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American Journal of Veterinary Research Feb 2017OBJECTIVE To determine effects of a combination of acepromazine maleate and butorphanol tartrate on conventional echocardiographic variables and on strain values...
OBJECTIVE To determine effects of a combination of acepromazine maleate and butorphanol tartrate on conventional echocardiographic variables and on strain values obtained by use of 2-D speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) in healthy dogs. ANIMALS 18 healthy medium- and large-size adult dogs. PROCEDURES Transthoracic echocardiographic examination (2-D, M-mode, color flow, spectral Doppler, and tissue Doppler ultrasonography) and high-definition oscillometric blood pressure measurement were performed before and after dogs were sedated by IM administration of a combination of acepromazine (0.02 mg/kg) and butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg). Adequacy of sedation for echocardiographic examination was evaluated. Circumferential and longitudinal global and segmental strains of the left ventricle (LV) were obtained with 2-D STE by use of right parasternal short-axis and left parasternal apical views. Values before and after sedation were compared. RESULTS The sedation combination provided adequate immobilization to facilitate echocardiographic examination. Heart rate and mean and diastolic blood pressures decreased significantly after dogs were sedated. A few conventional echocardiographic variables differed significantly from baseline values after sedation, including decreased end-diastolic LV volume index, peak velocity of late diastolic transmitral flow, and late diastolic septal mitral and tricuspid annulus velocities, increased ejection time, and increased mitral ratio of peak early to late diastolic filling velocity; global strain values were not affected, but 1 segmental (apical lateral) strain value decreased significantly. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that acepromazine and butorphanol at the doses used in this study provided sedation adequate to facilitate echocardiography, with only mild influences on conventional and 2-D STE variables.
Topics: Acepromazine; Animals; Butorphanol; Conscious Sedation; Dogs; Drug Combinations; Echocardiography; Female; Heart Rate; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Male; Ventricular Function, Left
PubMed: 28140649
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.2.158 -
Laboratory Animals Apr 2020In this study, the effect of four anaesthetic protocols that included the combination of xylazine (X) and ketamine (K) with acepromazine (A) and opioids (methadone (Me),...
In this study, the effect of four anaesthetic protocols that included the combination of xylazine (X) and ketamine (K) with acepromazine (A) and opioids (methadone (Me), morphine (Mo) or tramadol (T)) was evaluated in laboratory rats of both sexes. Ultrasonic vocalization (USV) was used as an indicator of pain during the recovery period. The objective was to evaluate the physiological parameters and the analgesic effect of each protocol to determine which protocol was the safest and fulfil the requirements of a balanced anaesthesia. The better protocols were the XKA protocol for both sexes and the XKMe protocol for females because the combinations achieve surgical plane of anaesthesia in rats. However, pain assessment during the formalin test revealed that rats anaesthetized with XKA produced more numbers of USV, suggesting that it is not a good protocol for the control of immediate postoperative pain. All protocols produced depression in body temperature and respiratory and heart rates, and had important effects, such as micturition and maintenance of open eyes. Only rats anaesthetized with XKA protocol did not present piloerection. These results demonstrated that good monitoring and care during anaesthesia must be included to prevent complications that compromise the life of the animal and to ensure a good recovery. The inclusion of analgesia in anaesthesia protocols must be used routinely, ensuring minimal presence of pain and thus more reliable results in the experimental procedures.
Topics: Acepromazine; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Drug Combinations; Female; Ketamine; Male; Rats; Ultrasonic Waves; Vocalization, Animal; Xylazine
PubMed: 31142228
DOI: 10.1177/0023677219850211 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2021To assess drug plasma levels, preanesthetic sedation, cardiopulmonary effects during anesthesia and recovery in horses anesthetized with isoflurane combined with...
