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Ciencia & Saude Coletiva May 2015The purpose of this study is to review the literature on longitudinal studies that have evaluated the effect of social mobility on the occurrence of smoking in various... (Review)
Review
The purpose of this study is to review the literature on longitudinal studies that have evaluated the effect of social mobility on the occurrence of smoking in various populations. Articles were selected from the web databases PubMed and Web of Science using the words: follow up, cohort longitudinal prospective, social mobility, social change life, course socioeconomic, smoking, and tobacco. Of the six studies identified in this review, four used occupational classification to measure social mobility. All six were carried out on the continent of Europe. The results indicate higher proportions of tobacco users among those with lower socioeconomic level during the whole period of observation (for all variables analyzed); and that people who suffered downward mobility, that is to say people who were classified as having a higher socioeconomic level at the beginning of life, tended to mimic habits of the new group when they migrated to a lower social group.
Topics: Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Smoking; Social Mobility
PubMed: 26017952
DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232015205.01642014 -
BMC Public Health Aug 2023Smoking cessation can effectively reduce the risk of death, alleviate respiratory symptoms, and decrease the frequency of acute exacerbations in patients with chronic... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Smoking cessation can effectively reduce the risk of death, alleviate respiratory symptoms, and decrease the frequency of acute exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Effective smoking cessation strategies are crucial for the prevention and treatment of COPD. Currently, clinical interventions based on theoretical frameworks are being increasingly used to help patients quit smoking and have shown promising results. However, theory-guided smoking cessation interventions have not been systematically evaluated or meta-analyzed for their effectiveness in COPD patients. To improve smoking cessation rates, this study sought to examine the effects of theory-based smoking cessation interventions on COPD patients.
METHODS
We adhered to the PRISMA guidelines for our systematic review and meta-analysis. The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, Wanfang, CNKI, VIP Information Services Platform, and China Biomedical Literature Service System were searched from the establishment of the database to April 20, 2023. The study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's risk assessment tool for bias. The revman5.4 software was used for meta-analysis. The I test was used for the heterogeneity test, the random effect model and fixed effect model were used for meta-analysis, and sensitivity analysis was performed by excluding individual studies.
RESULTS
A total of 11 RCTs involving 3,830 patients were included in the meta-analysis. Results showed that theory-based smoking cessation interventions improved smoking cessation rates, quality of life, and lung function in COPD patients compared to conventional nursing. However, these interventions did not significantly affect the level of nicotine dependence in patients.
CONCLUSION
Theory-based smoking cessation intervention as a non-pharmacologically assisted smoking cessation strategy has a positive impact on motivating COPD patients to quit smoking and improving their lung function and quality of life.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
PROSPERO registration Number: CRD42023434357.
Topics: Humans; Smoking Cessation; Quality of Life; Behavior Therapy; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Smoking
PubMed: 37559043
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16441-w -
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Jun 2017To investigate the association between smoking and the risk for knee osteoarthritis (OA). (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the association between smoking and the risk for knee osteoarthritis (OA).
DESIGN
Cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies were obtained from the Medline, Embase, and Web of Science databases. Estimates were calculated using a random-effects model. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression models were performed to investigate potential sources of heterogeneity. We further analyzed the dose-response relationship between cigarette consumption and risk of knee OA.
RESULTS
Thirty-eight independent observational studies that included 481,744 participants were analyzed. Those who had ever smoked had a significantly decreased risk of developing knee OA relative to those who had never smoked (RR = 0.80; 95% CI 0.73-0.88). This was unaffected by study design, and the pooled relative risks (RRs) were 0.79 (95% CI, 0.65-0.96), 0.71 (95% CI, 0.61-0.84) and 0.83 (95% CI, 0.73-0.94) for cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies, respectively. Analysis of subgroups stratified by gender reduced the heterogeneity from moderate to low in both males and females. The lower risk for developing knee OA was more apparent in male smokers (RR = 0.69; 95% CI 0.58-0.80) than female smokers (RR = 0.89; 95% CI 0.77-1.02) and dose-response analysis showed a linear decrease in knee OA with increased cigarette consumption.
