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WMJ : Official Publication of the State... Dec 2023Peripheral smear examination is a simple and cost-effective test that is routinely performed while monitoring patients diagnosed with COVID-19. We sought to summarize... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Peripheral smear examination is a simple and cost-effective test that is routinely performed while monitoring patients diagnosed with COVID-19. We sought to summarize the peripheral blood morphologic findings in patients with COVID-19 infection.
METHODS
A systematic review was conducted using a standardized keyword search on Medline database (PubMed), med RXIV, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and SCOPUS for studies discussing peripheral blood smear or morphologic blood findings in patients diagnosed with COVID-19.
RESULTS
A total of 28 studies were included in the review. Normocytic normochromic anemia was the most frequently encountered red blood cell finding. Neutrophilia was seen in most of the studies. A variety of morphological changes were observed in neutrophils, including pyknotic nuclei, variable shapes, toxic granules, and cytoplasmic vacuolization. Hyposegmented neutrophils, pseudo-Pegler Huet forms, and hypogranular forms were common findings reported by many studies. Lymphopenia was reported by most studies. Lymphocytes showed numerous morphological changes, including reactive forms, Downey forms, increased large granular lymphocytes, and plasmacytoid cells. The presence of giant platelets was seen frequently.
CONCLUSIONS
The peripheral blood in COVID-19 shows a spectrum of findings, mostly reactive changes in neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, and platelets. Increased neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and higher neutrophil counts have been associated with poor prognosis, which potentially could help triage patients, but this needs to be confirmed in larger studies.
Topics: Humans; COVID-19
PubMed: 38180924
DOI: No ID Found -
Inflammation & Allergy Drug Targets 2015Uranium is the heaviest metal known as nuclear fuel, and employed in the production of glass tinting compounds, ceramic glazes, gyroscope wheels, chemical catalysts and... (Review)
Review
Uranium is the heaviest metal known as nuclear fuel, and employed in the production of glass tinting compounds, ceramic glazes, gyroscope wheels, chemical catalysts and X-ray tube targets. Inhalation and ingestion are two of the most usual ways of exposure. Uranium may be released into drinking water through the mining leading to contamination. Uranium is able to damage the DNA by generation of free radicals and acting as a catalyst in the Fenton reactions causing oxidative stress. In fact, reproductive system contains high amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and therefore it is highly vulnerable to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and sensitive to uranium toxicity. Toxic effects of uranium are generally reported through different mechanisms of action including inflammation, degeneration of testis, vacuolization of Leydig cells, spermatocytes necrosis, and oocyte dysmorphism. The present article provides a comprehensive review of the recent findings mostly about the molecular and biochemical toxicity of uranium on the reproductive system.
Topics: Animals; DNA Damage; Female; Heavy Metal Poisoning; Humans; Leydig Cells; Male; Metals, Heavy; Oocytes; Oxidative Stress; Poisoning; Radiation Injuries; Reproduction; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Uranium
PubMed: 26728775
DOI: 10.2174/1871528114666160105112441 -
Archives of Oral Biology Apr 2022This living systematic review aims to integrate the morphological and tissue-based molecular characterization of oral lesions occurring in individuals infected by... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
This living systematic review aims to integrate the morphological and tissue-based molecular characterization of oral lesions occurring in individuals infected by COVID-19 (OLICs).
MATERIALS AND DESIGN
This study was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Ovid, Embase, and LILACS were searched to identify reports on OLICs with morphological and/or tissue-based molecular data.
RESULTS
Four studies reporting five cases were included. Three patients were male, and the mean age of the individuals was 47.6 years. The most reported anatomical location was the palate (n = 4), whereas ulcers were the most frequent clinical presentation (n = 3). Histopathologically, all cases revealed cell vacuolization and exocytosis in the epithelial layer. In the mesenchymal layer, inflammatory cell infiltrate and thrombi/microvascular thrombosis were observed in three cases. Immunohistochemical reactions were performed in two cases. Both cases were negative for HHV-1, HHV-2, and CMV. One case revealed positivity for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. No other molecular tests were found for the characterization of OLIC.
CONCLUSIONS
The pathological characteristics of OLICs are still unspecific. However, with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and well-documented new cases, whether OLICs are due to coinfections or has a primary origin can be determined.
