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Cytotoxic and genotoxic evaluation of bisphenol S on onion root tips by Allium cepa and comet tests.Environmental Science and Pollution... Dec 2022Bisphenol S (BPS) is an analog of bisphenol A, which is used as substitute of BPA in many products like airport luggage tags, baby bottles, plastics, and epoxy resins...
Bisphenol S (BPS) is an analog of bisphenol A, which is used as substitute of BPA in many products like airport luggage tags, baby bottles, plastics, and epoxy resins etc. Bisphenol S can cause toxic effects in different organisms, i.e., mice, rat, zebrafish, and C.elegans, etc. Bisphenol S is also known as "endocrine disruptor" due to its ability to mimic the endocrine receptors. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of bisphenol S on meristematic cells present in onion root tips through Allium cepa (A.cepa) and comet tests. Root growth inhibition was evaluated by root growth inhibition assay. Mitotic index (MI) and chromosomal aberrations (CAs) were assessed by A.cepa assay. DNA damage was evaluated by comet assay. Root growth of A.cepa was inhibited due to bisphenol S. LC50 value calculated by root growth inhibition assay for bisphenol S was (2.6±0.63, 50 μg/ml). Mitotic index was reduced, and chromosomal aberrations were observed, i.e., stickiness, polyploidy, and disturbed ana-telophase in anaphase and telophase stages of mitosis. In case of comet assay, DNA damage was increased in statistically significant manner (p ≤ 0.05). It was concluded that bisphenol S constitutes cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on A. cepa root meristematic cells. Moreover, it is suggested to explore more toxicity studies of bisphenol S at molecular level.
Topics: Rats; Mice; Animals; Comet Assay; Onions; Meristem; Zebrafish; Plant Roots; DNA Damage; Mitotic Index; Chromosome Aberrations
PubMed: 35836054
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21888-2 -
Cancer Aug 2023
Topics: Humans; Melanoma; Skin Neoplasms; Cell Division; Mitotic Index; Prognosis; Melanoma, Cutaneous Malignant
PubMed: 37162402
DOI: 10.1002/cncr.34825 -
World Neurosurgery Oct 2020Extent of resection and tumor grade are considered the most important predictors of progression-free survival (PFS) in meningiomas. However, adjuvant therapy for... (Review)
Review
Extent of resection and tumor grade are considered the most important predictors of progression-free survival (PFS) in meningiomas. However, adjuvant therapy for atypical meningiomas remains controversial, with variable PFS rates of up to 40%. The current mitotic index (MI) range for atypical meningiomas is broad, comprising all tumors with >4 and <20 mitotic count per 10 high-power fields, leading to substantial within-grade variation of recurrence risk, especially in borderline histologic cases, creating discordance between the clinical course and the application of the classification criteria. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, a search of electronic databases from inception to July 2019 identified 121 articles for screening. After proper exclusion criteria, 7 articles were included for data extraction and analysis using meta-analysis of proportions. The MI was the variable of interest in the multivariate regressions and analyzed as a predictor of recurrence using hazard ratios (HRs) (95% confidence intervals). Separate random effect models were used for studies reporting the MI as a continuous or categorical variable. The pooled study results in this meta-analysis demonstrate a homogeneous statistically significant correlation between the MI and the rate of local recurrence after surgical resection regardless of the reporting method (continuous: HR = 1.20; categorical: HR = 2.65). However, significant limitations were noted, including the lack of a standardized method for MI calculation and heterogeneity of MI reports. We encourage the community to report their experience with the MI with greater precision and uniformity to further assess the influence of the MI on PFS within atypical meningiomas.
Topics: Humans; Meningeal Neoplasms; Meningioma; Mitotic Index; Progression-Free Survival
PubMed: 32615290
DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.06.189 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Jul 2022The increasing use of pesticides has caused global concerns about the toxic effects and adverse consequences of pesticides on humans and the environment. Among the ways... (Review)
Review
The increasing use of pesticides has caused global concerns about the toxic effects and adverse consequences of pesticides on humans and the environment. Among the ways to understand the impact of pesticides, the Allium cepa bioassay stands out. This test is suitable to evaluate different toxic, cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic outcomes. In this context, the present review aimed to summarize the history of using the A. cepa bioassay to investigate pesticide damages. Data on the experimental conditions were also discussed. The reviewed studies showed the toxicity profile of 113 active ingredients primarily tested in the laboratory, using water for exposure. The most used biomarkers were the mitotic index, chromosomal aberrations, and nuclear abnormalities. All active ingredients caused some toxicity levels in A. cepa, showing the efficiency and sensibility of this bioindicator and the adverse effect of pesticides on humans and the environment. Furthermore, it was evident that pesticides have great potential to damage the mitotic spindle and DNA because almost all active ingredients tested induced chromosomal aberrations and nuclear abnormalities. The current review showed that the A. cepa bioassay is an effective and appropriate model to evaluate pesticide toxicity, and it might indicate research gaps and recommendations for further studies.