CONCLUSIONS
We found an inverse association between cigarette smoking and risk of knee OA, irrespective of study design. This association was more apparent in males. However, we have not demonstrated a causal relationship between smoking and OA, and further investigations are needed.
Topics: Humans; Osteoarthritis, Knee; Protective Factors; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Smoking
PubMed: 28011100
DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.12.020 -
Presse Medicale (Paris, France : 1983) Apr 2016Smoking whose prevalence is higher in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) worsens its evolution. Ulcerative colitis mostly affect non- or ex-smokers; smoking may improve... (Review)
Review
CONTEXT
Smoking whose prevalence is higher in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) worsens its evolution. Ulcerative colitis mostly affect non- or ex-smokers; smoking may improve the course of the disease.
OBJECTIVES
Systematic literature review of data on the relationship between smoking, smoking cessation and Crohn'disease.
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES
Medline, on the period 1980-2015 with the keywords "Crohn's disease" or "inflammatory bowel disease" and "smoking" or "smoking cessation"; limits "Title/Abstract"; the selected languages were English or French.
STUDY SELECTION
Among 1315 articles, 168 abstracts have given rise to a dual reading to select 69 studies (case-control, retrospective, reviews or meta-analysis). Data were extracted using a reading gate.
RESULTS
Smoking increases the risk of complications, recurrences and resort of surgery, corticosteroids or immunosuppressants. These deleterious effects are more common in women. Stopping smoking improves the course of the disease and represents an essential component of its management.
LIMITS
Heterogeneity of the studies collected according to the type, population characteristics, definition of smoking status and the validation of smoking cessation.
CONCLUSION
Smokers suffering from CD must routinely be made aware of the disadvantages of smoking, benefits of abstinence and helped to quit smoking.
Topics: Biomedical Research; Crohn Disease; Humans; Smoking; Smoking Cessation
PubMed: 27016849
DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2016.02.008 -
Pancreas May 2015Cigarette smoking is an independent risk factor for chronic pancreatitis. We conducted a systematic review of the literature assessing whether cigarette smoking is a... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVES
Cigarette smoking is an independent risk factor for chronic pancreatitis. We conducted a systematic review of the literature assessing whether cigarette smoking is a risk factor for acute pancreatitis (AP) and recurrent AP (RAP).
METHODS
MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched for studies published from database inception through March 2013. Two investigators independently reviewed articles for eligibility; discordant decisions were resolved by a third investigator's review and consensus. When there were sufficient studies, random-effects meta-analyses were performed by estimating pooled hazards ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
RESULTS
Twelve studies met the eligibility criteria: 7 for AP, 5 for RAP. Compared with never smokers, the risk for AP was significantly increased in current smokers (6 studies; HR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.26-2.44) and former smokers (5 studies; HR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.18-2.27). Compared with never smokers, ever smokers were at higher risk for developing RAP (5 studies; HR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.19-2.12).
CONCLUSIONS
This meta-analysis provides supportive evidence for the association of smoking status and AP. This effect is most pronounced for current smokers, but the risk exists among the former smokers compared with never smokers. There was an increased risk for RAP among ever smokers compared with that among never smokers.
Topics: Acute Disease; Humans; Models, Statistical; Pancreatitis; Risk Factors; Smoking
PubMed: 25872130
DOI: 10.1097/MPA.0000000000000301 -
Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health Aug 2023Smoking is the leading cause of preventable disease and death in the United States. The risk of smoking poses an even greater threat for racial/ethnic minorities,... (Review)
Review
Smoking is the leading cause of preventable disease and death in the United States. The risk of smoking poses an even greater threat for racial/ethnic minorities, particularly Black and Hispanic cancer patients who face a range of existing disparities in healthcare. Despite these risks for poor health outcomes among this population, little is known about the smoking behaviors of Black and Hispanic cancer patients. The purpose of this review was to understand differences in smoking prevalence, intensity, and cessation between Black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White cancer patients and survivors. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach as our framework, we conducted a systematic review of the literature. Our review discusses the methods, population, and implications of 37 included articles. Conclusions reflect the need to establish intentional and systematic measurement of smoking behaviors to best understand the risks of smoking among Black and Hispanic cancer patients.
