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Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia May 2023To describe ketamine-propofol total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) following premedication with acepromazine and either medetomidine, midazolam or morphine in rabbits.
Ketamine-propofol for total intravenous anaesthesia in rabbits: a comparison of premedication with acepromazine-medetomidine, acepromazine-midazolam or acepromazine-morphine.
OBJECTIVE
To describe ketamine-propofol total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) following premedication with acepromazine and either medetomidine, midazolam or morphine in rabbits.
STUDY DESIGN
Randomized, crossover experimental study.
ANIMALS
A total of six healthy female New Zealand White rabbits (2.2 ± 0.3 kg).
METHODS
Rabbits were anaesthetized on four occasions, each separated by 7 days: an intramuscular injection of saline alone (treatment Saline) or acepromazine (0.5 mg kg) in combination with medetomidine (0.1 mg kg), midazolam (1 mg kg) or morphine (1 mg kg), treatments AME, AMI or AMO, respectively, in random order. Anaesthesia was induced and maintained with a mixture containing ketamine (5 mg mL) and propofol (5 mg mL) (ketofol). Each trachea was intubated and the rabbit administered oxygen during spontaneous ventilation. Ketofol infusion rate was initially 0.4 mg kg minute (0.2 mg kg minute of each drug) and was adjusted to maintain adequate anaesthetic depth based on clinical assessment. Ketofol dose and physiological variables were recorded every 5 minutes. Quality of sedation, intubation and recovery times were recorded.
RESULTS
Ketofol induction doses decreased significantly in treatments AME (7.9 ± 2.3) and AMI (8.9 ± 4.0) compared with treatment Saline (16.8 ± 3.2 mg kg) (p < 0.05). The total ketofol dose to maintain anaesthesia was significantly lower in treatments AME, AMI and AMO (0.6 ± 0.1, 0.6 ± 0.2 and 0.6 ± 0.1 mg kg minute, respectively) than in treatment Saline (1.2 ± 0.2 mg kg minute) (p < 0.05). Cardiovascular variables remained at clinically acceptable values, but all treatments caused some degree of hypoventilation.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Premedication with AME, AMI and AMO, at the doses studied, significantly decreased the maintenance dose of ketofol infusion in rabbits. Ketofol was determined to be a clinically acceptable combination for TIVA in premedicated rabbits.
Topics: Rabbits; Female; Animals; Propofol; Midazolam; Medetomidine; Ketamine; Acepromazine; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthesia, General; Premedication; Morphine Derivatives
PubMed: 36894406
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2023.02.002 -
BMC Veterinary Research May 2022Many veterinarians consider English Bulldogs to have a greater perianesthetic mortality risk. The aims of this study were to 1) determine total and anesthesia-related,...
BACKGROUND
Many veterinarians consider English Bulldogs to have a greater perianesthetic mortality risk. The aims of this study were to 1) determine total and anesthesia-related, perianesthetic mortality (PAM) rates in English Bulldogs (EB), 2) identify potential risk factors associated with mortality in EB, and 3) determine the difference in the perianesthetic mortality rates between EB, other-brachycephalic breeds (OB), and non-brachycephalic breeds (NB). Records from EB that were anesthetized between 2010 and 2017, were investigated. OB and NB were enrolled to match with each EB based on a procedure and age from the study period. Data collected in EB included: age, ASA status, weight, procedure types, anesthetic and analgesic management, anesthetic duration, anesthetic recovery location, and cause of death. Age and cause of death were determined from OB and NB. Fisher's exact test was used to compare PAM rate and age in EB, OB, and NB. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare EB survivor and EB non-survivor. Logistic regression models were used to identify factors and odds ratio (OR) associated with PAM in EB.
RESULT
Two hundred twenty nine EB, 218 OB, and 229 NB were identified. The total and anesthesia-related PAM rates in EB were 6.6 and 3.9%, respectively. EB had a greater total PAM rate compared with OB (p = 0.007). ASA status was different between survivors and non-survivors in EB (p < 0.01). Risk factors identified regardless of the cause of death were premedication with full μ opioids (OR = 0.333, p = 0.114), continuous infusion of ketamine post-operatively (OR = 13.775, p = 0.013), and acepromazine administration post-operatively (OR = 7.274, p = 0.004). The most common cause of death in EB was postoperative respiratory dysfunction (87.5%).
CONCLUSION
Total and anesthesia-related mortality in EB is considerable. Most deaths in EB occurred during the postoperative period secondary to respiratory complications.
Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Animals; Craniosynostoses; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors
PubMed: 35614460
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03301-9 -
Journal of Visualized Experiments : JoVE Nov 2023The protocol here provides a simple, highly replicable methodology to induce in situ acute regional myocardial ischemia in the rabbit for non-survival and survival...
The protocol here provides a simple, highly replicable methodology to induce in situ acute regional myocardial ischemia in the rabbit for non-survival and survival experiments. New Zealand White adult rabbit is sedated with atropine, acepromazine, butorphanol, and isoflurane. The animal is intubated and placed on mechanical ventilation. An intravenous catheter is inserted into the marginal ear vein for the infusion of medications. The animal is pre-medicated with heparin, lidocaine, and lactated Ringer's solution. A carotid cut-down is performed to obtain arterial line access for blood pressure monitoring. Select physiologic and mechanical parameters are monitored and recorded by continuous real-time analysis. With the animal sedated and fully anesthetized, either a fourth intercostal space small left thoracotomy (survival) or midline sternotomy (non-survival) is performed. The pericardium is opened, and the left anterior descending (LAD) artery is located. A polypropylene suture is passed around the second or third diagonal branch of the LAD artery, and the polypropylene filament is threaded through a small vinyl tube, forming a snare. The animal is subjected to 30 min of regional ischemia, achieved by occluding the LAD by tightening the snare. Myocardial ischemia is confirmed visually by regional cyanosis of the epicardium. Following regional ischemia, the ligature is loosened, and the heart is allowed to re-perfuse. For both survival and non-survival experiments, the myocardial function can be assessed via an echocardiography (ECHO) measurement of the fractional shortening. For non-survival studies, data from sonomicrometry collected using three digital piezoelectric ultrasonic probes implanted within the ischemic area and the left ventricle developed pressure (LVDP) using an apically inserted left ventricle (LV) catheter can be continuously acquired for evaluating the regional and global myocardial function, respectively. For survival studies, the incision is closed, a left needle thoracentesis is performed for pleural air evacuation, and postoperative pain control is achieved.
Topics: Rabbits; Animals; Polypropylenes; Ischemia; Reperfusion Injury; Myocardial Ischemia; Heart
PubMed: 37982519
DOI: 10.3791/64752 -
Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia Jul 2022To determine the effects of intravenous (IV) premedication with acepromazine, butorphanol or their combination, on the propofol anesthetic induction dosage in dogs.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the effects of intravenous (IV) premedication with acepromazine, butorphanol or their combination, on the propofol anesthetic induction dosage in dogs.
STUDY DESIGN
Prospective, blinded, Latin square design.
ANIMALS
A total of three male and three female, healthy Beagle dogs, aged 3.79 ± 0.02 years, weighing 10.6 ± 1.1 kg, mean ± standard deviation.
METHODS
Each dog was assigned to one of six IV treatments weekly: 0.9% saline (treatment SAL), low-dose acepromazine (0.02 mg kg; treatment LDA), high-dose acepromazine (0.04 mg kg; treatment HDA), low-dose butorphanol (0.2 mg kg; treatment LDB), high-dose butorphanol (0.4 mg kg; treatment HDB); and a combination of acepromazine (0.02 mg kg) with butorphanol (0.2 mg kg; treatment ABC). Physiologic variables and sedation scores were collected at baseline and 10 minutes after premedication. Then propofol was administered at 1 mg kg IV over 15 seconds, followed by boluses (0.5 mg kg over 5 seconds) every 15 seconds until intubation. Propofol dose, physiologic variables, recovery time, recovery score and adverse effects were monitored and recorded. Data were analyzed using mixed-effects anova (p < 0.05).
RESULTS
Propofol dosage was lower in all treatments than in treatment SAL (4.4 ± 0.5 mg kg); the largest decrease was recorded in treatment ABC (1.7 ± 0.3 mg kg). Post induction mean arterial pressures (MAPs) were lower than baseline values of treatments LDA, HDA and ABC. Apnea and hypotension (MAP < 60 mmHg) developed in some dogs in all treatments with the greatest incidence of hypotension in treatment ABC (4/6 dogs).
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Although the largest decrease in propofol dosage required for intubation was after IV premedication with acepromazine and butorphanol, hypotension and apnea still occurred.
Topics: Acepromazine; Anesthesia; Animals; Apnea; Butorphanol; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Hypotension; Male; Propofol; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 35606286
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2022.03.002 -
Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia Mar 2021To evaluate the effects of incremental doses of acepromazine on hemodynamics in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effects of incremental doses of acepromazine on hemodynamics in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs.
STUDY DESIGN
Prospective, experimental study.
