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The effect of sleep on novel word learning in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Dec 2021There is increasing evidence to indicate that sleep plays a role in language acquisition and consolidation; however, there has been substantial variability in... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
There is increasing evidence to indicate that sleep plays a role in language acquisition and consolidation; however, there has been substantial variability in methodological approaches used to examine this phenomenon. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effect of sleep on novel word learning in adults, and explore whether these effects differed by retrieval domain (i.e., recall, recognition, and tests of lexical integration). Twenty-five unique studies met the inclusion criteria for the review, and 42 separate outcome measures were synthesized in the meta-analysis (k = 29 separate between-group comparisons, n = 1,396 participants). The results from the omnibus meta-analysis indicated that sleep was beneficial for novel word learning compared with wakefulness (g = 0.50). Effect sizes differed across the separate domain-specific meta-analyses, with moderate effects for recall (g = 0.57) and recognition memory (g = 0.52), and a small effect for tasks which measured lexical integration (g = 0.39). Overall, the results of this meta-analysis indicate that sleep generally benefits novel word acquisition and consolidation compared with wakefulness across differing retrieval domains. This systematic review highlights the potential for sleep to be used to improve second-language learning in healthy adults, and overall provides further insight into methods to facilitate language development.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Mental Recall; Recognition, Psychology; Sleep; Verbal Learning; Wakefulness
PubMed: 34549375
DOI: 10.3758/s13423-021-01980-3 -
Acta Neurochirurgica Jan 2016Cognitive preservation is crucial in glioma surgery, as it is an important aspect of daily life functioning. Several studies claimed that surgery in eloquent areas is... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Cognitive preservation is crucial in glioma surgery, as it is an important aspect of daily life functioning. Several studies claimed that surgery in eloquent areas is possible without causing severe cognitive damage. However, this conclusion was relatively ungrounded due to the lack of extensive neuropsychological testing in homogenous patient groups. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the short-term and long-term effects of glioma surgery on cognition by identifying all studies who conducted neuropsychological tests preoperatively and postoperatively in glioma patients.
METHODS
We systematically searched the electronical databases Embase, Medline OvidSP, Web of Science, PsychINFO OvidSP, PubMed, Cochrane, Google Scholar, Scirius and Proquest aimed at cognitive performance in glioma patients preoperatively and postoperatively.
RESULTS
We included 17 studies with tests assessing the cognitive domains: language, memory, attention, executive functions and/or visuospatial abilities. Language was the domain most frequently examined. Immediately postoperatively, all studies except one, found deterioration in one or more cognitive domains. In the longer term (3-6/6-12 months postoperatively), the following tests showed both recovery and deterioration compared with the preoperative level: naming and verbal fluency (language), verbal word learning (memory) and Trailmaking B (executive functions).
CONCLUSIONS
Cognitive recovery to the preoperative level after surgery is possible to a certain extent; however, the results are too arbitrary to draw definite conclusions and not all studies investigated all cognitive domains. More studies with longer postoperative follow-up with tests for cognitive change are necessary for a better understanding of the conclusive effects of glioma surgery on cognition.
Topics: Adult; Brain Neoplasms; Child; Cognition; Cognition Disorders; Glioma; Humans; Neuropsychological Tests; Postoperative Complications; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 26566782
DOI: 10.1007/s00701-015-2601-7 -
Geriatric Nursing (New York, N.Y.) 2023Non-pharmaceutical interventions have been implemented for people with dementia or mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Researchers have used exergaming in dementia to... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Non-pharmaceutical interventions have been implemented for people with dementia or mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Researchers have used exergaming in dementia to alleviate cognitive decline in patients with dementia.
AIMS
We assessed the effects of exergaming interventions on MCI and dementia.
METHODS
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO [CRD42022347399]). PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Embase electronic databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The impact of exergaming on cognitive function, physical performance, and quality of life in patients with MCI and dementia was investigated.
RESULTS
Ten RCTs met the eligibility criteria and were included in our systematic review. The results of the meta-analysis demonstrated a statistically significant difference in the Mini-mental State Examination, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Trail Making Test, Chinese version of the Verbal Learning Test, Berg Balance Scale, Short Physical Performance Battery, and Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly in people with dementia and MCI who participated in exergaming. However, there were no significant improvements in the Activities of Daily Living, Instrumental Activity of Daily Living or Quality of Life.