Topics: Chromosome Aberrations; DNA Damage; Humans; Mitotic Index; Onions; Pesticides; Plant Roots
PubMed: 35568785
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20695-z -
Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi = Chinese... Jun 2022To investigate the expression characteristics of SOX10 and GATA3 in breast cancer and the value of their combination. A total of 360 breast cancer specimens with SOX10...
To investigate the expression characteristics of SOX10 and GATA3 in breast cancer and the value of their combination. A total of 360 breast cancer specimens with SOX10 immunohistochemical staining were collected from the Department of Pathology in Shenzhen People's Hospital from 2018 to 2021, including 268 cases with simultaneous SOX10 and GATA3 staining. The expression of SOX10 and GATA3 in primary and metastatic breast cancer was detected, and the correlations between SOX10 and GATA3 and the molecular types and clinicopathological features of breast cancer were compared, and the distribution differences among each group were statistically analyzed. The overall expression of SOX10 and GATA3 in breast cancer were 25.8%(93/360) and 81.7%(219/268), and that in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) were 83.3%(80/96) and 42.7%(32/75), respectively. SOX10 was strongly associated with TNBC (<0.001), whereas GATA3 was highly expressed in luminal A, luminal B and HER2 over expression breast cancers (<0.001). The expression of SOX10 and GATA3 was negatively correlated in TNBC, and the combined expression rates of SOX10 and GATA3 in breast cancer and TNBC could reach 97.8% (262/268) and 94.7%(71/75), respectively. In addition, the expression of SOX10 was closely correlated with high histological grade, high Ki-67 proliferation index and lymph node metastasis, and negatively correlated with AR. The expression of GATA3 was correlated with low histological grade and lymph node metastasis, and positively correlated with AR, and the difference was statistically significant. SOX10 is a sensitive marker of TNBC, while GATA3 is highly expressed in non-triple negative breast cancer. The two complementary, combined application of SOX10-GATA3 can improve the detection rate of breast cancer, especially TNBC. SOX10 is associated with malignant characteristics of the tumor, suggesting that SOX10 can be used as a prognostic marker and potential therapeutic target for breast cancer.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Breast Neoplasms; Female; GATA3 Transcription Factor; Humans; Lymphatic Metastasis; Mitotic Index; SOXE Transcription Factors; Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms
PubMed: 35673726
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112151-20211025-00773 -
Der Pathologe Jul 2016From a historical perspective, histological grading was the earliest cell-based method for assessing tumor biology and the prognosis of breast cancer. This review... (Review)
Review
From a historical perspective, histological grading was the earliest cell-based method for assessing tumor biology and the prognosis of breast cancer. This review article provides detailed and practical instructions for grading of breast cancer in routine diagnostics. Furthermore, the increasing relevance of precise histological grading in the era of molecular pathology is discussed.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Breast; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast; Cell Nucleus; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Combined Modality Therapy; Female; Humans; Ki-67 Antigen; Microtubules; Mitotic Index; Neoplasm Grading; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Prognosis
PubMed: 27363708
DOI: 10.1007/s00292-016-0182-8 -
Revista Espanola de Patologia :... 2021The mitotic count (MC), number of mitosis per unit area, is a very important parameter frequently used for classification and grading of some tumors. Traditionally, the...
PURPOSE
The mitotic count (MC), number of mitosis per unit area, is a very important parameter frequently used for classification and grading of some tumors. Traditionally, the MC has been expressed in terms of number of mitoses per high power field. The size of the field of view can vary greatly among different microscopes. In order to avoid under or overestimation of mitotic count, a conversion needs to be made.
METHODS
A simple formula based on a simple rule of three has been devised to standardize the mitotic count to the reference area by multiplying the number of mitotic figures by a correction factor which has been calculated for the most frequently used microscopes and various common tumors.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
We propose this simple method, which involves only a single multiplication, to standardize the mitotic count to the reference area.
Topics: Algorithms; Humans; Microscopy; Mitotic Index; Neoplasm Grading; Neoplasm Staging; Neoplasms
PubMed: 33455692
DOI: 10.1016/j.patol.2020.06.011 -
Journal of Clinical Pathology Jun 2022The assessment of cell proliferation is a key morphological feature for diagnosing various pathological lesions and predicting their clinical behaviour. Visual... (Review)
Review
The assessment of cell proliferation is a key morphological feature for diagnosing various pathological lesions and predicting their clinical behaviour. Visual assessment of mitotic figures in routine histological sections remains the gold-standard method to evaluate the proliferative activity and grading of cancer. Despite the apparent simplicity of such a well-established method, visual assessment of mitotic figures in breast cancer (BC) remains a challenging task with low concordance among pathologists which can lead to under or overestimation of tumour grade and hence affects management. Guideline recommendations for counting mitoses in BC have been published to standardise methodology and improve concordance; however, the results remain less satisfactory. Alternative approaches such as the use of the proliferation marker Ki67 have been recommended but these did not show better performance in terms of concordance or prognostic stratification. The advent of whole slide image technology has brought the issue of mitotic counting in BC into the light again with more challenges to develop objective criteria for identifying and scoring mitotic figures in digitalised images. Using reliable and reproducible morphological criteria can provide the highest degree of concordance among pathologists and could even benefit the further application of artificial intelligence (AI) in breast pathology, and this relies mainly on the explicit description of these figures. In this review, we highlight the morphology of mitotic figures and their mimickers, address the current caveats in counting mitoses in breast pathology and describe how to strictly apply the morphological criteria for accurate and reliable histological grade and AI models.
