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Molecular Plant Feb 2018Fungal pathogens represent a major group of plant invaders that are the causative agents of many notorious plant diseases. Large quantities of RNAs, especially small... (Review)
Review
Fungal pathogens represent a major group of plant invaders that are the causative agents of many notorious plant diseases. Large quantities of RNAs, especially small RNAs involved in gene silencing, have been found to transmit bidirectionally between fungal pathogens and their hosts. Although host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) technology has been developed and applied to protect crops from fungal infections, the mechanisms of RNA transmission, especially small RNAs regulating trans-kingdom RNA silencing in plant immunity, are largely unknown. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent important findings regarding trans-kingdom sRNAs and RNA silencing in plant-fungal pathogen interactions compared with the well-known RNAi mechanisms in plants and fungi. We focus on the interactions between plant and fungal pathogens with broad hosts, represented by the vascular pathogen Verticillium dahliae and non-vascular pathogen Botrytis cinerea, and discuss the known instances of natural RNAi transmission between fungal pathogens and host plants. Given that HIGS has been developed and recently applied in controlling Verticillium wilt diseases, we propose an ideal research system exploiting plant vasculature-Verticillium interaction to further study trans-kingdom RNA silencing.
Topics: Botrytis; Gene Silencing; MicroRNAs; Plant Diseases; RNA Interference; RNA, Small Interfering; Verticillium
PubMed: 29229568
DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.12.001 -
Biotechnology Advances 2020RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which small RNA (sRNA) molecules sequence-specifically silence gene expression at the transcriptional or... (Review)
Review
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which small RNA (sRNA) molecules sequence-specifically silence gene expression at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level, either by directing inhibitory chromatin modifications or by decreasing the stability or translation potential of the targeted mRNA. The trigger for gene silencing is double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) generated from an endogenous genomic locus or a foreign source, such as a transgene or virus. The process of gene silencing can be exploited in agriculture to control plant diseases and pests. Of the pests that impact crop yield (including nematodes, arthropods, rodents, snails, slugs and birds), insects constitute the largest and most diverse group. Here, we review the "pros" and "cons" of using RNAi technology mediated by dsRNA-expressing transgenic plants (host-induced gene silencing, HIGS) or direct application of chemically synthesized dsRNA to control plant-damaging insects. Rapid progress in elucidating RNAi mechanisms has led to the first commercial products on the market. Given the high potential of RNAi strategies, their use in agriculture, horticulture, and forestry will likely be extensive in the future. However, further studies are needed to improve the efficacy of RNAi-based plant protection strategies and to assess their associated safety risks.
Topics: Animals; Insect Control; Insecta; Plants, Genetically Modified; RNA Interference; RNA, Double-Stranded
PubMed: 31678220
DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107463 -
International Journal of Cancer Jan 2020
Topics: Humans; Publishing; RNA Interference; RNA, Small Interfering
PubMed: 31454067
DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32641 -
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. RNA 2024RNA-based therapeutics offer a flexible and reversible approach for treating genetic disorders, such as antisense oligonucleotides, RNA interference, aptamers, mRNA... (Review)
Review
RNA-based therapeutics offer a flexible and reversible approach for treating genetic disorders, such as antisense oligonucleotides, RNA interference, aptamers, mRNA vaccines, and RNA editing. In recent years, significant advancements have been made in RNA base editing to correct disease-relevant point mutations. These achievements have significantly influenced the fields of biotechnology, biomedical research and therapeutics development. In this article, we provide a comprehensive overview of the design and performance of contemporary RNA base editors, including A-to-I, C-to-U, A-to-mA, and U-to-Ψ. We compare recent innovative developments and highlight their applications in disease-relevant contexts. Lastly, we discuss the limitations and future prospects of utilizing RNA base editing for therapeutic purposes. This article is categorized under: RNA Processing > RNA Editing and Modification RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Development.
Topics: RNA; CRISPR-Cas Systems; Gene Editing; Oligonucleotides, Antisense; RNA Interference
PubMed: 38576085
DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1844 -
Trends in Plant Science Jan 2024Plants use RNA interference for basal antiviral immunity, but emerging evidence suggests that additional RNA-targeting defense mechanisms also defend against invading...
Plants use RNA interference for basal antiviral immunity, but emerging evidence suggests that additional RNA-targeting defense mechanisms also defend against invading viruses. Recent advancements in the understanding of RNA decay, RNA quality control, and N6-methyladenosine (mA) RNA modifications have unveiled new insights into the molecular arms race between plants and viruses.
Topics: RNA Interference; Plant Diseases; RNA; Plant Viruses; Plants
PubMed: 37953079
DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.10.014 -
ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering Sep 2021Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a noninvasive and effective local treatment for cancers that produces selective damage to target tissues and cells. However, PDT alone is... (Review)
Review
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a noninvasive and effective local treatment for cancers that produces selective damage to target tissues and cells. However, PDT alone is unlikely to completely inhibit tumor metastasis and/or local tumor recurrence. RNA interference (RNAi) is a phenomenon of gene silencing mediated by exogenous or endogenous double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). RNAi has entered a golden period of development, with the approval of four treatments employing RNAi. PDT in combination with RNAi therapy to inhibit related targets has been a research hotspot, with better clinical outcomes than monotherapy. In this review, the progress of PDT and small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting different genes is discussed, while the achievements of the combined immunotherapy are reviewed.