CONCLUSION
Although there were significant differences in cognitive and physical functions, these results should be interpreted with caution because of heterogeneity. The additional benefits of exergaming remain to be confirmed in future studies.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Exergaming; Cognitive Dysfunction; Cognition; Exercise; Dementia
PubMed: 37099867
DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2023.03.028 -
BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 2017Verbal augmented feedback (VAF) is commonly used in physiotherapy rehabilitation of individuals with lower extremity musculoskeletal dysfunction or to induce motor... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Verbal augmented feedback (VAF) is commonly used in physiotherapy rehabilitation of individuals with lower extremity musculoskeletal dysfunction or to induce motor learning for injury prevention. Its effectiveness for acquisition, retention and transfer of learning of new skills in this population is unknown.
OBJECTIVES
First, to investigate the effect of VAF for rehabilitation and prevention of lower extremity musculoskeletal dysfunction. Second, to determine its effect on motor learning and the stages of acquisition, retention and transfer in this population.
DESIGN
Systematic review designed in accordance with the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination and reported in line with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
METHOD
MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed and five additional databases were searched to identify primary studies with a focus on VAF for prevention and rehabilitation of lower extremity musculoskeletal dysfunction. One reviewer screened the titles and abstracts. Two reviewers retrieved full text articles for final inclusion. The first reviewer extracted data, whereas the second reviewer audited. Two reviewers independently assessed risk of bias and quality of evidence using Cochrane Collaboration's tool and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation, respectively.
RESULTS
Six studies were included, with a total sample of 304 participants. Participants included patients with lateral ankle sprain (n=76), postoperative ACL reconstruction (n=16) and healthy individuals in injury prevention (n=212). All six studies included acquisition, whereas retention was found in five studies. Only one study examined transfer of the achieved motor learning (n=36). VAF was found to be effective for improving lower extremity biomechanics and postural control with moderate evidence from five studies.
CONCLUSION
VAF should be considered in the rehabilitation of lower extremity musculoskeletal dysfunctions. However, it cannot be unequivocally confirmed that VAF is effective in this population, owing to study heterogeneity and a lack of high-quality evidence. Nevertheless, positive effects on lower extremity biomechanics and postural control have been identified. This suggests that further research into this topic is warranted where an investigation of long-term effects of interventions is required. All stages (acquisition, retention and transfer) should be evaluated.
PubMed: 29018544
DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2017-000256 -
Archives of Physical Medicine and... Feb 2018To update the clinical recommendations for cognitive rehabilitation of people with multiple sclerosis (MS), based on a systematic review of the literature from 2007... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To update the clinical recommendations for cognitive rehabilitation of people with multiple sclerosis (MS), based on a systematic review of the literature from 2007 through 2016.
DATA SOURCES
Searches of MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL were conducted with a combination of the following terms: attention, awareness, cognition, cognitive, communication, executive, executive function, language, learning, memory, perception, problem solving, reasoning, rehabilitation, remediation, training, processing speed, and working memory. One hundred twenty-nine articles were identified and underwent initial screening.
STUDY SELECTION
Fifty-nine articles were selected for inclusion after initial screening. Nineteen studies were excluded after further detailed review. Forty studies were fully reviewed and evaluated.
DATA EXTRACTION
Articles were assigned to 1 of 6 categories: attention, learning and memory, processing speed and working memory, executive functioning, metacognition, or nonspecified/combined cognitive domains. Articles were abstracted and levels of evidence were decided using specific criteria.
DATA SYNTHESIS
The current review yielded 6 class I studies, 10 class II studies, and 24 class III studies. One intervention in the area of verbal learning and memory received support for a practice standard, 2 computer programs received support as practice guidelines (in the area of attention and multicognitive domains), and several studies provided support for 5 practice options in the domains of attention and learning and memory.
CONCLUSIONS
Substantial progress has been made since our previous review regarding the identification of effective treatments for cognitive impairments in persons with MS. However, much work remains to be done to optimize rehabilitation potential by applying the most methodologically rigorous research designs to provide class I evidence in support of a given treatment strategy.
Topics: Cognition Disorders; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; Multiple Sclerosis
PubMed: 28958607
DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2017.07.021 -
Brain and Behavior Jun 2023Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating/neurodegenerative disease associated with change in cognitive function (CF) over time. This systematic review aims to... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating/neurodegenerative disease associated with change in cognitive function (CF) over time. This systematic review aims to describe the instruments used to measure change in CF over time in people with MS (PwMS).
METHODS
PubMed, OVID, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched in English until May 2021. Articles were included if they had at least 100 participants and at least a 1-year interval between baseline and last follow-up measurement of CF. Results were quantitatively synthesized, presented in tables and risk of bias was assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.
