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Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia :... 2015The objectives of this study were to characterize and clarify the relationships between the various cognitive domains affected in COPD patients and the disease itself,... (Review)
Review
The objectives of this study were to characterize and clarify the relationships between the various cognitive domains affected in COPD patients and the disease itself, as well as to determine the prevalence of impairment in the various cognitive domains in such patients. To that end, we performed a systematic review using the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. We included articles that provided information on cognitive impairment in COPD patients. The review of the findings of the articles showed a significant relationship between COPD and cognitive impairment. The most widely studied cognitive domains are memory and attention. Verbal memory and learning constitute the second most commonly impaired cognitive domain in patients with COPD. The prevalence of impairment in visuospatial memory and intermediate visual memory is 26.9% and 19.2%, respectively. We found that cognitive impairment is associated with the profile of COPD severity and its comorbidities. The articles reviewed demonstrated that there is considerable impairment of the cognitive domains memory and attention in patients with COPD. Future studies should address impairments in different cognitive domains according to the disease stage in patients with COPD.
Topics: Cognition Disorders; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Learning Disabilities; Male; Memory Disorders; Neuropsychological Tests; Observational Studies as Topic; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
PubMed: 25909154
DOI: 10.1590/S1806-37132015000004424 -
Journal of Addiction Medicine 2014Cocaine use disorder is associated with cognitive deficits. However, the literature remains somewhat ambiguous with respect to which distinct cognitive functions are the... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Cocaine use disorder is associated with cognitive deficits. However, the literature remains somewhat ambiguous with respect to which distinct cognitive functions are the most impaired in cocaine use disorder and to how duration of abstinence affects cognitive recovery. Here, we performed a meta-analysis to determine the cognitive domains impaired in cocaine abuse/dependence and the duration of abstinence necessary to achieve cognitive recovery.
METHODS
A literature search yielded 46 studies that assessed cognitive dysfunction in subjects with cocaine abuse/dependence. Effect-size estimates were calculated using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis V2, for the following 11 cognitive domains: attention, executive functions, impulsivity, speed of processing, verbal fluency/language, verbal learning and memory, visual learning and memory, visuospatial abilities, and working memory. Within these 11 domains, effect-size estimates were calculated on the basis of abstinence duration: short- (positive for drugs urine screening), intermediate- (≤12 weeks), and long-term (≥20 weeks) abstinence.
RESULTS
Findings revealed moderate impairment across 8 cognitive domains during intermediate abstinence. The most impaired domains were attention, impulsivity, verbal learning/memory, and working memory. For some domains (attention, speed of processing, and verbal learning/memory), impairments were smaller during short-term abstinence than during intermediate abstinence. Finally, small effect-size estimates were found for long-term abstinence.
DISCUSSION
These results suggest significant impairment across multiple cognitive domains in cocaine abusers, and that some of these deficits may be partially masked by the residual or acute withdrawal effects of cocaine. Cognitive dysfunctions remain stable during the first months of abstinence and may abate after 5 months of sobriety.
Topics: Cocaine; Cocaine-Related Disorders; Cognition; Cognition Disorders; Humans
PubMed: 25187977
DOI: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000066 -
Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) Jul 2015No literature reviews have systematically identified and evaluated research on the psychological determinants of endurance performance, and sport psychology performance... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
No literature reviews have systematically identified and evaluated research on the psychological determinants of endurance performance, and sport psychology performance enhancement guidelines for endurance sports are not founded on a systematic appraisal of endurance-specific research.
OBJECTIVE
A systematic literature review was conducted to identify practical psychological interventions that improve endurance performance and to identify additional psychological factors that affect endurance performance. Additional objectives were to evaluate the research practices of the included studies, to suggest theoretical and applied implications, and to guide future research.
METHODS
Electronic databases, forward-citation searches and manual searches of reference lists were used to locate relevant studies. Peer-reviewed studies were included when they chose an experimental or quasi-experimental research design; a psychological manipulation; endurance performance as the dependent variable; and athletes or physically active, healthy adults as participants.
RESULTS
Consistent support was found for using imagery, self-talk and goal setting to improve endurance performance, but it is unclear whether learning multiple psychological skills is more beneficial than learning one psychological skill. The results also demonstrated that mental fatigue undermines endurance performance, and verbal encouragement and head-to-head competition can have a beneficial effect. Interventions that influenced perception of effort consistently affected endurance performance.