Topics: Neoplasms; Photochemotherapy; RNA Interference; RNA, Double-Stranded; RNA, Small Interfering; RNAi Therapeutics
PubMed: 34427082
DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00765 -
Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews Sep 2016Small interfering RNA (siRNA), a 21-23nt double-stranded RNA responsible for post-transcriptional gene silencing, has attracted great interests as promising genomic... (Review)
Review
Small interfering RNA (siRNA), a 21-23nt double-stranded RNA responsible for post-transcriptional gene silencing, has attracted great interests as promising genomic drugs, due to its strong ability to silence target genes in a sequence-specific manner. Despite high silencing efficiency and on-target specificity, the clinical translation of siRNA has been hindered by its inherent features: poor intracellular delivery, limited blood stability, unpredictable immune responses and unwanted off-targeting effects. To overcome these hindrances, researchers have made various advances to modify siRNA itself and to improve its delivery. In this review paper, first we briefly discuss the innate properties and delivery barriers of siRNA. Then, we describe recent progress in (1) chemically and structurally modified siRNAs to solve their intrinsic problems and (2) siRNA delivery formulations including siRNA conjugates, polymerized siRNA, and nucleic acid-based nanoparticles to improve in vivo delivery.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Nanoparticles; RNA Interference; RNA, Small Interfering; RNAi Therapeutics
PubMed: 26549145
DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.10.015 -
Advanced Healthcare Materials Nov 2016With the dearth of effective treatment options for prominent diseases including Ebola and cancer, RNA interference (RNAi), a sequence-specific mechanism for genetic... (Review)
Review
With the dearth of effective treatment options for prominent diseases including Ebola and cancer, RNA interference (RNAi), a sequence-specific mechanism for genetic regulation that can silence nearly any gene, holds the promise of unlimited potential in treating illness ever since its discovery in 1999. Given the large size, unstable tertiary structure in physiological conditions and negative charge of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), the development of safe and effective delivery vehicles is of critical importance in order to drive the widespread use of RNAi therapeutics into clinical settings. Immense amounts of time and billions of dollars have been devoted into the design of novel and diverse delivery strategies, and there are a handful of delivery systems that have been successfully translated into clinic. This review provides an introduction to the in vivo barriers that need to be addressed by siRNA delivery systems. We also discuss the progress up to the most effective and clinically advanced siRNA delivery systems including liposomal, polymeric and siRNA conjugate delivery systems, as well as their design to overcome the challenges.
Topics: Animals; Biocompatible Materials; Drug Delivery Systems; Excipients; Humans; Liposomes; Polymers; RNA Interference; RNA, Small Interfering
PubMed: 27700013
DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600418 -
RNA (New York, N.Y.) Apr 2015
Topics: Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats; RNA; RNA Editing; RNA Interference
PubMed: 25780123
DOI: 10.1261/rna.050138.115 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2020Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is being exploited and understood in its many aspects of function and structure for development of valuable tools in the therapeutics of various... (Review)
Review
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is being exploited and understood in its many aspects of function and structure for development of valuable tools in the therapeutics of various diseases such as cardiovascular etc. The expanded knowledge regarding function of RNA in the genomics and inside the cell has dramatically changed the therapeutic strategies in the past few years. RNA has become a spotlight of attention for developing novel therapeutic schemes and hence variety of therapeutic strategies is being coming into the picture that includes RNA interference, use of aptamers, role of microRNA (miRNA) that can alter the complex gene expression patterns. It is due to the fact that RNA offers various advantages in disease management as it can be edited and modified in its various forms such as secondary and tertiary structures. Although scientists are in process of manufacturing RNA-targeting therapies using variety of endogenous gene silencing regulators, Small interfering RNAs (Si RNAs), aptamers and microRNA for cardiovascular diseases yet the development of a novel, risk free therapeutic strategy is a major challenge and need of the hour in cardiovascular medicine. In this regard these agents are required to overcome pleothra of barriers such as stability of drug targets, immunogenicity, adequate binding, targeted delivery etc. to become effective drugs. Recent years have witnessed the progress of RNA therapeutic strategies in cardiovascular diseases that are likely to significantly expand the cardiovascular therapeutic repertoire within the next decade. The present manuscript has been compiled to summarize various approaches of siRNA based therapies in cardiovascular diseases along with the advantages, outcomes and limitations if any in this regard. In addition, the future prospects of RNA therapeutic modalities in cardiovascular diseases are summarized.
Topics: Aptamers, Nucleotide; Cardiovascular Diseases; Gene Silencing; Humans; MicroRNAs; RNA Interference; RNA, Small Interfering; RNAi Therapeutics
PubMed: 32285425
DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1671-9_23