RESULTS
Fifty-seven articles met the inclusion criteria (41,623 PwMS and 1105 controls). An intervention (drug/rehabilitation) was assessed in 22 articles. In the studies that used a test battery, Visual and verbal learning and memory were the most frequently measured domains, but when studies that used test battery or a single test are combined, Information processing speed was the most measured. The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) was the most frequently used test as a single test and in a test battery combined. Most studied assessed "change in CF" as cognitive decline defined as 1 or more tests measured as ≥ 1.5 SD from the study control or normative mean in a test battery at baseline and follow-up. Meta-analysis of change in SDMT scores with seven articles indicated a nonstatistically significant -0.03 (95% CI -0.14, 0.09) decrease in mean SDMT score per year.
CONCLUSION
This study highlights the slow rate of measured change in cognition in PwMS and emphasizes the lack of a gold standard test and consistency in measuring cognitive change at the population level. More sensitive testing utilizing multiple domains and longer follow-up may define subgroups where CF change follows different trajectories thus allowing targeted interventions to directly support those where CF is at greatest risk of becoming a clinically meaningful issue.
Topics: Humans; Multiple Sclerosis; Cognition Disorders; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Cognition; Cognitive Dysfunction; Neuropsychological Tests
PubMed: 37062948
DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3009 -
Bipolar Disorders Jun 2023Cognitive impairment is a core feature of mood disorders and has been identified as an important treatment target. A better understanding of the factors contributing to... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Cognitive impairment is a core feature of mood disorders and has been identified as an important treatment target. A better understanding of the factors contributing to cognitive impairment in mood disorders would be beneficial in developing interventions to address cognitive impairment. One key factor is childhood trauma. The aim of this review was to systematically synthesise and review research examining associations between reported childhood trauma and cognitive functioning in mood disorders.
METHODS
Studies in adult samples examining the relationship between objective cognitive function and reported childhood trauma in major depressive disorder and/or bipolar disorder (in-episode or euthymia) were identified. Searches were conducted on PubMed, Embase and PsycINFO until January 2022. A narrative review technique was used due to the heterogeneity of group comparisons, cognitive tests and data analysis across studies.
RESULTS
Seventeen studies met the criteria for inclusion (mood disorders N = 1723, healthy controls N = 797). Evidence for childhood trauma being related to poorer cognitive functioning was consistent across global cognitive functioning and executive function domains for euthymic patients and psychomotor speed for in-episode patients. There was mixed evidence for verbal learning and memory and executive function for in-episode patients. Identification of patterns within other domains was difficult due to limited number of studies.
CONCLUSION
Findings from this review suggest childhood trauma is associated with poorer cognitive functioning in people with mood disorders. Targeted interventions to improve cognition may be warranted for this group.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Mood Disorders; Bipolar Disorder; Depressive Disorder, Major; Adverse Childhood Experiences; Cognition Disorders; Cognition; Cyclothymic Disorder; Neuropsychological Tests
PubMed: 36949602
DOI: 10.1111/bdi.13321 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Aug 2014Most studies that assess the effects of breakfast on subsequent mental abilities compared performance in subjects who had or had not consumed this meal. However,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Most studies that assess the effects of breakfast on subsequent mental abilities compared performance in subjects who had or had not consumed this meal. However, characteristics of breakfast itself may induce metabolic and hormonal alterations of the gastrointestinal tract and potentially modify cognitive performance. Moreover, as far as the evidence on the positive effects of having breakfast is becoming more robust, interest may shift to the specific characteristics of an adequate breakfast.
OBJECTIVE
The objective was to summarize existing evidence on the role of nutrient composition or energy intake at breakfast on the accomplishment of school-related tasks and cognition.
DESIGN
We conducted a systematic review of the literature through the PubMed database.
RESULTS
From the literature search, we identified 102 articles, 15 of which met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 3 studies provided information on the relation between cognitive and academic performance and energy intake at breakfast, 11 provided the same information for the macronutrient composition of breakfast, and 1 investigated both the aspects. Eleven studies considered breakfast meals differing in glycemic index/load. Selected studies were generally carried out in well-nourished children and adults of both sexes from general education. They were mostly experimental studies of short duration and had a limited number of subjects. Cognitive and academic performance was investigated by looking at multiple domains, including memory, attention, reasoning, learning, and verbal and math abilities, with a variety of test batteries scheduled at different time points in the morning. Breakfast options differed in terms of included foods and place and time of administration.
