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Journal of the American Chemical Society Jan 2020DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) pose an everyday threat to the conservation of genetic information and therefore life itself. Several pathways have evolved to repair...
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) pose an everyday threat to the conservation of genetic information and therefore life itself. Several pathways have evolved to repair these cytotoxic lesions by rejoining broken ends, among them the nonhomologous end-joining mechanism that utilizes a DNA ligase. Here, we use a custom-designed DNA origami nanostructure as a model system to specifically mimic a DNA DSB, enabling us to study the end-joining of two fluorescently labeled DNA with the T4 DNA ligase on the single-molecule level. The ligation reaction is monitored by Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments both in solution and on surface-anchored origamis. Due to the modularity of DNA nanotechnology, DNA double strands with different complementary overhang lengths can be studied using the same DNA origami design. We show that the T4 DNA ligase repairs sticky ends more efficiently than blunt ends and that the ligation efficiency is influenced by both DNA sequence and the incubation conditions. Before ligation, dynamic fluctuations of the FRET signal are observed due to transient binding of the sticky overhangs. After ligation, the FRET signal becomes static. Thus, we can directly monitor the ligation reaction through the transition from dynamic to static FRET signals. Finally, we revert the ligation process using a restriction enzyme digestion and religate the resulting blunt ends. The here-presented DNA origami platform is thus suited to study complex multistep reactions occurring over several cycles of enzymatic treatment.
Topics: DNA; DNA Ligases; DNA-Binding Proteins; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
PubMed: 31800234
DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b09093 -
RNA (New York, N.Y.) Jan 2019Many approaches exist to detect RNA using complementary oligonucleotides. DNA ligation-based techniques can improve discrimination of subtle sequence variations, but...
Many approaches exist to detect RNA using complementary oligonucleotides. DNA ligation-based techniques can improve discrimination of subtle sequence variations, but they have been difficult to implement for direct RNA analysis due to the infidelity and inefficiency of most DNA ligases on RNA. In this report, we have systematically studied if ribonucleotide substitutions in padlock probes can provide higher catalytic efficiencies for Chlorella virus DNA ligase (PBCV-1 DNA ligase) and T4 RNA ligase 2 (T4Rnl2) on RNA. We provide broad characterization of end-joining fidelity for both enzymes in RNA-templated 3'-OH RNA/5'-pDNA chimeric probe ligation. Both ligases showed increased ligation efficiency toward chimeric substrates on RNA. However, end-joining fidelity of PBCV-1 DNA ligase remained poor, while T4Rnl2 showed a somewhat better end-joining fidelity compared to PBCV-1 DNA ligase. The recently presented invader padlock (iLock) probes overcome the poor end-joining fidelity of PBCV-1 DNA ligase by the requirement of target-dependent 5' flap removal prior to ligation. Here we show that two particular ribonucleotide substitutions greatly improve the activation and ligation rate of chimeric iLock probes on RNA. We characterized the end-joining efficiency and fidelity of PBCV-1 DNA ligase and T4Rnl2 with chimeric iLock probes on RNA and found that both enzymes exhibit high ligation fidelities for single nucleotide polymorphisms on RNA. Finally, we applied the chimeric probe concept to directly differentiate between human and mouse mRNA in situ, demonstrating chimeric padlock and iLock probes as superior to their DNA equivalents.
Topics: Actins; Animals; Base Sequence; DNA Ligases; Humans; Mice; Molecular Probe Techniques; Oligonucleotide Probes; RNA; RNA Ligase (ATP); RNA, Messenger; Species Specificity; Substrate Specificity; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 30309880
DOI: 10.1261/rna.066753.118 -
BioTechniques Apr 2015Three-dimensional (3-D) genome organization in the nuclear space affects various genomic functions. Circular chromosome conformation capture (4C-seq) is a powerful... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Three-dimensional (3-D) genome organization in the nuclear space affects various genomic functions. Circular chromosome conformation capture (4C-seq) is a powerful technique that allows researchers to measure long-range chromosomal interactions with a locus of interest across the entire genome. This method relies on enzymatic cleavage of cross-linked chromatin and consecutive ligation to create ligation junctions between physically adjacent loci, followed by PCR amplification of locus-specific associating loci. The enzymes used must meet 4C standards because variations in their efficiency and performance may affect the quality of the obtained data. Here we systematically compare the efficiency and reliability of different T4 DNA ligases and PCR DNA polymerases, assessing the most critical and technically challenging steps in 4C. The results of this analysis enable the use of cost-effective enzymes with superior specificity and efficiency for 4C and save time in screening for appropriate primers. This information provides users with flexibility in their experimental design and guidelines for adapting and testing any enzyme of choice for obtaining standardized results.
