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Annual Review of Virology Sep 2016Bats are hosts of a range of viruses, including ebolaviruses, and many important human viral infections, such as measles and mumps, may have their ancestry traced back... (Review)
Review
Bats are hosts of a range of viruses, including ebolaviruses, and many important human viral infections, such as measles and mumps, may have their ancestry traced back to bats. Here, I review viruses of all viral families detected in global bat populations. The viral diversity in bats is substantial, and viruses with all known types of genomic structures and replication strategies have been discovered in bats. However, the discovery of viruses is not geographically even, with some apparently undersampled regions, such as South America. Furthermore, some bat families, including those with global or wide distributions such as Emballonuridae and Miniopteridae, are underrepresented on viral databases. Future studies, including those that address these sampling gaps along with those that develop our understanding of viral-host relationships, are highlighted.
Topics: Animals; Chiroptera; DNA Viruses; Disease Reservoirs; Genome, Viral; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; RNA Viruses; Virus Diseases; Zoonoses
PubMed: 27578437
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-110615-042203 -
Science Bulletin Oct 2023Mountain and polar glaciers cover 10% of the Earth's surface and are typically extreme environments that challenge life of all forms. Viruses are abundant and active in...
Mountain and polar glaciers cover 10% of the Earth's surface and are typically extreme environments that challenge life of all forms. Viruses are abundant and active in supraglacial ecosystems and play a crucial role in controlling the supraglacial microbial communities. However, our understanding of virus ecology on glacier surfaces and their potential impacts on downstream ecosystems remains limited. Here, we present the supraglacial virus genome (SgVG) catalog, a 15-fold expanded genomic inventory of 10,840 DNA-virus species from 38 mountain and polar glaciers, spanning habitats such as snow, ice, meltwater, and cryoconite. Supraglacial DNA-viruses were highly specific compared to viruses in other ecosystems yet exhibited low public health risks. Supraglacial viral communities were primarily constrained by habitat, with cryoconite displaying the highest viral activity levels. We observed a prevalence of lytic viruses in all habitats, especially in cryoconite, but a high level of lysogenic viruses in snow and ice. Additionally, we found that supraglacial viruses could be linked to ∼83% of obtained prokaryotic phyla/classes and possessed the genetic potential to promote metabolism and increase cold adaptation, cell mobility, and phenolic carbon use of hosts in hostile environmental conditions using diverse auxiliary metabolic genes. Our results provide the first systematic characterization of the diversity, function, and public health risks evaluation of mountain and polar supraglacial DNA viruses. This understanding of glacial viruses is crucial for function assessments and ecological modeling of glacier ecosystems, especially for the Tibetan Plateau's Mountain glaciers, which support ∼20% of the human populations on Earth.
Topics: Humans; Ice; Microbiota; DNA Viruses; DNA
PubMed: 37739838
DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.09.007 -
The Journal of General Virology Jul 2021Members of the family have linear dsDNA genomes of 27 to 29 kbp and are the first viruses known to infect mesophilic ammonia-oxidizing archaea of the phylum...
Members of the family have linear dsDNA genomes of 27 to 29 kbp and are the first viruses known to infect mesophilic ammonia-oxidizing archaea of the phylum Thaumarchaeota. The spindle-shaped virions of Nitrosopumilus spindle-shaped virus 1 possess short tails at one pole and measure 64±3 nm in diameter and 112±6 nm in length. This morphology is similar to that of members of the families and . Virus replication is not lytic but leads to growth inhibition of the host. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family which is available at ictv.global/report/thaspiviridae.