Topics: COVID-19; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
PubMed: 35180550
DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105374 -
Journal of the Science of Food and... Jan 2021Tea is the one of the most popular non-alcoholic caffeinated beverages in the world. Tea is produced from the tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze), which is...
Tea is the one of the most popular non-alcoholic caffeinated beverages in the world. Tea is produced from the tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze), which is known to accumulate fluoride. This article systematically analyzes the literature concerning fluoride absorption, transportation and fluoride tolerance mechanisms in tea plants. Fluoride bioavailability and exposure levels in tea infusions are also reviewed. The circulation of fluoride within the tea plantation ecosystems is in a positive equilibrium, with greater amounts of fluoride introduced to tea orchards than removed. Water extractable fluoride and magnesium chloride (MgCl ) extractable fluoride in plantation soil are the main sources of absorption by tea plant root via active trans-membrane transport and anion channels. Most fluoride is readily transported through the xylem as F /F-Al complexes to leaf cell walls and vacuole. The findings indicate that tea plants employ cell wall accumulation, vacuole compartmentalization, and F-Al complexes to co-detoxify fluoride and aluminum, a possible tolerance mechanism through which tea tolerates higher levels of fluoride than most plants. Furthermore, dietary and endogenous factors influence fluoride bioavailability and should be considered when exposure levels of fluoride in commercially available dried tea leaves are interpreted. The relevant current challenges and future perspectives are also discussed. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Topics: Aluminum; Biological Availability; Biological Transport; Camellia sinensis; Cell Wall; Dietary Exposure; Fluorides; Humans; Plant Leaves; Risk Assessment; Soil; Tea
PubMed: 32623727
DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10640 -
Critical Care Medicine Sep 2016The histopathologic changes associated with septic acute kidney injury are poorly understood, in part, because of the lack of biopsy data in humans. Animal models of... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
The histopathologic changes associated with septic acute kidney injury are poorly understood, in part, because of the lack of biopsy data in humans. Animal models of septic acute kidney injury may help define such changes. Therefore, we performed a systematic review of the histopathologic changes found in modern experimental septic acute kidney injury models.
DATA SOURCES
MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and PubMed (from January 2007 to February 2015).
STUDY SELECTION
We reviewed experimental studies reporting findings on the histopathology of contemporary experimental septic acute kidney injury.
DATA EXTRACTION
We focused on the presence or the absence of acute tubular necrosis, tubular cell apoptosis, and other nonspecific findings.
DATA SYNTHESIS
We identified 102 studies in 1,059 animals. Among the 1,059 animals, 53 (5.0%) did not have any renal histopathologic changes, but acute tubular necrosis was found in 184 (17.4%). The prevalence of acute tubular necrosis was not related to animal size or model of sepsis and was only found in models with low cardiac output and decreased renal blood flow (p < 0.0001). Only 21 studies (170 animals) assessed the prevalence of tubular cell apoptosis, which was reported in 158 animals (92.9%). The prevalence of tubular cell apoptosis was significantly higher in studies using small animals (p < 0.0001) and in peritonitis models (p < 0.0001). Simultaneous acute tubular necrosis and tubular cell apoptosis was rare (55 animals [32.4%]) and only seen with decreased cardiac output and renal blood flow. Nonspecific changes (vacuolization of tubular cells, loss of brush border, and tubular cell swelling) were each observed in 423 (39.9%), 250 (23.6%) and 243 (22.9%) animals, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
In models of experimental septic acute kidney injury in contemporary articles, acute tubular necrosis was relatively uncommon and, when present, reflected the presence of an associated low cardiac output or low renal blood flow syndrome. Tubular cell apoptosis seemed frequent in the few studies in which it was investigated. Nonspecific morphologic changes, however, were the most common histopathologic findings.
Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Sepsis
PubMed: 27058465
DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001735 -
Journal of Personalized Medicine Jun 2023Prostatic adenocarcinoma (PA) is the second most common malignancy in men globally. Signet-ring cell-like adenocarcinoma (SRCC) is a very rare PA subtype, with around... (Review)
Review
A Case of Prostatic Signet-Ring Cell-like Carcinoma with Pagetoid Spread and Intraductal Carcinoma and Long-Term Survival: PD-L1 and Mismatch Repair System Proteins (MMR) Immunohistochemical Evaluation with Systematic Literature Review.
