected for further meta-analysis. Current smoking had a significantly reduced risk of prostate cancer (RR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.68-0.80; P < 0.001), especially in studies completed in the prostate-specific antigen screening era. Compared to former smokers, current smokers had a significant lower risk of PCa (RR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.65-0.75; P < 0.001). Ever smoking showed no association with prostate cancer risk in overall analyses (RR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.93-1.00; P = 0.074), but an increased risk of prostate cancer in the pre-prostate-specific antigen screening era (RR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.00-1.10; P = 0.046) and a lower risk of prostate cancer in the prostate-specific antigen screening era (RR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.91-0.99; P = 0.011) were observed. Former smoking did not show any association with the risk of prostate cancer.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings suggest that the lower risk of prostate cancer in smokers can probably be attributed to their poor adherence to cancer screening and the occurrence of deadly smoking-related diseases, and we should take measures to help smokers to be more compliant with early cancer screening and to quit smoking.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
This study was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022326464).
Topics: Male; Humans; Cigarette Smoking; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prospective Studies; Smoking; Prostatic Neoplasms; Habits
PubMed: 37316851
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16085-w