Topics: Archaea; Archaeal Viruses; DNA Viruses; Genome, Viral; Host Specificity; Virion; Virus Replication
PubMed: 34328827
DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001631 -
Journal of Virological Methods Mar 2022Early detection is one of the ways to deal with DNA virus widespread prevalence, and it is necessary to know new diagnostic methods and techniques. Colorimetric assays... (Review)
Review
Early detection is one of the ways to deal with DNA virus widespread prevalence, and it is necessary to know new diagnostic methods and techniques. Colorimetric assays are one of the most advantageous methods in detecting viruses. These methods are based on color change, which can be seen either with the naked eye or with special devices. The aim of this study is to introduce and evaluate effective colorimetric methods based on amplification, nanoparticle, CRISPR/Cas, and Lateral flow in the diagnosis of DNA viruses and to discuss the effectiveness of each of the updated methods. Compared to the other methods, colorimetric assays are preferred for faster detection, high efficiency, cheaper cost, and high sensitivity and specificity. It is expected that the spread of these viruses can be prevented by identifying and developing new methods.
Topics: Colorimetry; DNA; DNA Viruses; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 35031384
DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114461 -
Annual Review of Virology Nov 2015Viruses are notorious for rapidly exchanging genetic information between close relatives and with the host cells they infect. This exchange has profound effects on the... (Review)
Review
Viruses are notorious for rapidly exchanging genetic information between close relatives and with the host cells they infect. This exchange has profound effects on the nature and rapidity of virus and host evolution. Recombination between dsDNA viruses is common, as is genetic exchange between dsDNA viruses or retroviruses and host genomes. Recombination between RNA virus genomes is also well known. In contrast, genetic exchange across viral kingdoms, for instance between nonretroviral RNA viruses or ssDNA viruses and host genomes or between RNA and DNA viruses, was previously thought to be practically nonexistent. However, there is now growing evidence for both RNA and ssDNA viruses recombining with host dsDNA genomes and, more surprisingly, RNA virus genes recombining with ssDNA virus genomes. Mechanisms are still unclear, but this deep recombination greatly expands the breadth of virus evolution and confounds virus taxonomy.
Topics: Animals; DNA Virus Infections; DNA Viruses; DNA, Single-Stranded; DNA, Viral; Humans; RNA Viruses; RNA, Viral; Recombination, Genetic
PubMed: 26958913
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-100114-055127 -
Viruses Jun 2023Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) is receiving increased attention for the detection of new viruses and infections occurring at the human-animal interface....
Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) is receiving increased attention for the detection of new viruses and infections occurring at the human-animal interface. The ability to actively transport and relocate this technology enables in situ virus identification, which could reduce response time and enhance disease management. In a previous study, we developed a straightforward mNGS procedure that greatly enhances the detection of RNA and DNA viruses in human clinical samples. In this study, we improved the mNGS protocol with transportable battery-driven equipment for the portable, non-targeted detection of RNA and DNA viruses in animals from a large zoological facility, to simulate a field setting for point-of-incidence virus detection. From the resulting metagenomic data, we detected 13 vertebrate viruses from four major virus groups: (+)ssRNA, (+)ssRNA-RT, dsDNA and (+)ssDNA, including avian leukosis virus in domestic chickens (), enzootic nasal tumour virus in goats () and several small, circular, Rep-encoding, ssDNA (CRESS DNA) viruses in several mammal species. More significantly, we demonstrate that the mNGS method is able to detect potentially lethal animal viruses, such as elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus in Asian elephants () and the newly described human-associated gemykibivirus 2, a human-to-animal cross-species virus, in a Linnaeus two-toed sloth () and its enclosure, for the first time.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Chickens; Herpesviridae; DNA Viruses; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; RNA; Denmark; Metagenomics; Mammals
PubMed: 37376698
DOI: 10.3390/v15061399 -
Annual Review of Virology Sep 2017Circular single-stranded DNA viruses infect archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotic organisms. The relatively recent emergence of single-stranded DNA viruses, such as chicken... (Review)
Review
Circular single-stranded DNA viruses infect archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotic organisms. The relatively recent emergence of single-stranded DNA viruses, such as chicken anemia virus (CAV) and porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), as serious pathogens of eukaryotes is due more to growing awareness than to the appearance of new pathogens or alteration of existing pathogens. In the case of the ubiquitous human circular single-stranded DNA virus family Anelloviridae, there is still no convincing direct causal relation to any specific disease. However, infections may play a role in autoimmunity by changing the homeostatic balance of proinflammatory cytokines and the human immune system, indirectly affecting the severity of diseases caused by other pathogens. Infections with CAV (family Anelloviridae, genus Gyrovirus) and PCV2 (family Circoviridae, genus Circovirus) are presented here because they are immunosuppressive and affect health in domesticated animals. CAV shares genomic organization, genomic orientation, and common features of major proteins with human anelloviruses, and PCV2 DNA may be present in human food and vaccines.