Topics: Humans; Black People; Ethnicity; Health Behavior; Hispanic or Latino; Neoplasms; Smoking; United States; White
PubMed: 36318437
DOI: 10.1007/s10903-022-01423-8 -
Scandinavian Journal of Work,... Jan 2020Objectives Evidence on the effect of smoking on sickness absence could guide workplace smoking cessation interventions and encourage employers to promote smoking... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Objectives Evidence on the effect of smoking on sickness absence could guide workplace smoking cessation interventions and encourage employers to promote smoking cessation among their employees. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to summarize evidence on the association between smoking and sickness absence and determine whether there are differences in this association for study design, methodology, and sample characteristics. Methods We searched for studies that reported on smoking status and sickness absence, used empirical data, were published in a peer-reviewed journal in the last 25 years, and written in English. We conducted pooled analyses in which uni- and multivariate generalized linear regression models were applied. Results After screening 2551 unique records, 46 articles from 43 studies were included, of which 33 studies (with 1 240 723 participants) could be included in the pooled analyses. Smoking was associated with an 31% increase in risk of sickness absence compared to non-smoking (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24-39). We did not find statistically significant different effect sizes for study location, gender, age, occupational class, study design, assessment of sickness absence, short- versus long-term sickness absence, and adjustment for relevant confounders. Furthermore, smoking was associated with 2.89 more sickness absence days per year compared to non-smoking (95% CI 2.08-3.70). Conclusions We found robust evidence showing that smoking increases both the risk and number of sickness absence days in working populations, regardless of study location, gender, age, and occupational class. Encouraging smoking cessation at the workplace could therefore be beneficial for employers and employees.
Topics: Absenteeism; Humans; Smoking; Workplace
PubMed: 31478055
DOI: 10.5271/sjweh.3848 -
International Journal of Environmental... Dec 2021Smoking is a major public health problem. Although physicians have a key role in the fight against smoking, some of them are still smoking. Thus, we aimed to conduct a... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Smoking is a major public health problem. Although physicians have a key role in the fight against smoking, some of them are still smoking. Thus, we aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of smoking among physicians.
METHODS
PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases were searched. The prevalence of smoking among physicians was estimated and stratified, where possible, by specialties, continents, and periods of time. Then, meta-regressions were performed regarding putative influencing factors such as age and sex.
RESULTS
Among 246 studies and 497,081 physicians, the smoking prevalence among physicians was 21% (95CI 20 to 23%). Prevalence of smoking was 25% in medical students, 24% in family practitioners, 18% in surgical specialties, 17% in psychiatrists, 16% in medical specialties, 11% in anesthesiologists, 9% in radiologists, and 8% in pediatricians. Physicians in Europe and Asia had a higher smoking prevalence than in Oceania. The smoking prevalence among physicians has decreased over time. Male physicians had a higher smoking prevalence. Age did not influence smoking prevalence.
CONCLUSION
Prevalence of smoking among physicians is high, around 21%. Family practitioners and medical students have the highest percentage of smokers. All physicians should benefit from targeted preventive strategies.
Topics: Humans; Male; Physicians; Prevalence; Smoking; Students, Medical; Tobacco Smoking
PubMed: 34948936
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413328 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Aug 2014Taking regular exercise may help people give up smoking by moderating nicotine withdrawal and cravings, and by helping to manage weight gain. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Taking regular exercise may help people give up smoking by moderating nicotine withdrawal and cravings, and by helping to manage weight gain.
OBJECTIVES
To determine whether exercise-based interventions alone, or combined with a smoking cessation programme, are more effective than a smoking cessation intervention alone.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialized Register in April 2014, and searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL Plus in May 2014.
