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Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2023subsp. is the etiological agent of sleepy foal disease, an acute form of fatal septicemia in newborn foals. is commonly found in the mucous membranes of healthy...
subsp. is the etiological agent of sleepy foal disease, an acute form of fatal septicemia in newborn foals. is commonly found in the mucous membranes of healthy horses' respiratory and alimentary tracts and rarely causes disease in adult horses. In this study, we report a case of a 22-year-old American Paint gelding presenting clinical signs associated with an atypical pattern of pleuropneumonia subjected to necropsy. The gross and histopathological examinations revealed a unilateral fibrinosuppurative and hemorrhagic pleuropneumonia with an infrequent parenchymal distribution and heavy isolation of . The whole genome sequence analysis indicated that the isolate shared 95.9% homology with the only other complete genome of subsp. available in GenBank. Seven virulence-associated genes specific to the isolate were identified and categorized as iron acquisition proteins, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and capsule polysaccharides. Moreover, four genes (, , , and ) shared higher amino acid similarity with the invasive spp. than the reference subsp. genome. Availability of the whole genome sequence will allow a better characterization of virulence determinants of subsp. , which remain largely elusive.
PubMed: 36839495
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020224 -
Standards in Genomic Sciences 2015Actinobacillus equuli subsp. equuli is a member of the family Pasteurellaceae that is a common resident of the oral cavity and alimentary tract of healthy horses. At the...
Actinobacillus equuli subsp. equuli is a member of the family Pasteurellaceae that is a common resident of the oral cavity and alimentary tract of healthy horses. At the same time, it can also cause a fatal septicemia in foals, commonly known as sleepy foal disease or joint ill disease. In addition, A. equuli subsp. equuli has recently been reported to act as a primary pathogen in breeding sows and piglets. To better understand how A. equuli subsp. equuli can cause disease, the genome of the type strain of A. equuli subsp. equuli, ATCC 19392(T), was sequenced using the PacBio RSII sequencing system. Its genome is comprised of 2,431,533 bp and is predicted to encode 2,264 proteins and 82 RNAs.
PubMed: 26203343
DOI: 10.1186/s40793-015-0009-x -
Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G,... Feb 2020ssp. is an opportunistic pathogen in horses, mainly known to cause "sleepy foal disease". In comparison to horses, there are only few reports describing diseases in...
ssp. is an opportunistic pathogen in horses, mainly known to cause "sleepy foal disease". In comparison to horses, there are only few reports describing diseases in pigs associated with this gram-negative bacterium. This case report describes an outbreak of infection in a combined farrow-to-finish-farm. In September 2018, the following symptoms were noticed in one third of all newborn piglets from gilts and sows: 6-8 hours after birth piglets became weak and developed swollen joints with moderate to severe lameness. The piglets exhibited lethargy, a subset were non-ambulatory. An elevated piglet mortality within the first days within birth was noted. Seven piglets that succumbed to the disease (days 2-3 of life) were submitted for examination, 4 of which underwent pathological examination. The main findings were purulent polyarthritis and tendovaginitis. In addition, purulent inflammation was detected in the brain and kidneys of one animal. In the bacteriological examination ssp. was isolated in a total of 18 samples (brain, joints, suppurative structures of limbs), in a subset of cases as pure culture. For identification, cultural and biochemical characteristics were tested and a mass spectrometry analysis (MALDI-TOF MS) was performed. Further laboratory testing included 16 S rRNA-gene sequencing, a PCR in order to examine for special apx toxin genes as well as a PCR differentiating the two subspecies of . It was not possible to identify the source of infection and routes of spread within the pig herd. The bacterial isolates were used for the production of an autogenous vaccine.
Topics: Actinobacillosis; Actinobacillus equuli; Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Arthritis, Infectious; Cerebral Cortex; Kidney; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tendon Entrapment
PubMed: 32059237
DOI: 10.1055/a-1067-3908 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Sep 2019Actinobacillus species are known to be pathogenic to horses. To clarify etiological agents of actinobacillosis in Japanese adult horses, 27 isolates from Japanese...