Topics: Anelloviridae; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Archaea; Autoimmunity; Bacteria; Chicken anemia virus; Circoviridae Infections; Circovirus; DNA Virus Infections; DNA Viruses; DNA, Circular; DNA, Single-Stranded; DNA, Viral; Genome, Viral; Humans; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 28715975
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-101416-041953 -
Journal of Molecular Evolution Jan 2020Viruses have been infecting their host cells since the dawn of life, and this extremely long-term coevolution gave rise to some surprising consequences for the entire... (Review)
Review
Viruses have been infecting their host cells since the dawn of life, and this extremely long-term coevolution gave rise to some surprising consequences for the entire tree of life. It is hypothesised that viruses might have contributed to the formation of the first cellular life form, or that even the eukaryotic cell nucleus originates from an infection by a coated virus. The continuous struggle between viruses and their hosts to maintain at least a constant fitness level led to the development of an unceasing arms race, where weapons are often shuttled between the participants. In this literature review we try to give a short insight into some general consequences or traits of virus-host coevolution, and after this we zoom in to the viral clades of adenoviruses, herpesviruses, nucleo-cytoplasmic large DNA viruses, polyomaviruses and, finally, circoviruses.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Biological Evolution; DNA Viruses; Evolution, Molecular; Host Microbial Interactions; Humans; Viruses
PubMed: 31599342
DOI: 10.1007/s00239-019-09913-4 -
Biochemical Pharmacology Apr 2020Innate sensing of viruses by cytosolic nucleic acid sensors is a key feature of anti-viral immunity against these pathogens. The DNA sensing pathway through the sensor... (Review)
Review
Innate sensing of viruses by cytosolic nucleic acid sensors is a key feature of anti-viral immunity against these pathogens. The DNA sensing pathway through the sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and its downstream effector stimulator of interferon genes (STING) has emerged in recent years as a key, front-line means of driving interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to DNA virus infection in vertebrates. Unsurprisingly, many DNA viruses have evolved effective inhibitors of this signalling system which target at a wide variety of points from sensing all the way down to the activation of Interferon Regulatory Factor (IRF)-family and Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB)-family transcription factors which drive a program of pro-inflammatory and anti-viral gene expression. Here we review DNA viruses that have been shown to inhibit this pathway and the inhibitors they have evolved to do it.
Topics: Animals; DNA Viruses; DNA, Viral; Gene Targeting; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Inflammation Mediators; Membrane Proteins; Nucleotidyltransferases
PubMed: 32004549
DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113831 -
Virus Research Jan 2021RNA helicase A (RHA) is a ubiquitously expressed DExH-box helicase enzyme that is involved in a wide range of biological processes including transcription, translation,... (Review)
Review
RNA helicase A (RHA) is a ubiquitously expressed DExH-box helicase enzyme that is involved in a wide range of biological processes including transcription, translation, and RNA processing. A number of RNA viruses recruit RHA to the viral RNA to facilitate virus replication. DNA viruses contain a DNA genome and replicate using a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase. RHA has also been reported to associate with some DNA viruses during replication, in which the enzyme acts on the viral RNA or protein products. As shown for Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, RHA has potential to allow the virus to control a switch in cellular gene expression to modulate the antiviral response. While the study of the interaction of RHA with DNA viruses is still at an early stage, preliminary evidence indicates that the underlying molecular mechanisms are diverse. We now review the current status of this emerging field.
Topics: DEAD-box RNA Helicases; DNA Replication; DNA Viruses; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Herpesvirus 8, Human; Host Microbial Interactions; Humans; Neoplasm Proteins; RNA, Viral; Virus Replication
PubMed: 33132162
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198206