Topics: Chromosome Mapping; Chromosomes; Cross-Linking Reagents; DNA Ligases; DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase; Molecular Conformation; Nucleic Acid Conformation; Polymerase Chain Reaction
PubMed: 25861932
DOI: 10.2144/000114276 -
Mutagenesis Feb 2020DNA is comprised of chemically reactive nucleobases that exist under a constant barrage from damaging agents. Failure to repair chemical modifications to these... (Review)
Review
DNA is comprised of chemically reactive nucleobases that exist under a constant barrage from damaging agents. Failure to repair chemical modifications to these nucleobases can result in mutations that can cause various diseases, including cancer. Fortunately, the base excision repair (BER) pathway can repair modified nucleobases and prevent these deleterious mutations. However, this pathway can be hindered through several mechanisms. For instance, mutations to the enzymes in the BER pathway have been identified in cancers. Biochemical characterisation of these mutants has elucidated various mechanisms that inhibit their activity. Furthermore, the packaging of DNA into chromatin poses another obstacle to the ability of BER enzymes to function properly. Investigations of BER in the base unit of chromatin, the nucleosome core particle (NCP), have revealed that the NCP acts as a complex substrate for BER enzymes. The constituent proteins of the NCP, the histones, also have variants that can further impact the structure of the NCP and may modulate access of enzymes to the packaged DNA. These histone variants have also displayed significant clinical effects both in carcinogenesis and patient prognosis. This review focuses on the underlying molecular mechanisms that present obstacles to BER and the relationship of these obstacles to cancer. In addition, several chemotherapeutics induce DNA damage that can be repaired by the BER pathway and understanding obstacles to BER can inform how resistance and/or sensitivity to these therapies may occur. With the understanding of these molecular mechanisms, current chemotherapeutic treatment regiments may be improved, and future therapies developed.
Topics: Carcinogenesis; Chromatin; DNA; DNA Damage; DNA Glycosylases; DNA Ligases; DNA Polymerase beta; DNA Repair; DNA Repair Enzymes; DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Histones; Humans
PubMed: 31612219
DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gez029 -
ACS Synthetic Biology Sep 2016DNA assembly is a pivotal technique in synthetic biology. Here, we report a scarless and sequence-independent DNA assembly method using thermal exonucleases (Taq and Pfu...
DNA assembly is a pivotal technique in synthetic biology. Here, we report a scarless and sequence-independent DNA assembly method using thermal exonucleases (Taq and Pfu DNA polymerases) and Taq DNA ligase (DATEL). Under the optimized conditions, DATEL allows rapid assembly of 2-10 DNA fragments (1-2 h) with high accuracy (between 74 and 100%). Owing to the simple operation system with denaturation-annealing-cleavage-ligation temperature cycles in one tube, DATEL is expected to be a desirable choice for both manual and automated high-throughput assembly of DNA fragments, which will greatly facilitate the rapid progress of synthetic biology and metabolic engineering.
Topics: Base Sequence; DNA; DNA Ligases; Exonucleases; Synthetic Biology; Temperature
PubMed: 27230689
DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.6b00078 -
Biochemistry Feb 2017DNA ligases, essential to both in vivo genome integrity and in vitro molecular biology, catalyze phosphodiester bond formation between adjacent 3'-OH and...