Topics: Artificial Intelligence; Breast Neoplasms; Cell Proliferation; Female; Humans; Mitosis; Mitotic Index
PubMed: 34556501
DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2021-207742 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Jan 2019Cerium oxide (CeO) is extensively used in a range of applications like in television tubes, glass/ceramic polishing agent, fuel cells, solar cells, gas sensor...
Cerium oxide (CeO) is extensively used in a range of applications like in television tubes, glass/ceramic polishing agent, fuel cells, solar cells, gas sensor andultraviolet absorbents. In current study, Allium ana-telophase and comet assays were employed to evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of CeO microparticles (CMPs, <5 µm, bulk) and CeO nanoparticles (CNPs, < 25 nm) on the root meristem cells of Allium cepa by using mitotic phases, mitotic index (MI), chromosomal aberrations (CAs), and DNA damage. A cepa roots were treated with the CMPs and CNPs at four different concentrations (12.5, 25, 50, and 100 ppm) for 4 h. Methyl methane sulphonate (MMS,10 ppm) and distilled water were used as positive and negative control groups, respectively. All the applied doses statistically decreased MIs. MI values of CMPs were found higher than CNPs. CMPs and CNPs significantly increased CAs such as chromosome laggards, disturbed anaphase-telophase, stickiness and bridges and also DNA damage. Characterization of CMPs and CNPs showed the particle size as 4.24 ± 0.7 µm and 20.28 ± 2.33 nm, respectively. The average diameter of CMPs and CNPs in solution were in the range of 372.75 ± 70.23 nm and 167.74 ± 38.7 nm, respectively. These results demonstrated that CMPs and CNPs had cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in A. cepa root meristematic cells.
Topics: Cerium; Chromosome Aberrations; Comet Assay; DNA Damage; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Meristem; Mitosis; Mitotic Index; Mutagenicity Tests; Nanoparticles; Onions; Particle Size; Plant Roots
PubMed: 30399539
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.088 -
Diseases of the Esophagus : Official... Dec 2017Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most common type of gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumor, but are rarely found in the thoracic esophagus. There is no clear... (Review)
Review
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most common type of gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumor, but are rarely found in the thoracic esophagus. There is no clear consensus about the optimal treatment of this rare disease. A systematic search of the literature was performed for localized esophageal GIST that was resected between 2000 and 2015, and individual patients were included from two major academic institutions. We obtained information on demographics, tumor size and location, mitotic rate, treatment method, and time to recurrence or death. We performed univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses to evaluate the factors associated with recurrence or death. A total of 28 studies met our inclusion and exclusion criteria, and with two patients from two academic institutions, we had a total of 107 patients in the study. Due to lack of uniformity among studies, there were several missing data for different variables. The average patient age was 56 (n = 98) with mostly males (60%, n = 91). The average tumor size on the CT scan was 7.9 ± 5.4 cm (n = 91), located mostly in the distal esophagus (81%, n = 74). A similar number of patients underwent enucleation (n = 47) compared to esophagectomy (n = 42). Approximately half of the patients had a mitotic rate of 0-4 mitosis per 50 high-powered field (48%, n = 80). The median survival time was 73 months with a 5-year disease free survival of 57% (n = 97). Univariate Cox regression analyses showed that a large tumor, undergoing esophagectomy, and a high mitotic rate were associated with poor survival or recurrence control. We found that patients with a lesion smaller than or equal to 5 cm on the CT scan had a better disease-free survival rate than those with a size greater than 5 cm (HR = 12.41, p = 0.014) and had a 5-year survival rate of 92% with 90% of those patients undergoing enucleation (n = 29). Esophageal GIST is a very rare malignancy. The tumor size and mitotic rate of the tumor are associated with poor survival. However, patients with esophageal GIST measuring 5 cm or smaller may be safely treated with esophageal enucleation.
Topics: Disease-Free Survival; Esophageal Neoplasms; Esophagectomy; Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors; Humans; Mitotic Index; Survival Rate; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Tumor Burden
PubMed: 28881878
DOI: 10.1093/dote/dox064