CONCLUSIONS
Psychological skills training could benefit an endurance athlete. Researchers are encouraged to compare different practical psychological interventions, to examine the effects of these interventions for athletes in competition and to include a placebo control condition or an alternative control treatment. Researchers are also encouraged to explore additional psychological factors that could have a negative effect on endurance performance. Future research should include psychological mediating variables and moderating variables. Implications for theoretical explanations for endurance performance and evidence-based practice are described.
Topics: Athletes; Athletic Performance; Goals; Humans; Physical Endurance; Psychotherapy; Self Efficacy
PubMed: 25771784
DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0319-6 -
Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology &... Mar 2023Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disorder that includes positive and negative symptoms but also debilitating cognitive deficits. Current pharmacological... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disorder that includes positive and negative symptoms but also debilitating cognitive deficits. Current pharmacological interventions do not target these deficits. Recent evidence suggests a connection between some inflammatory markers (including C-reactive protein) and cognitive impairment, but did not address other inflammatory markers. In the current study, we try to fill the gap by focusing on the association of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and CRP with cognitive dysfunction.
METHODS
PUBMED and Web of Science databases were searched for all studies published until July 2022. A total of 25 studies were included in an analysis of the association between cognitive performance and variation in IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α and CRP.
RESULTS
A total of 2398 patients were included in this study. Meta-analyses results showed a significant inverse relationship between performance in five cognitive domains (attention-processing speed, executive function, working memory, verbal and visual learning and memory) and systemic IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α and CRP plasma levels in patients with schizophrenia. The meta-analyses results showed a significant decline in the cognitive performances with the evaluated inflammatory markers with effect sizes ranging from -0.136 to -0.181 for IL-6, -0.188 to -0.38 for TNF-α -0.372 to -0.476 for IL-1β and - 0.168 to -0.311 for CRP.
CONCLUSION
Findings from the current study shows that cognitive deficits are reflective of elevated proinflammatory biomarkers (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α and CRP) levels. The results obtained indicate relatedness between inflammation and cognitive decline in patients with schizophrenia. Understanding the underlying pathways between them could have a significant impact on the disease progression and quality of life in schizophrenia patients.
Topics: Humans; Schizophrenia; Interleukin-6; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Quality of Life; Cognitive Dysfunction; C-Reactive Protein; Biomarkers; Inflammation
PubMed: 36283512
DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110668 -
JAMA Psychiatry May 2024Cognitive impairment contributes significantly to clinical outcome and level of function in individuals with psychotic disorders. These impairments are present already... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
IMPORTANCE
Cognitive impairment contributes significantly to clinical outcome and level of function in individuals with psychotic disorders. These impairments are present already at psychosis onset at a group level; however, the question of heterogeneity in cognitive function among patients has not been systematically investigated.
OBJECTIVE
To provide an updated quantification of cognitive impairment at psychosis onset before patients receive potentially confounding antipsychotic treatment, and to investigate variability in cognitive function compared with healthy controls.
DATA SOURCES
In this systematic review and meta-analysis, PubMed articles were searched up to September 15, 2022.
STUDY SELECTION
Original studies reporting data on cognitive function in antipsychotic drug-naive patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP) were included.
DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS
Data were independently extracted by 2 researchers. Cognitive tasks were clustered according to 6 domains of the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery and the domain of executive function. Random-effects model meta-analyses of mean differences and coefficient of variation ratios (CVRs) were performed, as well as meta-regressions, assessment of study quality, and publication bias.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
The main outcome measure was Hedges g for mean differences in cognition and CVR for within-group variability.
RESULTS
Fifty studies were included in the analysis with a total of 2625 individuals with FEP (mean [SD] age, 25.2 [3.6] years, 60% male; 40% female) and 2917 healthy controls (mean [SD] age, 26.0 [4.6]; 55% male; 45% female). In all cognitive domains, the FEP group displayed significant impairment compared with controls (speed of processing: Hedges g = -1.16; 95% CI, -1.35 to -0.98; verbal learning: Hedges g = -1.08; 95% CI, -1.28 to -0.88; visual learning: Hedges g = -1.05; 95% CI, -1.27 to -0.82; working memory: Hedges g = -1.04; 95% CI, -1.35 to -0.73; attention: Hedges g = -1.03; 95% CI, -1.24 to -0.82; reasoning/problem solving: Hedges g = -0.90; 95% CI, -1.12 to -0.68; executive function: Hedges g = -0.88; 95% CI, -1.07 to -0.69). Individuals with FEP also exhibited a larger variability across all domains (CVR range, 1.34-1.92).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
Results of this systematic review and meta-analysis identified cognitive impairment in FEP before the initiation of antipsychotic treatment, with large effect sizes. The high variability within the FEP group suggests the need to identify those individuals with more severe cognitive problems who risk worse outcomes and could benefit the most from cognitive remediation.