ANIMALS
Healthy, adult, mixed-breed dogs (two male and four female) weighing 16.8 ± 5.1 kg (mean ± standard deviation).
METHODS
Dogs were anesthetized with propofol (7 mg kg) intravenously (IV) and isoflurane. Thermodilution and arterial catheters were placed for hemodynamic monitoring and arterial blood sampling for blood gas analysis. Baseline measurements were performed with stable expired concentration of isoflurane (Fe'Iso) at 1.8%. Each dog was then administered four incremental acepromazine injections (10, 15, 25 and 50 μg kg) IV, and measurements were repeated 20 minutes after each acepromazine injection with Fe'Iso decreased to 1.2%. The four acepromazine injections resulted in cumulative doses of 10, 25, 50 and 100 μg kg (time points ACP, ACP, ACP and ACP, respectively).
RESULTS
Compared with baseline, cardiac index (CI) increased significantly by 34%, whereas systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) decreased by 25% at ACP and ACP. Arterial oxygen content (CaO) was significantly lower than baseline after all acepromazine injections (maximum decreases of 11%) and was lower at ACP and ACP than at ACP. No significant change was found in heart rate, stroke index, oxygen delivery index and systolic, mean and diastolic blood pressures. Hypotension (mean arterial pressure < 60 mmHg) was observed in one dog at baseline, ACP, ACP and ACP, and in two dogs at ACP.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Compared with isoflurane alone, anesthesia with acepromazine-isoflurane resulted in increased CI and decreased SVRI and CaO values. These effects were dose-related, being more pronounced at ACP and ACP. Under the conditions of this study, acepromazine administration did not change blood pressure.
Topics: Acepromazine; Animals; Blood Pressure; Cross-Over Studies; Dogs; Female; Heart Rate; Hemodynamics; Isoflurane; Male; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 33388251
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2020.11.003 -
Equine Veterinary Journal Nov 2018Information on appropriate protocols for sedation of Nordestino donkeys is scarce.
BACKGROUND
Information on appropriate protocols for sedation of Nordestino donkeys is scarce.
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of low doses of intravenous (i.v.) xylazine with and without acepromazine in 'Nordestino' donkeys.
STUDY DESIGN
Seven healthy female Nordestino donkeys (150 ± 18 kg) were included in this blinded, randomised, crossover experiment.
METHODS
Four treatments were administered, consisting of two i.v. injections, at baseline (T0, 1st injection) and 15 min later (T15, 2nd injection). Treatments included acepromazine 0.05 mg/kg bwt + saline (AS), saline + xylazine 0.5 mg/kg bwt (SX0.5), acepromazine + xylazine 0.25 mg/kg bwt (AX0.25) or acepromazine + xylazine 0.5 mg/kg bwt (AX0.5). Sedative and cardiorespiratory parameters were evaluated before T0 and 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 min after treatment. Degree [height of head above ground (HHAG)] and quality of sedation [ataxia, responses to stimuli and visual analogue scale (VAS) scoring] and respiratory rate were evaluated by the main investigator in situ, and heart rate was measured by an assistant investigator. Three experienced evaluators assessed vídeos for ataxia and responses to stimuli. Normal data were analysed by repeated measures ANOVA, and non-normal by Kruskal-Wallis (P<0.05).
RESULTS
HHAG was lower than baseline for 15 min after xylazine administration in AX0.25 and for 30 min in SX0.5 and AX0.5 groups. All treatments with xylazine increased VAS and ataxia scores in situ for 15 min after xylazine administration, with no differences between groups. Ataxia scores in situ were higher in SX0.5 and AX0.5 groups than AS for 15 and 30 min after xylazine administration, respectively.
MAIN LIMITATIONS
Absence of a negative control group (saline-saline).
CONCLUSION
Acepromazine added to xylazine at 0.25 mg/kg bwt produced briefer and milder sedation than xylazine at 0.5 mg/kg bwt.
Topics: Acepromazine; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Animals; Cross-Over Studies; Equidae; Female; Heart Rate; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Injections, Intravenous; Random Allocation; Respiration; Single-Blind Method; Visual Analog Scale; Xylazine
PubMed: 29569401
DOI: 10.1111/evj.12835 -
Journal of the American Veterinary... Dec 2021To compare effectiveness of maropitant and ondansetron in preventing preoperative vomiting and nausea in healthy dogs premedicated with a combination of hydromorphone,...
Effectiveness of orally administered maropitant and ondansetron in preventing preoperative emesis and nausea in healthy dogs premedicated with a combination of hydromorphone, acepromazine, and glycopyrrolate.