DNA ligases, essential to both in vivo genome integrity and in vitro molecular biology, catalyze phosphodiester bond formation between adjacent 3'-OH and 5'-phosphorylated termini in dsDNA. This reaction requires enzyme self-adenylylation, using ATP or NAD as a cofactor, and AMP release concomitant with phosphodiester bond formation. In this study, we present the first fast time scale binding kinetics of T4 DNA ligase to both nicked substrate DNA (nDNA) and product-equivalent non-nicked dsDNA, as well as binding and release kinetics of AMP. The described assays utilized a fluorescein-dT labeled DNA substrate as a reporter for ligase·DNA interactions via stopped-flow fluorescence spectroscopy. The analysis revealed that binding to nDNA by the active adenylylated ligase occurs in two steps, an initial rapid association equilibrium followed by a transition to a second bound state prior to catalysis. Furthermore, the ligase binds and dissociates from nicked and nonsubstrate dsDNA rapidly with initial association affinities on the order of 100 nM regardless of enzyme adenylylation state. DNA binding occurs through a two-step mechanism in all cases, confirming prior proposals of transient binding followed by a transition to a productive ligase·nDNA (Lig·nDNA) conformation but suggesting that weaker nonproductive "closed" complexes are formed as well. These observations demonstrate the mechanistic underpinnings of competitive inhibition by rapid binding of nonsubstrate DNA, and of substrate inhibition by blocking of the self-adenylylation reaction through nick binding by deadenylylated ligase. Our analysis further reveals that product release is not the rate-determining step in turnover.
Topics: Adenosine Monophosphate; Adenosine Triphosphate; DNA; DNA Ligases; Kinetics; Protein Binding
PubMed: 28165732
DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b01261 -
The Journal of Biological Chemistry Sep 2021The base excision repair (BER) pathway involves gap filling by DNA polymerase (pol) β and subsequent nick sealing by ligase IIIα. X-ray cross-complementing protein 1...
The base excision repair (BER) pathway involves gap filling by DNA polymerase (pol) β and subsequent nick sealing by ligase IIIα. X-ray cross-complementing protein 1 (XRCC1), a nonenzymatic scaffold protein, assembles multiprotein complexes, although the mechanism by which XRCC1 orchestrates the final steps of coordinated BER remains incompletely defined. Here, using a combination of biochemical and biophysical approaches, we revealed that the polβ/XRCC1 complex increases the processivity of BER reactions after correct nucleotide insertion into gaps in DNA and enhances the handoff of nicked repair products to the final ligation step. Moreover, the mutagenic ligation of nicked repair intermediate following polβ 8-oxodGTP insertion is enhanced in the presence of XRCC1. Our results demonstrated a stabilizing effect of XRCC1 on the formation of polβ/dNTP/gap DNA and ligase IIIα/ATP/nick DNA catalytic ternary complexes. Real-time monitoring of protein-protein interactions and DNA-binding kinetics showed stronger binding of XRCC1 to polβ than to ligase IIIα or aprataxin, and higher affinity for nick DNA with undamaged or damaged ends than for one nucleotide gap repair intermediate. Finally, we demonstrated slight differences in stable polβ/XRCC1 complex formation, polβ and ligase IIIα protein interaction kinetics, and handoff process as a result of cancer-associated (P161L, R194W, R280H, R399Q, Y576S) and cerebellar ataxia-related (K431N) XRCC1 variants. Overall, our findings provide novel insights into the coordinating role of XRCC1 and the effect of its disease-associated variants on substrate-product channeling in multiprotein/DNA complexes for efficient BER.
Topics: DNA Ligase ATP; DNA Polymerase beta; DNA Repair; Humans; Kinetics; Protein Binding; Surface Plasmon Resonance; X-ray Repair Cross Complementing Protein 1
PubMed: 34339737
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101025 -
Current Biology : CB Jun 2021Single-stranded DNA breaks, or nicks, are amongst the most common forms of DNA damage in cells. They can be repaired by ligation; however, if a nick occurs just ahead of...
Single-stranded DNA breaks, or nicks, are amongst the most common forms of DNA damage in cells. They can be repaired by ligation; however, if a nick occurs just ahead of an approaching replisome, the outcome is a collapsed replication fork comprising a single-ended double-strand break and a 'hybrid nick' with parental DNA on one side and nascent DNA on the other (Figure 1A). We realized that in eukaryotic cells, where replication initiates from multiple replication origins, a fork from an adjacent origin can promote localized re-replication if the hybrid nick is ligated. We have modelled this situation with purified proteins in vitro and have found that there is, indeed, an additional hazard that eukaryotic replisomes face. We discuss how this problem might be mitigated.