Topics: Humans; Psychotic Disorders; Cognitive Dysfunction; Executive Function; Cognition; Antipsychotic Agents; Schizophrenia
PubMed: 38416480
DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0016 -
Neurological Sciences : Official... Feb 2022Telerehabilitation (TR) seems to be an encouraging solution for the delivery of cognitive treatments in patients with neurological disorders. This study was aimed to... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Telerehabilitation (TR) seems to be an encouraging solution for the delivery of cognitive treatments in patients with neurological disorders. This study was aimed to analyze and synthesize the evidence on the efficacy of cognitive TR interventions in patients with neurological diseases, compared with conventional face-to-face rehabilitation. From a total of 4485 records, 9 studies met the inclusion criteria for qualitative analysis. At the end of the process, 7 studies remained for quantitative analysis. By comparing TR with face-to-face treatments for cognitive impairments, we assessed improvements in global cognitive domain (Mini Mental State Exam) (MD = -0.86; 95% CI -2.43, 0.72, I = 0%), in learning and memory domains (SMD = 0.26, 95% CI -0.22, 0.74, I = 24%), in verbal fluency (SMD = 0.08, 95% CI -0.47, 0.62, I = 0%), and in executive functions (i.e., problem-solving, central processing speed and working memory) (SMD = 0.38, 95% CI 0.06, 0.71, I = 0%). In all the included studies, improvement in the performance of the TR groups was comparable to that achieved through face-to-face intervention. Significant differences between those two modalities of providing treatments were observed for working memory and total executive function comparison, in favor of TR. The results of this study can sustain the efficacy of TR and its application for the treatment of neurological patients, especially when treated for executive function impairments.
Topics: Cognition; Cognitive Dysfunction; Executive Function; Humans; Telerehabilitation
PubMed: 34822030
DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05770-6 -
CNS Spectrums Jun 2024Trichotillomania (TTM) is a mental health disorder characterized by repetitive urges to pull out one's hair. Cognitive deficits have been reported in people with TTM... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
Trichotillomania (TTM) is a mental health disorder characterized by repetitive urges to pull out one's hair. Cognitive deficits have been reported in people with TTM compared to controls; however, the current literature is sparse and inconclusive about affected domains. We aimed to synthesize research on cognitive functioning in TTM and investigate which cognitive domains are impaired.
METHODS
After preregistration on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), we conducted a comprehensive literature search for papers examining cognition in people with TTM versus controls using validated tests. A total of 793 papers were screened using preestablished inclusion/exclusion criteria, yielding 15 eligible studies. Random-effects meta-analysis was conducted for 12 cognitive domains.
RESULTS
Meta-analysis demonstrated significant deficits in motor inhibition and extradimensional (ED) shifting in people with TTM versus controls as measured by the stop-signal task (SST) (Hedge's = 0.45, [CI: 0.14, 0.75], = .004) and ED set-shift task ( = 0.38, [CI: 0.13, 0.62], = .003), respectively. There were no significant between-group differences in the other cognitive domains tested: verbal learning, intradimensional (ID) shifting, road map spatial ability, pattern recognition, nonverbal memory, executive planning, spatial span length, Stroop inhibition, Wisconsin card sorting, and visuospatial functioning. Findings were not significantly moderated by study quality scores.
CONCLUSIONS
Motor inhibition and ED set-shifting appear impaired in TTM. However, a cautious interpretation of results is necessary as samples were relatively small and frequently included comorbidities. Treatment interventions seeking to improve inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility merit exploration for TTM.