OBJECTIVE
To compare effectiveness of maropitant and ondansetron in preventing preoperative vomiting and nausea in healthy dogs premedicated with a combination of hydromorphone, acepromazine, and glycopyrrolate.
ANIMALS
88 dogs owned by rescue organizations.
PROCEDURES
Dogs received maropitant (n = 29) or ondansetron (28) PO 2 hours prior to premedication or did not receive an antiemetic (31; control). Dogs were evaluated for vomiting, nausea, and severity of nausea (scored for 6 signs) for 15 minutes following premedication with hydromorphone, acepromazine, and glycopyrrolate.
RESULTS
A significantly lower percentage of dogs vomited after receiving maropitant (3/29 [10%]), compared with control dogs (19/31 [62%]) and dogs that received ondansetron (15/28 [54%]). A significantly lower percentage of dogs appeared nauseated after receiving maropitant (3/29 [10%]), compared with control dogs (27/31 [87%]) and dogs that received ondansetron (14/28 [50%]), and a significantly lower percentage of dogs appeared nauseated after receiving ondansetron, compared with control dogs. Nausea severity scores for hypersalivation, lip licking, hard swallowing, and hunched posture were significantly lower for dogs that received maropitant than for control dogs, and scores for hypersalivation, lip licking, and hard swallowing were significantly lower for dogs that received ondansetron than for control dogs.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Oral administration of maropitant 2 hours prior to premedication with hydromorphone reduced the incidence of vomiting and the incidence and severity of nausea in healthy dogs. Oral administration of ondansetron reduced the incidence and severity of nausea but not the incidence of vomiting.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Acepromazine; Analgesics, Opioid; Antiemetics; Dog Diseases; Glycopyrrolate; Hydromorphone; Nausea; Ondansetron; Quinuclidines; Vomiting
PubMed: 34914630
DOI: 10.2460/javma.21.02.0082 -
New Zealand Veterinary Journal Sep 2023To evaluate the effect of IM administration of three sedative drugs, acepromazine, alfaxalone and dexmedetomidine, in combination with morphine, on the size of the...
AIMS
To evaluate the effect of IM administration of three sedative drugs, acepromazine, alfaxalone and dexmedetomidine, in combination with morphine, on the size of the feline spleen using ultrasonography.
METHODS
Twenty-four client-owned cats undergoing elective de-sexing or minor procedures were recruited for a focused ultrasonographic examination of the spleen prior to and at 10, 20 and 30 minutes following administration of one of three randomly assigned IM sedation protocols: 0.05 mg/kg acepromazine (ACE group), 3 mg/kg alfaxalone (ALF group), or 10 μg/kg dexmedetomidine (DEX group), in combination with 0.5 mg/kg morphine. B-mode images of the spleen were collected and measured following a standardised protocol. Cardiorespiratory parameters and sedation score were also recorded. Mean thickness of the head, body and tail of the spleen for each group at 10, 20 and 30 minutes after drug administration was compared to baseline.
RESULTS
Mean splenic thickness increased over time in the ACE group (thickness of body at T0 = 8.9 (SE 2.1) mm and at T30 = 10.5 (SE 2.0) mm; p = 0.001) and the ALF group (thickness of body at T0 = 8.8 (SE 1.0) mm and at T30 = 10.3 (SE 1.7) mm; p = 0.022) but not in the DEX group (thickness of body at T0 = 8.6 mm (1.2) and at T30 = 8.9 mm (0.6); p = 0.67). Mean arterial blood pressure in the DEX group was significantly higher than in the other groups (p = 0.002). Sedation scores in the DEX group were consistently high for the entire period. However, the sedation score in the ACE group increased over 30 minutes (p = 0.007). Sedation score in the ALF group was highest at 10 minutes but gradually decreased over the following 20 minutes (p = 0.003).
CONCLUSIONS
Sedation with IM dexmedetomidine and morphine did not change splenic size, whereas acepromazine or alfaxalone and morphine increased it regardless of the degree of sedation.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Where splenomegaly is identified in a cat sedated with acepromazine or alfaxalone, the effects of the sedation protocol could be considered as a possible cause.
Topics: Cats; Animals; Dexmedetomidine; Acepromazine; Spleen; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Morphine; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 37345417
DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2023.2223177 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2022Etorphine is widely used in zoological medicine for the immobilization of large herbivores. All reported immobilization protocols for kulans use etorphine as the primary...