SELECTION CRITERIA
We included randomized trials which compared an exercise programme alone, or an exercise programme as an adjunct to a cessation programme, with a cessation programme (which we considered the control in this review). Studies were required to recruit smokers or recent quitters and have a follow-up of six months or more. Studies that did not meet the full inclusion criteria because they only assessed the acute effects of exercise on smoking behaviour, or because the outcome was smoking reduction, are summarised but not formally included.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
We extracted data on study characteristics and smoking outcomes. Because of differences between studies in the characteristics of the interventions used we summarized the results narratively, making no attempt at meta-analysis. We assessed risk of selection and attrition bias using standard methodological procedures expected by The Cochrane Collaboration.
MAIN RESULTS
We identified 20 trials with a total of 5,870 participants. The largest study was an internet trial with 2,318 participants, and eight trials had fewer than 30 people in each treatment arm. Studies varied in the timing and intensity of the smoking cessation and exercise programmes offered. Only one included study was judged to be at low risk of bias across all domains assessed. Four studies showed significantly higher abstinence rates in a physically active group versus a control group at end of treatment. One of these studies also showed a significant benefit for exercise versus control on abstinence at the three-month follow-up and a benefit for exercise of borderline significance (p = 0.05) at the 12-month follow-up. Another study reported significantly higher abstinence rates at six month follow-up for a combined exercise and smoking cessation programme compared with brief smoking cessation advice. One study showed significantly higher abstinence rates for the exercise group versus a control group at the three-month follow-up but not at the end of treatment or 12-month follow-up. The other studies showed no significant effect for exercise on abstinence.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Only two of the 20 trials offered evidence for exercise aiding smoking cessation in the long term. All the other trials were too small to reliably exclude an effect of intervention, or included an exercise intervention which may not have been sufficiently intense to achieve the desired level of exercise. Trials are needed with larger sample sizes, sufficiently intense interventions in terms of both exercise intensity and intensity of support being provided, equal contact control conditions, and measures of exercise adherence and change in physical activity in both exercise and comparison groups.
Topics: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Exercise; Humans; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Recurrence; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Weight Gain
PubMed: 25170798
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002295.pub5 -
Journal of Epidemiology Dec 2017Cigarette smoking is the leading avoidable cause of disease burden. Observational studies have suggested an association between smoking and risk of type 2 diabetes... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Cigarette smoking is the leading avoidable cause of disease burden. Observational studies have suggested an association between smoking and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We conducted a meta-analysis of prospective observational studies to investigate the association of smoking status, smoking intensity, and smoking cessation with the risk of T2DM in Japan, where the prevalence of smoking has been decreasing but remains high. We systematically searched MEDLINE and the Ichushi database to December 2015 and identified 22 eligible articles, representing 343,573 subjects and 16,383 patients with T2DM. We estimated pooled relative risks (RRs) using a random-effects model and conducted subgroup analyses by participant and study characteristics. Compared with nonsmoking, the pooled RR of T2DM was 1.38 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.28-1.49) for current smoking (19 studies) and 1.19 (95% CI, 1.09-1.31) for former smoking (15 studies). These associations persisted in all subgroup and sensitivity analyses. We found a linear dose-response relationship between cigarette consumption and T2DM risk; the risk of T2DM increased by 16% for each increment of 10 cigarettes smoked per day. The risk of T2DM remained high among those who quit during the preceding 5 years but decreased steadily with increasing duration of cessation, reaching a risk level comparable to that of never smokers after 10 years of smoking cessation. We estimated that 18.8% of T2DM cases in men and 5.4% of T2DM cases in women were attributable to smoking. The present findings suggest that cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk of T2DM, so tobacco control programs to reduce smoking could have a substantial effect to decrease the burden of T2DM in Japan.
Topics: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Japan; Risk Factors; Smoking
PubMed: 28716381
DOI: 10.1016/j.je.2016.12.017