Actinobacillus species are known to be pathogenic to horses. To clarify etiological agents of actinobacillosis in Japanese adult horses, 27 isolates from Japanese Thoroughbred racehorses putatively identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry as Actinobacillus were further identified by PCR of the A. equuli toxin gene, by CAMP test, and by 16S rRNA sequencing analysis. Actinobacillus equuli subsp. haemolyticus was isolated most frequently (16/27) and was related to respiratory infections. Actinobacillus equuli subsp. equuli (4/27) was isolated from chronic cases or concomitant with other bacterial infections. The remainder were A. pleuropneumoniae, unclassified Actinobacillus species and Pasteurella caballi. Actinobacillus equuli including subsp. haemolyticus and subsp. equuli were the species most frequently isolated from equine actinobacillosis in Japan.
Topics: Actinobacillus; Actinobacillus Infections; Animals; Bacterial Proteins; DNA, Bacterial; Horse Diseases; Horses; Japan; Pasteurella; Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
PubMed: 31292334
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0192 -
Genomics Jan 2019Actinobacillus spp. are Gram-negative bacteria associated with mucosal membranes. While some are commensals, others can cause important human and animal diseases. A....
Actinobacillus spp. are Gram-negative bacteria associated with mucosal membranes. While some are commensals, others can cause important human and animal diseases. A. pleuropneumoniae causes severe fibrinous hemorrhagic pneumonia in swine but not systemic disease whereas other species invade resulting in septicemia and death. To understand the invasive phenotype of Actinobacillus spp., complete genomes of eight isolates were obtained and pseudogenomes of five isolates were assembled and annotated. Phylogenetically, A. suis isolates clustered by surface antigen type and were more closely related to the invasive A. ureae, A. equuli equuli, and A. capsulatus than to the other swine pathogen, A. pleuropneumoniae. Using the LS-BSR pipeline, 251 putative virulence genes associated with serum resistance and invasion were detected. To our knowledge, this is the first genome-wide study of the genus Actinobacillus and should contribute to a better understanding of host tropism and mechanisms of invasion of pathogenic Actinobacillus and related genera.
Topics: Actinobacillus; Animals; Gene Rearrangement; Genetic Variation; Genome-Wide Association Study; Genomics; Host Specificity; N-Acetylneuraminic Acid; Neuraminidase; Phenotype; Phylogeny; Pseudogenes; Sequence Inversion; Serine Endopeptidases; Swine; Type V Secretion Systems; Virulence; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 29317305
DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.01.001 -
International Journal of Systematic and... Oct 2019Ten strains of an -like organism were isolated from alpaca () in the UK over a period of 5 years, with no known epidemiological linkages. The isolates are distinct,...
Ten strains of an -like organism were isolated from alpaca () in the UK over a period of 5 years, with no known epidemiological linkages. The isolates are distinct, based on both phenotype and genotype, from any previously described species. Molecular analysis, based on 16S rRNA, and gene sequences, placed the isolates as a novel, early branching, lineage within the currently recognised . In agreement with the results of the single-gene analysis, average nucleotide identity values, based on whole genome sequences, showed very similar identities to a number of members of the notably , and . At least two phenotypic characteristics differentiate the alpaca isolates from other species, and from taxa likely falling within this group but awaiting formal species description, with and subsp. being the most closely related phenotypically. The alpaca isolates can be differentiated from by production of β-galactosidase (ONPG) and acid from raffinose, and from subsp. by production of acid from d-sorbitol and failure to produce acid from d-xylose. Isolates were obtained from multiple sites in alpaca including respiratory tract, alimentary tract and internal organs although further evidence is required to understand any pathogenic significance. Based on the results of characterization described here, it is proposed that the isolates constitute a novel species, sp. nov. The type strain is W1618 (LMG30745 NCTC14090) isolated in the UK in 2012 from oesophageal ulceration in an alpaca ().
Topics: Actinobacillus; Animals; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Base Composition; Camelids, New World; DNA, Bacterial; Female; Genes, Bacterial; Male; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA; United Kingdom
PubMed: 31395108
DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003607 -
The Lancet. Infectious Diseases Dec 2022
Topics: Humans; Mitral Valve; Actinobacillus equuli; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Endocarditis
PubMed: 36435191
DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00648-X -
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic... Jul 2022Pneumonia is a significant disease of horses. Although pneumonia has traditionally been studied in racehorses, little information is available for non-racing horses....
