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Scientific Reports Oct 2020Necrostatins (Necs) have been developed as a receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) inhibitor, thus inhibiting necroptosis. In this current study, we have...
Necrostatins (Necs) have been developed as a receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) inhibitor, thus inhibiting necroptosis. In this current study, we have investigated the possible involvement of necroptosis in the hair cycle regulation and further examined its underlying molecular mechanisms. Diverse RIPK1/3 inhibitors and siRNA were tested in the human outer-root sheath (ORS) cells and animal models. The expression and hair cycle-dependent expression of RIPK 1, respectively, were investigated in the hair follicles (HF) of human, pig, and the mouse. Resulting from the experiment, Nec-1s was most effective in the hair growth promotion among several inhibitors. Nec-1s induced the ORS cell proliferation and migration, and increased the HF length in mouse and pig organ cultures. In addition, it accelerated the telogen-to-anagen transition and elongated the anagen period in the mouse model. Both apoptosis and necroptosis were detected in hair cycle. RIPK1 and RIPK3 were highly expressed in ORS cells during the hair regression period. Nec-1s upregulated the mRNA expression of Wnt3a and Wnt5b, and the activity of β-catenin. Collectively, Nec-1s promotes hair growth through inhibiting necroptosis and activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Necroptosis is involved in hair cycle regression, and Nec-1s is a promising target for hair-loss treatment.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Cell Line; Cell Movement; Cell Proliferation; Hair; Hair Follicle; Humans; Imidazoles; Indoles; Male; Mice; Necroptosis; Swine; Wnt Signaling Pathway
PubMed: 33077863
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74796-1 -
Nature Reviews. Endocrinology Aug 2019
Topics: Acceleration; Aging; Cell Proliferation; Cellular Senescence; Diabetes Mellitus; Humans
PubMed: 31239521
DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0232-4 -
JAMA Network Open Dec 2021Preterm birth and low birth weight are associated with brain developmental and neurocognitive outcomes in childhood; however, not much is known about the specific...
IMPORTANCE
Preterm birth and low birth weight are associated with brain developmental and neurocognitive outcomes in childhood; however, not much is known about the specific critical periods in fetal life and infancy for these outcomes.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the associations of fetal and infant growth patterns with brain morphology in children at school age.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
This population-based, prospective cohort study was conducted from February 1 to April 16, 2021, as a part of the Generation R Study in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. The study included 3098 singleton children born between April 1, 2002, and January 31, 2006.
EXPOSURES
Fetal weight was estimated in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy by ultrasonography. Infant weight was measured at birth and at 6, 12, and 24 months. Fetal and infant weight acceleration or deceleration were defined as a change in SD scores greater than 0.67 between time points. Infant measurements also included peak weight velocity, and age and body mass index reached at adiposity peak.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Brain structure, including global and regional brain volumes, was quantified by magnetic resonance imaging at age 10 years.
RESULTS
The study evaluated 3098 children (mean [SD] age at follow-up, 10.1 [0.6] years; 1557 girls [50.3%]; and 1753 Dutch [57.8%]). One SD score-higher weight gain until the second and third trimesters, birth, and 6, 12, and 24 months was associated with larger total brain volume independently of growth during any other age windows (second trimester: 5.7 cm3; 95% CI, 1.2-10.2 cm3; third trimester: 15.3 cm3; 95% CI, 11.0-19.6 cm3; birth: 20.8 cm3; 95% CI, 16.4-25.1 cm3; 6 months: 15.6 cm3; 95% CI, 11.2-19.9 cm3; 12 months: 11.3 cm3; 95% CI, 7.0-15.6 cm3; and 24 months: 11.1 cm3; 95% CI, 6.8-15.4 cm3). Compared with children with normal fetal and infant growth, those with fetal and infant growth deceleration had the smallest total brain volume (-32.5 cm3; 95% CI, -53.2 to -11.9 cm3). Children with fetal weight deceleration followed by infant catch-up growth had similar brain volumes as children with normal growth. Higher peak weight velocity and body mass index reached at adiposity peak were associated with larger brain volumes. Similar results were observed for cerebral and cerebellar gray and white matter volumes.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
This cohort study's findings suggest that both fetal and infant weight growth might be critical for cerebral and cerebellar brain volumes during childhood. Whether these associations link to neurocognitive outcomes should be further studied.
