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Genes Jan 2022Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are the structurally similar and highly conserved type of functional proteins that play an important role in hair follicle growth and...
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are the structurally similar and highly conserved type of functional proteins that play an important role in hair follicle growth and development. was a differentially expressed gene in different patterns of Hu sheep lambskin identified using Agilent microarray. Since hair follicle is the basis of pattern formation of lambskin, and its growth and development is governed by dermal papilla cells (DPCs), to clarify the role of and hair follicle, our study was designed to investigate the regulation between and DPCs. Firstly, the CDS region of was cloned by 3'Race and PCR in Hu sheep and performed serious of bioinformatic analysis. Then, the effects of on DPCs were analyzed after overexpression and interference of in dermal papilla cells by CCK8, EdU, and PI assay. Additionally, qPCR was also conducted to clarify the relationship between and the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. A total of 1296 bp of the CDS region sequence was sucessfully cloned in Hu sheep, encoding a signal peptide of 431 amino acids, molecular weight was 49,316.9 Da and the isoelectric point (Pi) was 7.75. Nucleotide sequencing analysis of revealed that Hu sheep had high homology with and . Structure domain prediction showed that TGF-β superfamily domain exist between 330th-431th amino acid, protein is a secreted protein. In up-regulated DPCs, DPCs proliferation rate and cell cycle were significantly higher than that of NC group ( < 0.05). Meanwhile, the expression level of , , , and in TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway were significantly lower than that in NC group ( < 0.05). In down-regulated DPCs, it presented the opposite result. In conclusion, our study showed that had a positive effect on DPCs by accelerating the proliferation and cell cycle of DPCs, and hypothesized that regulate hair follicles growth and development via TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. These findings may provide a synergistic target for the subsequent research of hair follicle growth and development.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cell Cycle; Cell Proliferation; Cells, Cultured; Dogs; Hair Follicle; Sheep; Transforming Growth Factor beta
PubMed: 35205246
DOI: 10.3390/genes13020201 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Mar 2021: Fetal overgrowth is related to many perinatal complications, including stillbirth, cesarean section, maternal and neonatal injuries, and shoulder dystocia. It is... (Review)
Review
: Fetal overgrowth is related to many perinatal complications, including stillbirth, cesarean section, maternal and neonatal injuries, and shoulder dystocia. It is related to maternal diabetes, obesity, and gestational weight gain but also happens in low-risk pregnancies. There is ongoing discussion regarding definitions, methods of detection, and classification. The method used for detection is crucial as it draws a line between those at risk and low-risk popula-tions. : For this narrative review, relevant evidence was identified through PubMed search with one of the general terms (macrosomia, large-for-gestational-age) combined with the outcome of interest. : This review summarizes evidence on the relation of fetal overgrowth with stillbirth, cesarean sections, shoulder dystocia, anal sphincter injury, and hem-orrhage. Customized growth charts help to detect mothers and fetuses at risk of those complica-tions. Relations between fetal overgrowth and diabetes, maternal weight, and gestational weight gain were investigated. : a substantial proportion of complications are an effect of the fetus growing above its potential and should be recognized as a new dangerous condition of Fetal Growth Acceleration.
Topics: Acceleration; Cesarean Section; Diabetes, Gestational; Dystocia; Female; Fetal Macrosomia; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy
PubMed: 33801377
DOI: 10.3390/medicina57030228 -
Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 2017Whilst prevention of growth faltering has both short- and long-term health benefits, whether too fast or accelerated infant growth adversely affects later health... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Whilst prevention of growth faltering has both short- and long-term health benefits, whether too fast or accelerated infant growth adversely affects later health outcomes is controversial and a major focus of research.
SUMMARY
Many observational studies suggest that rapid weight gain in infancy (upward centile crossing) increases the long-term risk of obesity and non-communicable disease. This association has been seen in infants from low- and high-income countries, in infants born preterm or at term, and those born with normal or low birth weight for gestation. Experimental (randomized) studies in both breast- and formula-fed infants support a causal link between early growth acceleration and infant nutrition and later risk of obesity. These observations suggest that strategies to optimize the pattern of infant growth could make a major contribution to stemming the current global epidemic of non-communicable disease. Key Messages: The optimal pattern of infant weight gain is likely to differ in different populations. The benefits of rapid infant weight gain for later neurodevelopment favors the promotion of rapid growth in infants born preterm. However, growth acceleration in healthy infants born at term (either normal or low birth weight for gestation) is likely to have adverse effects for long-term health.
Topics: Birth Weight; Child Development; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Male; Obesity; Weight Gain
PubMed: 28301849
DOI: 10.1159/000464302 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2023Sex differences in prenatal growth may contribute to sex-dependent programming effects on postnatal phenotype.
INTRODUCTION
Sex differences in prenatal growth may contribute to sex-dependent programming effects on postnatal phenotype.
METHODS
We integrated for the first time phenotypic, histomorphological, clinico-chemical, endocrine and gene expression analyses in a single species, the bovine conceptus at mid-gestation.