Topics: Humans; Cognition; Neuropsychological Tests; Trichotillomania
PubMed: 38477170
DOI: 10.1017/S1092852924000129 -
International Journal of Environmental... Aug 2022Observational learning is an effective pedagogical approach that can influence students' motor skill development at every level of physical education (PE). This study... (Review)
Review
Observational learning is an effective pedagogical approach that can influence students' motor skill development at every level of physical education (PE). This study aimed to systematically summarize the evidence on observational learning for motor skill learning in PE and to generalize the evidence on the effect of model formats and verbal cues during observational learning. An electronic search of eight databases was conducted. Eighteen studies were included and their methodological quality was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database Scale. Best evidence synthesis (BES) was used to assess levels of evidence. Strong evidence supported the effect of observational learning on students' motor skill learning compared to students who did not participate in observational learning. Moderate evidence suggested that there is no significant difference in the effectiveness of observing an expert model compared to a self-model. Conflicting evidence was identified for the effect of the presence of verbal cues compared to the absence of verbal cues during observational learning. The results suggest that observational learning is useful for students' motor skill learning in PE. Given the influences of potential factors, we recommend that future studies investigate how observational learning interacts with verbal cues on students' motor skill learning.
Topics: Clinical Competence; Humans; Learning; Motor Skills; Physical Education and Training; Students
PubMed: 36011744
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610109 -
Psychiatry Research Aug 2022This study serves as an update to a recent systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize the effect of aerobic exercise on cognition in schizophrenia and determine... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
This study serves as an update to a recent systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize the effect of aerobic exercise on cognition in schizophrenia and determine the most effective method of aerobic exercise. We searched for controlled studies investigating the effect of aerobic exercise on cognition in schizophrenia published until January 2021. Fifteen studies were included. A random-effects model was used to estimate the standardized mean differences (SMDs) between cognitive outcomes of aerobic exercises and controls. Compared with controls, aerobic exercises resulted in significant improvements in global cognition (SMD = 0.21), attention/vigilance (SMD = 0.32), working memory (SMD = 0.27), and verbal learning (SMD = 0.30). Significant improvements in global cognition were observed with group exercise (SMD = 0.28), exercise supervised by exercise professionals (SMD = 0.27), as well as with ≥ 90 min/week (SMD = 0.26) and ≥ 12 weeks duration (SMD = 0.22). Our findings provide information beneficial for determining the most effective aerobic exercise method to improve cognition in schizophrenia.
Topics: Attention; Cognition; Exercise; Exercise Therapy; Humans; Memory, Short-Term; Schizophrenia
PubMed: 35659670
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114656 -
Neurosurgery Sep 2014Currently, there is no evidence-based definition for concussion that is being uniformly applied in clinical and research settings. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Currently, there is no evidence-based definition for concussion that is being uniformly applied in clinical and research settings.
OBJECTIVE
To conduct a systematic review of the highest-quality literature about concussion and to assemble evidence about the prevalence and associations of key indicators of concussion. The goal was to establish an evidence-based foundation from which to derive, in future work, a definition, diagnostic criteria, and prognostic indicators for concussion.
METHODS
Key questions were developed, and an electronic literature search from 1980 to 2012 was conducted to acquire evidence about the prevalence of and associations among signs, symptoms, and neurologic and cognitive deficits in samples of individuals exposed to potential concussive events. Included studies were assessed for potential for bias and confound and rated as high, medium, or low potential for bias and confound. Those rated as high were excluded from the analysis. Studies were further triaged on the basis of whether the definition of a case of concussion was exclusive or inclusive; only those with wide, inclusive case definitions were used in the analysis. Finally, only studies reporting data collected at fixed time points were used. For a study to be included in the conclusions, it was required that the presence of any particular sign, symptom, or deficit be reported in at least 2 independent samples.
RESULTS
From 5437 abstracts, 1362 full-text publications were reviewed, of which 231 studies were included in the final library. Twenty-six met all criteria required to be used in the analysis, and of those, 11 independent samples from 8 publications directly contributed data to conclusions. Prevalent and consistent indicators of concussion are (1) observed and documented disorientation or confusion immediately after the event, (2) impaired balance within 1 day after injury, (3) slower reaction time within 2 days after injury, and/or (4) impaired verbal learning and memory within 2 days after injury.
CONCLUSION
The results of this systematic review identify the consistent and prevalent indicators of concussion and their associations, derived from the strongest evidence in the published literature. The product is an evidence-based foundation from which to develop diagnostic criteria and prognostic indicators.
Topics: Brain Concussion; Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; Physical Examination; Practice Guidelines as Topic
PubMed: 25006974
DOI: 10.1227/NEU.0000000000000433