Topics: Adult; Body Mass Index; Brain; Child; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Female; Fetal Development; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Netherlands; Prospective Studies; Weight Gain
PubMed: 34882181
DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.38214 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Oct 2022
Topics: Acceleration; Child; Female; Glucose; Humans; Infant; Infant Formula; Lactose; Obesity; Weight Gain; Zea mays
PubMed: 35998081
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac191 -
Hormone Research in Paediatrics 2017Childhood obesity is a major public health problem that has grown to epidemic proportions throughout the world. Obesity is influenced by genetic and environmental... (Review)
Review
Childhood obesity is a major public health problem that has grown to epidemic proportions throughout the world. Obesity is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. The nutritional status plays an important role in growth and body weight regulation. Excess adiposity during childhood can affect the process of growth and puberty. Obese children are frequently tall for their age, with accelerated epiphyseal growth plate maturation despite low growth hormone levels. Several regulatory hormones may affect the process of linear growth in the constellation of obesity, as high levels of insulin and leptin are observed in obese children. Leptin can act as a skeletal growth factor, with a direct effect on skeletal growth centers. The finding that overweight children, especially girls, tend to mature earlier than lean children has led to the hypothesis that the degree of body fatness may trigger the neuroendocrine events that lead to the onset of puberty. Leptin receptors have been identified in the hypothalamus, as well as in gonadotrope cells, ovarian follicular cells, and Leydig cells. The increased leptin and androgen levels seen in obese children may be implicated in their earlier onset of puberty and accelerated pubertal growth. This review is focused on the interaction between childhood obesity and growth and pubertal processes. .
Topics: Adiposity; Adolescent; Adolescent Development; Androgens; Body Height; Body Weight; Child; Child Development; Humans; Leptin; Obesity; Puberty
PubMed: 28183093
DOI: 10.1159/000455968 -
Problemy Endokrinologii Oct 2022The article presents data about short stature due to intrauterine development delay. This type of short stature - separate nosology, unites children born small for...
The article presents data about short stature due to intrauterine development delay. This type of short stature - separate nosology, unites children born small for gestation age. The majority of them in the first years of life have accelerated growth rates, allowing the child to normalize their weight-growth indicators and catch up in the development of peers. In the absence of an accelerated growth rates, children have a high risk of lagging behind in physical development throughout childhood, achieving low final growth and becoming short adults. In addition, the fact of birth with small body sizes is associated with a number of hormonal and metabolic features, a risk of metabolic syndrome in adult years.It is assumed that the absence of postnatal growth acceleration is due to various damages to the GH-IGF1 axis (partial GH deficiency, partial resistance to GH, partial resistance to IGF1). Growth hormone therapy, initiated early in life, is able to normalize growth rates in childhood and ultimately significantly improve or normalize the final growth of short stature children born small for gestational age.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Child; Adult; Female; Humans; Fetal Growth Retardation; Body Height; Infant, Small for Gestational Age; Human Growth Hormone; Growth Hormone; Dwarfism
PubMed: 36337013
DOI: 10.14341/probl13178 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2023Knowledge of human craniofacial growth (increase in size) and development (change in shape) is important in the clinical treatment of a range of conditions that affects...
Knowledge of human craniofacial growth (increase in size) and development (change in shape) is important in the clinical treatment of a range of conditions that affects it. This study uses an extensive collection of clinical CT scans to investigate craniofacial growth and development over the first 48 months of life, detail how the cranium changes in form (size and shape) in each sex and how these changes are associated with the growth and development of various soft tissues such as the brain, eyes and tongue and the expansion of the nasal cavity. This is achieved through multivariate analyses of cranial form based on 3D landmarks and semi-landmarks and by analyses of linear dimensions, and cranial volumes. The results highlight accelerations and decelerations in cranial form changes throughout early childhood. They show that from 0 to 12 months, the cranium undergoes greater changes in form than from 12 to 48 months. However, in terms of the development of overall cranial shape, there is no significant sexual dimorphism in the age range considered in this study. In consequence a single model of human craniofacial growth and development is presented for future studies to examine the physio-mechanical interactions of the craniofacial growth.