To assess drug plasma levels, preanesthetic sedation, cardiopulmonary effects during anesthesia and recovery in horses anesthetized with isoflurane combined with medetomidine or xylazine. Prospective blinded randomized clinical study. Sixty horses undergoing elective surgery. Thirty minutes after administration of antibiotics, flunixine meglumine or phenylbutazone and acepromazine horses received medetomidine 7 μg kg (group MED) or xylazine 1.1 mg kg (group XYL) slowly intravenously (IV) and sedation was assessed 3 min later. Anesthesia was induced with ketamine/diazepam and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen/air and medetomidine 3.5 μg kg h or xylazine 0.69 mg kg h. Ringer's acetate 10 mL kg h and dobutamine were administered to maintain normotension. All horses were mechanically ventilated to maintain end-tidal carbon dioxide pressures at 45 ± 5 mmHg (5.3-6.7 kPa). Heart rate (HR), invasive arterial blood pressures, inspired and expired gas compositions, pH, arterial blood gases, electrolytes, lactate and glucose were measured. For recovery all horses received intramuscular morphine 0.1 mg kg and medetomidine 2 μg kg or xylazine 0.3 mg kg IV. Recovery was timed and scored using three different scoring systems. Plasma samples to measure medetomidine and xylazine concentrations were collected at predetermined timepoints. Repeatedly measured parameters were analyzed using a two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance for differences between groups and over time; < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Mean arterial blood pressures (MAP) stayed within normal ranges but were higher ( = 0.011) in group XYL despite significant lower dobutamine doses ( = 0.0003). Other measured parameters were within clinically acceptable ranges. Plasma levels were at steady state during anesthesia (MED 2.194 ± 0.073; XYL 708 ± 18.791 ng mL). During recovery lateral recumbency (MED 42.7 ± 2.51; XYL 34.3 ± 2.63 min; = 0.027) and time to standing (MED 62.0 ± 2.86; XYL 48.8 ± 3.01 min; = 0.002) were significantly shorter in group XYL compared to group MED. Recovery scores did not differ significantly between groups. In horses anesthetized with isoflurane and medetomidine or xylazine, xylazine maintained higher MAP, reduced the dobutamine consumption and recovery time, whilst overall recovery quality was unaffected.
PubMed: 33959647
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.603695 -
Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia Mar 2022To evaluate the agreement between oscillometric blood pressure (OBP) measured from the tongue and invasive blood pressure (IBP), and to compare OBPs measured from the...
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the agreement between oscillometric blood pressure (OBP) measured from the tongue and invasive blood pressure (IBP), and to compare OBPs measured from the tongue with OBPs measured from the pelvic limb and tail.
STUDY DESIGN
Prospective experimental study.
ANIMALS
A total of eight adult Beagle dogs weighing 11.1 ± 1.2 kg.
METHODS
Animals were premedicated with intravenous (IV) acepromazine (0.005 mg kg). Anesthesia was induced with alfaxalone (3 mg kg) IV and maintained with isoflurane. The dorsal pedal artery was catheterized for IBP measurements. Systolic (SAP), diastolic (DAP) and mean (MAP) arterial pressure were simultaneously measured from the tongue, pelvic limb and tail. Based on invasive SAP, hypertension (>140 mmHg), normotension (90-140 mmHg) and hypotension (<90 mmHg) were induced by controlling end-tidal isoflurane concentrations and/or dobutamine/dopamine administration. Agreement between paired IBP and OBP measurements was analyzed with reference standards for noninvasive blood pressure devices used in small animals and humans.
RESULTS
Regardless of cuff placement, the mean bias ± standard deviation between IBP and OBP met veterinary (≤10 ± 15 mmHg) and human (<5 ± 8 mmHg) standards for MAP and DAP. SAP measurements provided by the OBP device showed unacceptable agreement with IBP, and the bias between methods increased at higher blood pressures, regardless of cuff site. During hypotension, tongue OBP showed the largest percentage of absolute difference <10 mmHg in relation to IBP for SAP (90%), MAP (97%), and DAP (93%), compared with pelvic limb (60%, 97% and 82%, respectively) and tail OBP (54%, 92% and 77%, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
The tongue is a clinically useful site for measuring OBP in anesthetized Beagle dogs, providing reliable estimates of MAP and DAP. The tongue could replace other cuff placement sites and may be a relatively suitable site for assessing hypotension.