Prostatic adenocarcinoma (PA) is the second most common malignancy in men globally. Signet-ring cell-like adenocarcinoma (SRCC) is a very rare PA subtype, with around 200 cases reported in the English literature. Histologically, the tumor cells show a vacuole compressing the nucleus to the periphery. Pagetoid spread in acini and ducts is usually related to metastases from urothelial or colorectal carcinomas, less commonly associated with intraductal carcinoma (IC); histologically, the tumor cells grow between the acinar secretory and basal cell layers. To our knowledge, we report the first prostatic SRCC (Gleason score 10, stage pT3b) associated with IC and pagetoid spread to prostatic acini and seminal vesicles. To our systematic literature review (PRISMA guidelines), it is the first tested case for both PD-L1 (<1% of positive tumor cells, clone 22C3) and mismatch repair system proteins (MMR) (MLH1+/MSH2+/PMS2+/MSH6+). We found no SRCC previously tested for MMR, while only four previous cases showed high expression of another PD-L1 clone (28-8). Finally, we discussed the differential diagnoses of prostatic SRCC.
PubMed: 37374005
DOI: 10.3390/jpm13061016 -
Rheumatology International Jul 2024VEXAS (vacuoles, E1 enzyme, X-linked, autoinflammatory, somatic) syndrome is a newly discovered autoinflammatory condition characterised by somatic mutation of the UBA1... (Review)
Review Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
VEXAS (vacuoles, E1 enzyme, X-linked, autoinflammatory, somatic) syndrome is a newly discovered autoinflammatory condition characterised by somatic mutation of the UBA1 gene. The syndrome leads to multi-system inflammation affecting predominantly the skin, lungs and bone marrow.
METHODS
We undertook a systematic review of the multisystem features and genotypes observed in VEXAS syndrome. Articles discussing VEXAS syndrome were included. Medline, Embase and Cochrane databases were searched. Information was extracted on: demographics, type and prevalence of clinical manifestations, genetic mutations and treatment. Meta-analysis using a random effects model was used to determine pooled estimates of serum markers.
RESULTS
From 303 articles, 90 were included, comprising 394 patients with VEXAS. 99.2% were male, with a mean age of 67.1 years (SD 8.5) at disease onset. The most frequent diagnoses made prior to VEXAS were: relapsing polychondritis (n = 59); Sweet's syndrome (n = 24); polyarteritis nodosa (n = 11); and myelodysplastic syndrome (n = 10). Fever was reported in 270 cases (68.5%) and weight loss in 79 (20.1%). Most patients had haematological (n = 342; 86.8%), dermatological (n = 321; 81.5%), pulmonary (n = 297; 75.4%%) and musculoskeletal (n = 172; 43.7%) involvement, although other organ manifestations of varying prevalence were also recorded. The most commonly reported mutations were "c.122T > C pMET41Thr" (n = 124), "c.121A > G pMET41Val" (n = 62) and "c.121A > C pMet41Leu" (n = 52). Most patients received glucocorticoids (n = 240; 60.9%) followed by methotrexate (n = 82; 20.8%) and IL-6 inhibitors (n = 61, 15.4%). One patient underwent splenectomy; 24 received bone marrow transplants.
CONCLUSION
VEXAS syndrome is a rare disorder affecting predominantly middle-aged men. This is the first systematic review to capture clinical manifestations, genetics and treatment of reported cases. Further studies are needed to optimise treatment and subsequently reduce morbidity and mortality.
Topics: Humans; Male; Ubiquitin-Activating Enzymes; Female; Mutation; Syndrome; Aged; Middle Aged; Myelodysplastic Syndromes; Sweet Syndrome; Polyarteritis Nodosa; Hereditary Autoinflammatory Diseases
PubMed: 38129348
DOI: 10.1007/s00296-023-05513-0 -
Journal of Stomatology, Oral and... Oct 2022This systematic review purposed to investigate reports of oral lesions in confirmed COVID-19 patients summarizing clinical characteristics, histological findings,...