Topics: DNA; DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded; DNA Breaks, Single-Stranded; DNA Ligases; DNA Replication; DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase; Escherichia coli; Genome; Multienzyme Complexes; Replication Origin; Yeasts
PubMed: 34102115
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.043 -
International Journal of Radiation... Oct 2021Artemis and DNA Ligase IV are 2 critical elements in the nonhomologous end joining pathway of DNA repair, acting as the nuclease and DNA ligase, respectively. Enhanced...
PURPOSE
Artemis and DNA Ligase IV are 2 critical elements in the nonhomologous end joining pathway of DNA repair, acting as the nuclease and DNA ligase, respectively. Enhanced cellular radiosensitivity by inhibition of either protein contributes to a promising approach to develop molecular targeted radiosensitizers. The interaction between Artemis and DNA Ligase IV is required for the activation of Artemis as nuclease at 3'overhang DNA; thus, we aim to generate an inhibitory peptide targeting the interaction between Artemis and DNA Ligase IV for novel radiosensitizer development.
METHODS AND MATERIALS
We synthesized the peptide BAL, which consists of the interaction residues of Artemis to DNA Ligase IV. The radiosensitization effect of BAL was evaluated by colony formation assay. The effects of BAL on radiation-induced DNA repair were evaluated with Western blotting and immunofluorescence. The effects of BAL on cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest, and cell apoptosis were assessed via CCK-8 and flow cytometry assays. The potential synergistic effects of BAL and irradiation in vivo were investigated in a xenograft mouse model.
RESULTS
The generated peptide BAL blocking the interaction between Artemis and DNA Ligase IV significantly enhanced the radiosensitivity of GBC-SD and HeLa cell lines. BAL prolonged DNA repair after irradiation; BAL and irradiation showed synergistic effects on cell proliferation, cell cycle, and cell apoptosis, and these functions are all DNA Ligase IV-related. Finally, we confirmed the endogenous radiosensitization effect of BAL in a xenograft mouse model.
CONCLUSIONS
The inhibitory peptide BAL targeting the binding of Artemis and DNA Ligase IV successfully functions as a novel radiosensitizer that delays DNA repair and synergizes with irradiation to inhibit cell proliferation, induce cell cycle arrest, and promote cell apoptosis.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Cell Cycle Checkpoints; DNA Ligase ATP; DNA Repair; DNA-Binding Proteins; Endonucleases; HeLa Cells; Humans; Male; Mice; Neoplasms; Peptides; Radiation-Sensitizing Agents
PubMed: 34044093
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.05.120 -
The FEBS Journal Jan 2020Mammalian cells possess multiple pathways for repairing various types of DNA damage. Although the molecular mechanisms of each DNA repair pathway have been analyzed by...
Mammalian cells possess multiple pathways for repairing various types of DNA damage. Although the molecular mechanisms of each DNA repair pathway have been analyzed by biochemical analysis and cell biological analysis, interplay between different pathways has not been fully elucidated. In this study, using human Nalm-6-mutant cell lines, we analyzed the relationship between the base excision repair factor DNA polymerase β (POLβ) and DNA ligase IV (LIG4), which is essential for DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair by non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). We found that cells lacking both POLβ and LIG4 grew significantly more slowly than either single mutant, indicating cooperative functions of the two proteins in normal cell growth. To further investigate the genetic interaction between POLβ and LIG4, we examined DNA damage sensitivity of the mutant cell lines. Our results suggested that NHEJ acts as a backup pathway for repairing alkylation damage (when converted into DSBs) in the absence of POLβ. Surprisingly, despite the critical role of POLβ in alkylation damage repair, cells lacking POLβ exhibited increased resistance to camptothecin (a topoisomerase I inhibitor that induces DNA single-strand breaks), irrespective of the presence or absence of LIG4. A LIG4-independent increased resistance associated with POLβ loss was also observed with ionizing radiation; however, cells lacking both POLβ and LIG4 were more radiosensitive than either single mutant. Taken together, our findings provide novel insight into the complex interplay between different DNA repair pathways.
Topics: Camptothecin; Cell Line; DNA Damage; DNA End-Joining Repair; DNA Ligase ATP; DNA Polymerase beta; Drug Resistance; Humans; Mutation; Radiation Tolerance; Topoisomerase Inhibitors
PubMed: 31330087
DOI: 10.1111/febs.15012