Topics: Animals; Arterial Pressure; Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Determination; Blood Pressure Monitors; Dogs; Oscillometry; Prospective Studies; Tongue
PubMed: 35000840
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2021.11.003 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2023Bovine tetanus is a serious infectious disease of the central nervous system caused by the exotoxin produced by and is characterized by persistent tension and spasm of...
Bovine tetanus is a serious infectious disease of the central nervous system caused by the exotoxin produced by and is characterized by persistent tension and spasm of the rhabdomyocytes. Currently, many studies have focused on diagnosing tetanus; however, only a few studies on treatment methods have been conducted. Therefore, cattle with tetanus have been treated using symptomatic therapy. In this case, severe muscle spasticity and spasms were observed in a 9-month-old Hanwoo (Korean indigenous cattle) bull, and aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase levels were increased in serum biochemical tests. Clinically, bovine tetanus was strongly suspected, and metronidazole was administered orally for 5 days. To treat the intensifying bloat, a temporary rumenostomy was performed on the third day of onset, and the toxin gene (tetanospasmin) of was amplified by polymerase chain reaction analysis from the collected ruminal fluid. Magnesium and sedatives (acepromazine) were administered for 7 days to treat muscle spasticity and spasms. Muscle spasticity and spasm markedly improved, and the bull stood up from the lateral recumbent position. On the 17 day after onset, all tetanus-related symptoms resolved and a normal diet was started. Our findings demonstrated that treatment with metronidazole, magnesium, and acepromazine was effective in the bull with tetanus.
PubMed: 37035803
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1142316 -
Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia May 2017To assess and compare the sedative and antinociceptive effects of four dosages of dexmedetomidine in donkeys. (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVE
To assess and compare the sedative and antinociceptive effects of four dosages of dexmedetomidine in donkeys.
STUDY DESIGN
Randomized, controlled, crossover, Latin-square, blinded study.
ANIMALS
Six healthy, castrated, adult, standard donkeys.
METHODS
Dexmedetomidine (2, 3, 4 and 5 μg kg; D2, D3, D4 and D5), acepromazine (0.1 mg kg) and saline were administered intravenously to each donkey and a 1 week interval was allowed between successive trials on each animal. Sedation scores (SS) and head heights above ground (HHAG) were used to assess sedation and mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) testing to assess antinociception over 120 minutes post-treatment. Areas under the curve (AUC) for 0-30, 30-60 and 60-120 minutes were computed to compare the effect of treatments.
RESULTS
SS-AUC values were larger for D4 and D5, and SS-AUC values were larger for D5 than for saline. All dexmedetomidine treatments produced lower HHAG-AUC and HHAG-AUC values, and acepromazine produced lower HHAG AUC values than did saline. For MNT, D3, D4 and D5 increased AUC and AUC values compared with saline and also AUC values compared with D2 and acepromazine. Smaller MNT-AUC values were obtained with D2 than with D4 and D5, with D3 than with D5, and with acepromazine than with D4 and D5.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Dexmedetomidine induced sedation and dosage-dependent mechanical antinociception. Larger dexmedetomidine dose rates were required to induce antinociception than sedation. Furthermore, the antinociception induced by dexmedetomidine was of shorter duration than its sedation. For minor painful procedures on standing donkeys, D5 may be clinically useful to provide sedation and analgesia.
Topics: Acepromazine; Administration, Intravenous; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Anesthesia; Animals; Area Under Curve; Cross-Over Studies; Dexmedetomidine; Equidae; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Nociception; Pain Measurement
PubMed: 28291587
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2016.08.003 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Oct 2021The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of two commonly used sedation protocols in dogs, acepromazine (ACP) and acepromazine-methadone (ACP-MET)...