Pneumonia is a significant disease of horses. Although pneumonia has traditionally been studied in racehorses, little information is available for non-racing horses. Non-racing horses that died with pulmonary lesions ( = 156) were available from cases submitted for autopsy from January 2015 to June 2020. Bronchopneumonia (35%), interstitial pneumonia (29%), embolic pneumonia (21%), granulomatous pneumonia (13%), and pleuritis (2%) were observed in the examined horses. Seventy-four horses died or were euthanized because of pulmonary diseases, and 82 horses died or were euthanized because of non-pulmonary causes but had lung lesions. Of the horses that died from pulmonary causes, the most common finding was bronchopneumonia, with abscesses and/or necrosis in the cranioventral aspect of the lung. Bacteria isolated from cases of bronchopneumonia were subsp. (48.5%), (12.1%), and subsp. (9.1%). The most common extrapulmonary lesions responsible for death in horses that also had lesions in the lung were mainly in the gastrointestinal system (30%), multiple systems (septicemia and/or toxemia; 27%), and musculoskeletal system (12%). The main postmortem findings in cases of bronchopneumonia of non-racing horses were similar to those reported previously in racehorses. However, some non-racing horses also had interstitial and granulomatous pneumonia, patterns not described previously in racehorses in California, likely as a result of the inclusion of extended age categories for non-racing horses. We also found that the equine lung was frequently affected in cases of sepsis and gastrointestinal problems of infectious origin.
Topics: Actinobacillus; Animals; Bronchopneumonia; Horse Diseases; Horses; Pneumonia; Retrospective Studies; Streptococcus equi
PubMed: 35535386
DOI: 10.1177/10406387221094273 -
Veterinary Research Apr 2023Actinobacillus equuli is mostly associated with disease in horses and is most widely known as the causative agent of sleepy foal disease. Even though existing phenotypic...
Actinobacillus equuli is mostly associated with disease in horses and is most widely known as the causative agent of sleepy foal disease. Even though existing phenotypic tools such as biochemical tests, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) can be used to identify members of the Actinobacillus genus, these methods struggle to differentiate between certain species and do not allow strain, virulence, and antimicrobial susceptibility typing. Hence, we performed in-depth analysis of 24 equine Actinobacillus isolates using phenotypic identification and susceptibility testing on the one hand, and long-read nanopore whole genome sequencing on the other hand. This allowed to address strain divergence down to the whole genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) level. While lowest resolution was observed for 16S rRNA gene classification, a new multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) scheme allowed proper classification up to the species level. Nevertheless, a SNP-level analysis was required to distinguish A. equuli subspecies equuli and haemolyticus. Our data provided first WGS data on Actinobacillus genomospecies 1, Actinobacillus genomospecies 2, and A. arthritidis, which allowed the identification of a new Actinobacillus genomospecies 1 field isolate. Also, in-depth characterization of RTX virulence genes provided information on the distribution, completeness, and potential complementary nature of the RTX gene operons within the Actinobacillus genus. Even though overall low prevalence of acquired resistance was observed, two plasmids were identified conferring resistance to penicillin-ampicillin-amoxicillin and chloramphenicol in one A. equuli strain. In conclusion our data delivered new insights in the use of long-read WGS in high resolution identification, virulence gene typing, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of equine Actinobacillus species.
Topics: Animals; Horses; Actinobacillus; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Multilocus Sequence Typing; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Virulence; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 37020296
DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01160-2 -
EFSA Journal. European Food Safety... Dec 2021In this opinion, the antimicrobial-resistant bacteria responsible for transmissible diseases that constitute a threat to the health of horses have been assessed. The...
In this opinion, the antimicrobial-resistant bacteria responsible for transmissible diseases that constitute a threat to the health of horses have been assessed. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collected via an extensive literature review and expert judgement. Details on the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. A global state of play of antimicrobial-resistant spp. spp. and subsp and subsp. and subsp. has been provided. Among those bacteria, EFSA identified , and with more than 66% certainty as the most relevant antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in the EU, given their importance as causative agents of clinical disease in horses and the significant levels of resistance to clinically relevant antimicrobials. The animal health impact of these 'most relevant' bacteria as well as their eligibility of being listed and categorised within the animal health law framework will be assessed in separate scientific opinions.
PubMed: 34987627
DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.7112