This systematic review purposed to investigate reports of oral lesions in confirmed COVID-19 patients summarizing clinical characteristics, histological findings, treatment and correlation of oral lesions and COVID-19 severity. Electronic search was conducted on November 2021 using seven databases to identify case reports/series describing lesions in oral mucosa in COVID-19 confirmed cases. A total of 5,179 studies were found, being 39 eligible from 19 countries, totalling 116 cases. It was observed only COVID-19 non-vaccinated cases and no sex or age predilection. The oral lesions presentation was mostly single location (69.8%), commonly in the tongue, lips, and palate, being ulcer the main clinical presentation. According to severity index for COVID-19, the reports were more frequent in patients with mild and moderate symptoms, being 75.8% in acute phase. The oral lesion appearance in post-acute COVID-19 were described after 14 to two months after patient recovery. Histologically, keratinocytes with perinuclear vacuolization, thrombosis and mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate were also described with the presence of the virus in keratinocytes, endothelial cells, and minor salivary glands. In conclusion, health care professionals should consider COVID-19 association when patient present ulcerated oral lesions and mild to moderate symptoms for COVID-19 or had acute-COVID-19.
Topics: COVID-19; Endothelial Cells; Humans; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 35550190
DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2022.05.005 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Jan 2023The study used scattered literature to summarize the effects of excess Cd, As, and Pb from contaminated soils on plant secondary metabolites/bioactive compounds...
The study used scattered literature to summarize the effects of excess Cd, As, and Pb from contaminated soils on plant secondary metabolites/bioactive compounds (non-nutrient organic substances). Hence, we provided a systematic overview involving the sources and forms of Cd, As, and Pb in soils, plant uptake, mechanisms governing the interaction of these risk elements during the formation of secondary metabolites, and subsequent effects. The biogeochemical characteristics of soils are directly responsible for the mobility and bioavailability of risk elements, which include pH, redox potential, dissolved organic carbon, clay content, Fe/Mn/Al oxides, and microbial transformations. The radial risk element flow in plant systems is restricted by the apoplastic barrier (e.g., Casparian strip) and chelation (phytochelatins and vacuole sequestration) in roots. However, bioaccumulation is primarily a function of risk element concentration and plant genotype. The translocation of risk elements to the shoot via the xylem and phloem is well-mediated by transporter proteins. Besides the dysfunction of growth, photosynthesis, and respiration, excess Cd, As, and Pb in plants trigger the production of secondary metabolites with antioxidant properties to counteract the toxic effects. Eventually, this affects the quantity and quality of secondary metabolites (including phenolics, flavonoids, and terpenes) and adversely influences their antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antidiabetic, anticoagulant, and lipid-lowering properties. The mechanisms governing the translocation of Cd, As, and Pb are vital for regulating risk element accumulation in plants and subsequent effects on secondary metabolites.
Topics: Antioxidants; Biodegradation, Environmental; Cadmium; Lead; Metals, Heavy; Soil; Soil Pollutants
PubMed: 36529801
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24776-x -
Zootaxa Sep 2021The family Ophryoscolecidae (Ciliophora, Entodiniomorphida) constitutes a diverse and monophyletic group of symbiotic ciliates of herbivorous mammals. The family...
Systematic review of the genus Ostracodinium (Ciliophora, Entodiniomorphida, Ophryoscolecidae) and notes on the taxonomy of Ostracodinium rugoloricatum Kofoid amp; MacLennan, 1932.
The family Ophryoscolecidae (Ciliophora, Entodiniomorphida) constitutes a diverse and monophyletic group of symbiotic ciliates of herbivorous mammals. The family includes approximately 200 species, distributed in three subfamilies and sixteen genera. The subfamily Diplodiniinae is the most diverse group in Ophryoscolecidae and comprises the genus Ostracodinium, which includes species with two retractable ciliary zones in the anterior body portion, a broad skeletal plate covering almost all the right surface of the body and a variable number of contractile vacuoles. The genus currently comprises 28 species, classified according to body size and shape, position and shape of the nuclear apparatus, number and position of contractile vacuoles, and number and shape of caudal projections. The present study performs a systematic review of the genus Ostracodinium, based on morphological and molecular data, and provides data about geographic distribution and hosts of each species.
Topics: Animals; Body Size; Ciliophora
PubMed: 34811084
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5039.2.6