Etorphine is widely used in zoological medicine for the immobilization of large herbivores. All reported immobilization protocols for kulans use etorphine as the primary immobilizing agent. However, etorphine can trigger severe side effects and is highly toxic for humans, its availability is occasionally limited for use in wildlife medicine. Therefore, two different alpha-2 agonist-based protocols for the general anesthesia of kulans were investigated and compared with the standard etorphine immobilization. In total, 21 immobilizations were performed within the scope of routine husbandry management at the Serengeti-Park Hodenhagen. Kulans were darted using a ketamine-medetomidine-midazolam-butorphanol (KMMB) protocol ( = 8, treatment group (TG) 1), a tiletamine-zolazepam-medetomidine-butorphanol (TZMB) protocol ( = 7, treatment group (TG) 2), or an etorphine-acepromazine-detomidine-butorphanol (EADB) protocol ( = 6, control group). Vital parameters included heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure (invasive), end tidal CO (etCO), electromyography and core body temperature, which were all assessed every 10 min. For blood gas analysis, arterial samples were collected 15, 30, 45 and 60 min after induction. Subjective measures of quality and efficacy included quality of induction, immobilization, and recovery. Time to recumbency was longer for TG 1 (9.00 ± 1.67 min) and TG 2 (10.43 ± 1.79 min) compared to the induction times in the control group (5.33 ± 1.93 min). Treatment group protocols resulted in excellent muscle relaxation, normoxemia and normocapnia. Lower pulse rates combined with systolic arterial hypertension were detected in the alpha-2 agonist-based protocols. However, only in TZMB-immobilized kulans, sustained severe systolic arterial hypertension was observed, with significantly higher values than in the TG 1 and the normotensive control group. At 60 min following induction, medetomidine and detomidine were antagonized with atipamezole IM (5 mg/mg medetomidine or 2 mg/mg detomidine), etorphine and butorphanol with naltrexone IV (2 mg/mg butorphanol or 50 mg/mg etorphine), and midazolam and zolazepam with flumazenil IV (0.3 mg per animal). All three combinations provided smooth and rapid recoveries. To conclude, the investigated treatment protocols (KMMB and TZMB) provided a safe and efficient general anesthesia in kulans with significantly better muscle relaxation, higher respiration rates and improved arterial oxygenation compared with the immobilizations of the control group. However, the control group (EADB) showed faster recoveries. Therefore, EADB is recommended for ultra-short immobilizations (e.g., microchipping and collaring), especially with free-ranging kulans where individual recovery is uncertain, whereas the investigated treatment protocols are recommended for prolonged medical procedures on captive kulans.
PubMed: 36213408
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.885317 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Apr 2019The aim of this study was to document the packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration and total protein concentration of maternal blood before, during and after...
The aim of this study was to document the packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration and total protein concentration of maternal blood before, during and after anaesthesia. Six singleton Merino-cross pregnant ewes at 116-117 days of gestation were premedicated with intramuscular acepromazine (0.02 mg/kg) and buprenorphine (0.01 mg/kg), and anaesthesia was induced with intravenous midazolam and ketamine. Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in 100% oxygen. Serial blood samples were collected the day before anaesthesia (baseline), immediately prior to induction of anaesthesia (pre-op), at the end of the procedure (intra-op) and the following day (post-op). There was a significant change in the PCV during the study ( = 0.003) with an initial decrease of 12.5% from the baseline (0.36 (0.36-0.4) to 0.315 (0.29-0.34), = 0.044), a further intraoperative decrease of 41.7% from the baseline (0.21 (0.195-0.245), = 0.002) and an increase the day afterwards (0.3 (0.285-0.35), > 0.99 compared with baseline). The haemoglobin concentration also changed ( < 0.0001) (baseline: 114 (111.8-123); pre-op: 97 (77.25-104.5), 14.9% decrease, = 0.022; intra-op: 70 (61.5-83.25), 38.5% decrease, = 0.0009; post-op: 101.5 (96.25-114) g/L, > 0.99). Likewise the change in total protein during the study was significant ( = 0.0003) and decreased from the baseline [70 (67.25-70.75) g/L] prior to anaesthesia (61 (58.25-64.5) g/L, 12.9% decrease, = 0.0437) and further during anaesthesia (55.5 (53.75-63.25) g/L, 20.7% decrease, = 0.0021) with an increase [63 (61.25-67) g/L, > 0.99] on the first post-op day. In conclusion, intraoperative anaemia and hypoproteinaemia occurred in this study. These alterations are attributed to a combination of the side effects of acepromazine and haemodilution.
PubMed: 30978963
DOI: 10.3390/ani9040156