Topics: Humans; Child, Preschool; Skull; Acceleration; Brain; Eye; Growth and Development
PubMed: 37316540
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36646-8 -
ELife Sep 2021In fluctuating environments, switching between different growth strategies, such as those affecting cell size and proliferation, can be advantageous to an organism....
In fluctuating environments, switching between different growth strategies, such as those affecting cell size and proliferation, can be advantageous to an organism. Trade-offs arise, however. Mechanisms that aberrantly increase cell size or proliferation-such as mutations or chemicals that interfere with growth regulatory pathways-can also shorten lifespan. Here we report a natural example of how the interplay between growth and lifespan can be epigenetically controlled. We find that a highly conserved RNA-modifying enzyme, the pseudouridine synthase Pus4/TruB, can act as a prion, endowing yeast with greater proliferation rates at the cost of a shortened lifespan. Cells harboring the prion grow larger and exhibit altered protein synthesis. This epigenetic state, [] (etter n rowth), allows cells to heritably yet reversibly alter their translational program, leading to the differential synthesis of dozens of proteins, including many that regulate proliferation and aging. Our data reveal a new role for prion-based control of an RNA-modifying enzyme in driving heritable epigenetic states that transform cell growth and survival.
Topics: Cell Enlargement; Cell Proliferation; Epigenesis, Genetic; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; Intramolecular Transferases; Longevity; Meiosis; Prion Proteins; Protein Biosynthesis; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; Time Factors
PubMed: 34545808
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.60917 -
Developmental and Comparative Immunology Nov 2016Development, growth and maturation of animals are under genetic and environmental control. Multicellular organisms interact throughout their lives with a variety of... (Review)
Review
Development, growth and maturation of animals are under genetic and environmental control. Multicellular organisms interact throughout their lives with a variety of environment- and body-associated microorganisms. It has now been appreciated that the very conspicuous and varied microbial population associated with the food and the gastro-intestinal tract is a critical factor that can influence growth. Beyond the phenomenology, the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of microbes on development are being revealed from studies in Drosophila melanogaster, a particularly well suited system for a mechanistic understanding of host/microbiota interactions. Association of otherwise germ-free eggs with specific bacterial strains isolated from Drosophila gut samples can accelerate growth in larvae raised on restrictive diets. We review advances made possible by the exploitation of such simplified gnotobiotic systems in the search for the genes, molecules and physiological adaptations responsible for this effect in both host and microbes. Transposon mutagenesis and gene-trait match studies in bacteria can identify the key microbial genes and metabolites required for the beneficial effect, acetic acid being one of them. In the fly, functional genomic analysis, transcriptomics and metabolomics point to the modulation of systemic insulin and steroid hormone signalling as well as the regulation of intestinal physiology, including the enhancement of intestinal protease activity, as crucial mediators of the host's response.
Topics: Acetic Acid; Animals; Cell Growth Processes; DNA Transposable Elements; Drosophila melanogaster; Germ-Free Life; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Immunity, Innate; Insulin; Intestines; Microbiota; Mutagenesis; Peptide Hydrolases; Symbiosis
PubMed: 26827889
DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.01.017 -
Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology 2020Biological molecules are widely produced by fermentation technology using bacteria, fungi or yeast. Fermentation is a biochemical process wherein the rate of... (Review)
Review
Biological molecules are widely produced by fermentation technology using bacteria, fungi or yeast. Fermentation is a biochemical process wherein the rate of bioconversion is governed by the organisms involved. The growth of the organism is mainly limited by mass transfer rates of nutrients and gases that directly affect the product formation in fermentation. Attempts have been made to enhance the growth rate and yield using mutational, recombinant strain development approach at microbial level as well as fed batch and continuous processing approach at bioprocess level in the past. The growth rate of microbes can be accelerated by increased mass transfer rates and cell wall permeability with the use of controlled low frequency ultrasound irradiation. The present review provides insights into the application of acoustic cavitation in process intensification of fermentation approaches and the role of various factors involved are highlighted with typical examples.
Topics: Bacteria; Bioreactors; Cell Membrane Permeability; Cell Proliferation; Fermentation; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Ultrasonic Waves
PubMed: 32065573
DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2020.1725773