RESULTS
We demonstrate that by mid-gestation, before the onset of accelerated growth, the female conceptus displays asymmetric lower growth compared to males. Female fetuses were smaller with lower ponderal index and organ weights than males. However, their brain:body weight, brain:liver weight and heart:body weight ratios were higher than in males, indicating brain and heart 'sparing'. The female placenta weighed less and had lower volumes of trophoblast and fetal connective tissue than the male placenta. Female umbilical cord vessel diameters were smaller, and female-specific relationships of body weight and brain:liver weight ratios with cord vessel diameters indicated that the umbilico-placental vascular system creates a growth-limiting environment where blood flow is redistributed to protect brain and heart growth. Clinico-chemical indicators of liver perfusion support this female-specific growth-limiting phenotype, while lower insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) gene expression in brain and heart, and lower circulating IGF2, implicate female-specific modulation of key endocrine mediators by nutrient supply.
CONCLUSION
This mode of female development may increase resilience to environmental perturbations and contribute to sex-bias in programming outcomes including susceptibility to non-communicable diseases.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Male; Animals; Cattle; Placenta; Fetus; Trophoblasts; Liver; Body Weight
PubMed: 38362586
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1306513 -
Nature Communications Sep 2023Most growth references for very preterm infants were developed using measurements taken at birth, and were thought to represent intrauterine growth. However, it remains...
Most growth references for very preterm infants were developed using measurements taken at birth, and were thought to represent intrauterine growth. However, it remains unclear whether the goal of approximating an intrauterine growth rate as stated by the American Academy of Pediatrics is attainable by very preterm infants. Using real-world measurement data from very preterm infants born between 2010 through 2020, we develop models to characterize the patterns of postnatal growth, and compare them to intrauterine growth. By assessing the weight growth rate, we show three phases of postnatal growth not evident in intrauterine growth. Furthermore, postnatal length and head circumference growth exhibit a slow rate after birth, followed by an acceleration. Collectively, postnatal and intrauterine growth are distinctly different. Although postnatal growth models do not represent optimal growth of very preterm infants, they can serve as a practical tool for clinical assessment of growth and for nutrition research.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Infant; Humans; Child; Infant, Premature; Anthropometry; Acceleration
PubMed: 37726287
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41069-0 -
Journal of Hypertension Jul 2016Low birth weight is associated with cardiovascular disease. We examined the effects of fetal and infant growth patterns on cardiovascular outcomes in children.
OBJECTIVE
Low birth weight is associated with cardiovascular disease. We examined the effects of fetal and infant growth patterns on cardiovascular outcomes in children.
METHODS
In a population-based prospective cohort study among 6239 children, we estimated fetal-femur length and weight by 20 and 30 weeks ultrasound, and child length and weight at birth, 0.5, 1, 2 and 6 years. We measured blood pressure (BP), carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, aortic root diameter, left ventricular mass and fractional shortening at 6 years. We used regression analyses to identify longitudinal growth patterns associated with height-standardized vascular outcomes and body-surface-area-standardized cardiac outcomes.
RESULTS
Younger gestational age and lower birth weight were associated with higher BP, smaller aortic root diameter and lower left ventricular mass in childhood (all P values <0.05). Children with decelerated or normal fetal growth followed by accelerated infant growth had higher BP, whereas those with decelerated growth during both fetal life and infancy had a relatively larger left ventricular mass. Longitudinal growth analyses showed that children with increased BP tended to be smaller during third trimester of fetal life, but of normal size during infancy, than children with normal BP. Children with increased aortic root diameter or left ventricular mass tended to be larger during fetal life, but of similar size during infancy.
CONCLUSION
Specific fetal and infant growth patterns are associated with different cardiovascular outcomes in children. Further studies are needed to identify the underlying mechanisms and the long-term cardiovascular consequences.
Topics: Aorta; Birth Weight; Blood Pressure; Body Height; Body Weight; Child; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Echocardiography; Female; Femur; Fetal Development; Gestational Age; Heart Ventricles; Humans; Infant; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Male; Organ Size; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Trimester, Second; Pregnancy Trimester, Third; Prospective Studies; Pulse Wave Analysis; Ultrasonography, Prenatal
PubMed: 27115338
DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000947 -
Genes May 2023Fibroblast growth factor 9 () is crucial for the growth and development of hair follicles (HFs); however, its role in sheep wool growth is unknown. Here, we clarified...
Fibroblast growth factor 9 () is crucial for the growth and development of hair follicles (HFs); however, its role in sheep wool growth is unknown. Here, we clarified the role of in HF growth in the small-tailed Han sheep by quantifying expression in skin tissue sections collected at different periods. Moreover, we evaluated the effects of protein supplementation on hair shaft growth in vitro and knockdown on cultured dermal papilla cells (DPCs). The relationship between and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was examined, and the underlying mechanisms of -mediated DPC proliferation were investigated. The results show that expression varies throughout the HF cycle and participates in wool growth. The proliferation rate and cell cycle of -treated DPCs substantially increase compared to that of the control group, and the mRNA and protein expression of , a Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway marker gene, is considerably lower than that in the control group. The opposite occurs in -knockdown DPCs. Moreover, other signaling pathways are enriched in the -treated group. In conclusion, accelerates the proliferation and cell cycle of DPCs and may regulate HF growth and development through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
Topics: Animals; Sheep; Fibroblast Growth Factor 9; Hair Follicle; Cell Proliferation; Hair; Wnt Signaling Pathway
PubMed: 37239467
DOI: 10.3390/genes14051106 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2022Temperature strongly modulates muscle development and growth in ectothermic teleosts; however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, primary...