CONCLUSIONS
There is insufficient quantity and consistency among studies to draw firm conclusions. However, whereas the hypothesis of a better and more sustained performance with a breakfast providing >20% daily energy intake still needs substantiation, there does appear to be emerging, but still equivocal, evidence that a lower postprandial glycemic response is beneficial to cognitive performance.
Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Adult; Breakfast; Child; Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Cognition; Educational Status; Energy Intake; Evidence-Based Medicine; Health Promotion; Humans; Learning; Memory; Nutrition Policy; Task Performance and Analysis
PubMed: 24808492
DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.083683 -
Neuropsychology Review Jun 2017The purpose of the current systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the effect of videoconference administration on adult neurocognitive tests. We investigated... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The purpose of the current systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the effect of videoconference administration on adult neurocognitive tests. We investigated whether the scores acquired during a videoconference administration were different from those acquired during on-site administration. Relevant counterbalanced crossover studies were identified according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Twelve studies met criteria for analysis. Included samples consisted of healthy adults as well as those with psychiatric or neurocognitive disorders, with mean ages ranging from 34 to 88 years. Heterogenous data precluded the interpretation of a summary effect for videoconference administration. Studies including particpants with a mean age of 65-75, as well as studies that utilized a high speed network connection, indicated consistent performance across videoconference and on-site conditions, however studies with older participants and slower connections were more variable. Subgroup analyses indicated that videoconference scores for untimed tasks and those allowing for repetition fell 1/10th of a standard deviation below on-site scores. Test specific analyses indicated that verbally-mediated tasks including digit span, verbal fluency, and list learning were not affected by videoconference administration. Scores for the Boston Naming Test fell 1/10th of a standard deviation below on-site scores. Heterogenous data precluded meaningful interpretation of tasks with a motor component. The administration of verbally-mediated tasks by qualified professionals using existing norms was supported, and the use of visually-dependent tasks may also be considered. Variability in previous studies indicates a need for further investigation of motor-dependent tasks. We recommend the development of clinical best practices for conducting neuropsychological assessments via videoconference, and advocate for reimbursement structures that allow consumers to benefit from the increased access, convenience, and cost-savings that remote assessment provides.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cognitive Dysfunction; Dementia; Humans; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Neuropsychological Tests; Telemedicine; Videoconferencing
PubMed: 28623461
DOI: 10.1007/s11065-017-9349-1 -
Addiction (Abingdon, England) Jul 2022Cannabis is among the most consumed psychoactive substances world-wide. Considering changing policy trends regarding the substance, it is crucial to understand more... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Cannabis is among the most consumed psychoactive substances world-wide. Considering changing policy trends regarding the substance, it is crucial to understand more clearly its potential acute and residual adverse effects from a public health viewpoint. Cognitive function is one of the targeted areas with conflicting findings. This meta-review measured the magnitude of acute and residual effects of cannabis on cognition in adolescents and adults provided by meta-analyses and evaluated quality of evidence.
METHODS
A systematic search was performed in PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science and Google Scholar. Meta-analyses were included if they quantitatively examined the performances of users from the general population on cognitive tasks.
RESULTS
The search retrieved 10 eligible meta-analyses (71 effects sizes, n = 43 761) with evidence ranging from low to moderate quality, which were categorized into domains of cognitive functions: executive functions (k = 7), learning and memory (k = 5), attention (k = 4), processing speed (k = 5), perceptual motor function (k = 2) and language (k = 2). Verbal learning and memory displayed the most robust evidence and were most impaired by acute cannabis intoxication that persisted after intoxication passed. Small-to-moderate acute and residual adverse effects were reported for executive functioning. Cannabis use led to small deficits in inhibitory processes and flexibility, whereas small-to-moderate deficits were reported for working memory and decision-making. Evidence regarding processing speed and attention has shown that cannabis administration induced small-to-moderate adverse effects and residual neurocognitive deficits were observed in heavy cannabis-using youths. Results showed no significant difference between cannabis users and non-users on language, and small-to-moderate effects for simple motor skills.
CONCLUSION
Meta-analytical data on the acute effects of cannabis use on neurocognitive function have shown that cannabis intoxication leads to small to moderate deficits in several cognitive domains. These acute impairments accord with documented residual effects, suggesting that the detrimental effects of cannabis persist beyond acute intake.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Attention; Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists; Cannabis; Cognition; Executive Function; Hallucinogens; Humans; Meta-Analysis as Topic
PubMed: 35048456
DOI: 10.1111/add.15764