The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of two commonly used sedation protocols in dogs, acepromazine (ACP) and acepromazine-methadone (ACP-MET) combination, on tear production measured by the Schirmer Tear Test (STT) 1. We hypothesized that both sedation protocols cause a reduction in canine tear production for a variable time. Fifteen client-owned dogs were recruited for the study. Each dog was subjected to sedation twice, 2-3 weeks apart, and they were randomly allocated to one of two groups receiving ACP (0.015 mg kg) or ACP-MET (0.010 mg kg and 0.2 mg kg) intramuscularly. In both eyes, tear production was measured 15 min before sedation (T0) and 20 min (T20 m), 40 min (T40 m), 1 h (T1), 2 h (T2), 4 h (T4) and 8 h (T8), after drug administration. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA, followed by the Bonferroni post hoc test ( < 0.05), showed a significant effect of time ( < 0.0001) and treatment ( < 0.0001). A significant decrease in tear production at T20 m, T40 m, T1 and T2 compared to T0 was observed in the ACP experimental protocol, while in the ACP + MET protocol, this reduction persisted until T8. Comparing the two experimental protocols, no statistically significant differences were observed at T0 or T20 m, and STT 1 values were statistically lower in the ACP + MET than the ACP protocol at the other data points. In the ACP + MET group, at T40 m, 100% of dogs showed STT 1 readings lower than 15 mm/min. This finding is clinically relevant as it can predispose dogs to corneal injuries. The major reduction in tear production due to the ACP + MET protocol proves the need for adequate corneal hydration, particularly to discourage its use in animals with altered tear production. The data obtained provide important information helping clinicians to better manage the drug's effects on tear production.
PubMed: 34827748
DOI: 10.3390/ani11113015 -
Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian... Jun 2023Cardiorespiratory depression caused by anesthesia decreases the quality and increases the time of postoperative recovery. The acupoint Governor Vessel 26 (GV26) is a...
BACKGROUND
Cardiorespiratory depression caused by anesthesia decreases the quality and increases the time of postoperative recovery. The acupoint Governor Vessel 26 (GV26) is a resuscitation point that can reverse this depression and can be safely used without side effects.
OBJECTIVES
The objective of this study was to evaluate the stimulation and anesthetic recovery time of GV26 in bitches submitted to ovariohysterectomy (OH) under dissociative anesthesia.
METHODS
As pre-anesthetic protocol, acepromazine 0.2% (0.1 mg/kg) and tramadol hydrochloride (2 mg/kg) was used, and induction was performed using midazolam (0.5 mg/kg) and ketamine (10 mg/kg). For the control group, standard procedure was performed for OH, with anesthetic recovery and post-surgical procedures. For the acupuncture group (AP), the stimulation of acupoint GV26 was performed 20 minutes after the anesthetic induction and maintained for 5 minutes. Respiratory rate, amplitude (superficial, normal or deep), type of respiratory movement (abdominal, abdominocostal or thoracoabdominal), heart rate, capillary filling time, temperature, presence or absence of laryngotracheal reflex, presence or absence of interdigital reflexes were assessed immediately before PAM application, and 2 (T1), 5 (T2), 10 (T3), 15 (T4), 20 (T5), 25 (T6) and 30 (T7) minutes after treatment. The results were tabulated and statistically analyzed.
RESULTS
When comparing the AP group with the control group, an improvement in amplitude of the chest cage was observed at all times, where the animals remained in normal or deep respiratory amplitude. The heart rate was significantly higher for the AP group (155.5 ± 34.4 bpm) than the control group at T1 (105.1 ± 15.4 bpm), while recovery time was lower for the AP group (54.1 ± 14.9 min) when compared to control group (79.9 ± 17.9 min).
CONCLUSION
The present paper demonstrated the efficacy of GV26 in maintaining adequate respiratory amplitude and decreasing the anesthetic recovery time.
Topics: Animals; Acupuncture Therapy; Anesthetics; Ketamine; Acepromazine; Acupuncture Points
PubMed: 37381031
DOI: 10.51507/j.jams.2023.16.3.95 -
American Journal of Veterinary Research May 2022To compare ketamine-butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine (KBAM) to detomidine-etorphine-acepromazine (DEA) for field anesthesia in captive Przewalski horses (Equus...
A randomized clinical trial to compare ketamine-butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine and detomidine-etorphine-acepromazine for anesthesia of captive Przewalski horses (Equus przewalskii).
OBJECTIVE
To compare ketamine-butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine (KBAM) to detomidine-etorphine-acepromazine (DEA) for field anesthesia in captive Przewalski horses (Equus przewalskii).