Temperature strongly modulates muscle development and growth in ectothermic teleosts; however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, primary cultures of skeletal muscle cells of were conducted and reared at different temperatures (21, 25, and 28 °C) in both the proliferation and differentiation stages. CCK-8, EdU, wound scratch and nuclear fusion index assays revealed that the proliferation, myogenic differentiation, and migration processes of skeletal muscle cells were significantly accelerated as the temperature raises. Based on the GO, GSEA, and WGCNA, higher temperature (28 °C) induced genes involved in HSF1 activation, DNA replication, and ECM organization processes at the proliferation stage, as well as HSF1 activation, calcium activity regulation, myogenic differentiation, and myoblast fusion, and sarcomere assembly processes at the differentiation stage. In contrast, lower temperature (21 °C) increased the expression levels of genes associated with DNA damage, DNA repair and apoptosis processes at the proliferation stage, and cytokine signaling and neutrophil degranulation processes at the differentiation stage. Additionally, we screened several hub genes regulating myogenesis processes. Our results could facilitate the understanding of the regulatory mechanism of temperature on fish skeletal muscle growth and further contribute to utilizing rational management strategies and promoting organism growth and development.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Proliferation; Muscle Development; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal; Muscle, Skeletal; Temperature
PubMed: 36077203
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179812 -
Nature May 2016In many animal societies where hierarchies govern access to reproduction, the social rank of individuals is related to their age and weight and slow-growing animals may...
In many animal societies where hierarchies govern access to reproduction, the social rank of individuals is related to their age and weight and slow-growing animals may lose their place in breeding queues to younger 'challengers' that grow faster. The threat of being displaced might be expected to favour the evolution of competitive growth strategies, where individuals increase their own rate of growth in response to increases in the growth of potential rivals. Although growth rates have been shown to vary in relation to changes in the social environment in several vertebrates including fish and mammals, it is not yet known whether individuals increase their growth rates in response to increases in the growth of particular reproductive rivals. Here we show that, in wild Kalahari meerkats (Suricata suricatta), subordinates of both sexes respond to experimentally induced increases in the growth of same-sex rivals by raising their own growth rate and food intake. In addition, when individuals acquire dominant status, they show a secondary period of accelerated growth whose magnitude increases if the difference between their own weight and that of the heaviest subordinate of the same sex in their group is small. Our results show that individuals adjust their growth to the size of their closest competitor and raise the possibility that similar plastic responses to the risk of competition may occur in other social mammals, including domestic animals and primates.
Topics: Animals; Body Size; Body Weight; Competitive Behavior; Eating; Female; Herpestidae; Male; Reproduction; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Social Dominance
PubMed: 27225127
DOI: 10.1038/nature17986 -
Pediatric Research Jan 2022Accelerated catch-up growth following intrauterine restriction increases the risk of developing visceral adiposity and metabolic abnormalities. However, the underlying...
BACKGROUND
Accelerated catch-up growth following intrauterine restriction increases the risk of developing visceral adiposity and metabolic abnormalities. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of such metabolic programming are still poorly understood.
METHODS
A Wistar rat model of catch-up growth following intrauterine restriction was used. A gene expression array was performed in the retroperitoneal adipose tissue sampled at postnatal day (PD) 42.
RESULTS
Five hundred and forty-six differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified (adjusted p value < 0.05). Gene ontology enrichment analysis identified pathways related to immune and lipid metabolic processes, brown fat cell differentiation, and regulation of PI3K. Ccl21, Npr3, Serpina3n, Pnpla3, Slc2a4, and Serpina12 were validated to be upregulated in catch-up pups (all p < 0.01) and related to several fat expansion and metabolic parameters, including body weight at PD42, postnatal body weight gain, white and brown adipose tissue mass, plasma triglycerides, and insulin resistance index (all p < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Genes related to immune and metabolic processes were upregulated in retroperitoneal adipose tissue following catch-up growth in juvenile rats and were found to be associated with fat expansion and metabolic parameters. Our results provide evidence for several dysregulated genes in white adipose tissue that could help develop novel strategies to prevent the metabolic abnormalities associated with catch-up growth.
IMPACT
Catch-up growth presents several dysregulated genes in white adipose tissue related to metabolic abnormalities. Ccl21, Npr3, Serpina3n, Pnpla3, Slc2a4, and Serpina12 were validated to be upregulated in catch-up pups and related to visceral fat expansion and metabolic parameters. Profiling and validation of these dysregulated genes in visceral adipose tissue could help develop novel strategies to prevent the metabolic abnormalities associated with catch-up growth.
Topics: Animals; Body Composition; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Fetal Growth Retardation; Gene Expression Regulation; Growth; Intra-Abdominal Fat; Male; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 33654281
DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01422-9