ANIMALS
10 adult Przewalski horses.
PROCEDURES
A prospective randomized crossover trial was conducted. Each horse was immobilized once with KBAM (200 mg ketamine, 109.2 mg butorphanol, 36.4 mg azaperone, and 43.6 mg medetomidine) and once with DEA (40 mg detomidine premedication, followed 20 minutes later by 3.9 to 4.4 mg etorphine and 16 to 18 mg acepromazine). Both protocols were administered by IM remote dart injection with a washout period of 6 months between treatments. Selected cardiorespiratory variables and quality of anesthesia were recorded. Antagonists were administered IM (KBAM, 215 mg atipamezole and 50 mg naltrexone; DEA, 4 mg RX821002 and 100 mg naltrexone).
RESULTS
All horses were anesthetized and recovered uneventfully. Inductions (DEA, 6.8 min; KBAM, 11.6 min; P = 0.04) and recoveries (DEA, 3.2 min; KBAM, 19.6 min; P < 0.01) were faster with DEA compared with KBAM. Quality scores for induction and recovery did not differ between protocols, but maintenance quality was poorer for DEA (P < 0.01). Clinical concerns during DEA immobilizations included apnea, severe hypoxemia (arterial partial pressure of oxygen < 60 mm Hg), muscle rigidity, and tremors. Horses treated with KBAM were moderately hypoxemic, but arterial partial pressures of oxygen were higher compared with DEA (P < 0.01).
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Captive Przewalski horses are effectively immobilized with KBAM, and this protocol results in superior muscle relaxation and less marked hypoxemia during the maintenance phase, but slower inductions and recoveries, compared with DEA.
Topics: Acepromazine; Anesthesia; Animals; Azaperone; Butorphanol; Etorphine; Heart Rate; Horses; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Hypoxia; Imidazoles; Immobilization; Ketamine; Medetomidine; Naltrexone; Oxygen; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 35524961
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.10.0165 -
Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia Jul 2020To evaluate the effects of progressively increasing doses of acepromazine on cardiopulmonary variables and sedation in conscious dogs.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effects of progressively increasing doses of acepromazine on cardiopulmonary variables and sedation in conscious dogs.
STUDY DESIGN
Prospective, experimental study.
ANIMALS
A group of six healthy, adult, mixed-breed dogs weighing 16.5 ± 5.0 kg (mean ± standard deviation).
METHODS
Dogs were instrumented with thermodilution and arterial catheters for evaluation of hemodynamics and arterial blood gases. On a single occasion, acepromazine was administered intravenously to each dog at 10, 15, 25 and 50 μg kg at 20 minute intervals, resulting in cumulative acepromazine doses of 10 μg kg (ACP), 25 μg kg (ACP), 50 μg kg (ACP) and 100 μg kg (ACP). Hemodynamic data and sedation scores were recorded before (baseline) and 20 minutes after each acepromazine dose.
RESULTS
Compared with baseline, all acepromazine doses significantly decreased stroke index (SI), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and arterial oxygen content (CaO) with maximum decreases of 16%, 17% and 21%, respectively. Cardiac index (CI) decreased by up to 19% but not significantly. Decreases of 26-38% were recorded for oxygen delivery index (DOI), with significant differences for ACP and ACP. Systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) and heart rate did not change significantly. No significant difference was found among acepromazine doses for hemodynamic data. After ACP, mild sedation was observed in five/six dogs and moderate sedation in one/six dogs, whereas after ACP, ACP and ACP, moderate sedation was observed in five/six or six/six dogs.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
In conscious dogs, acepromazine decreased MAP, SI, CaO and DOI, but no significant dose effect was detected. SVRI was not significantly changed, suggesting that the reduction in MAP resulted from decreased CI. The ACP, ACP and ACP doses resulted in moderate sedation in most dogs; ACP resulted in only mild sedation.
Topics: Acepromazine; Animals; Conscious Sedation; Dogs; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Hemodynamics; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Male; Prospective Studies; Respiration
PubMed: 32362549
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2020.02.007