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Palatine Tonsilloliths and : A Multi-institutional Study of Adult Patients Undergoing Tonsillectomy.Otolaryngology--head and Neck Surgery :... Oct 2020To better characterize associations between and tonsillolith versus nontonsillolith tonsillectomy specimens.
OBJECTIVE
To better characterize associations between and tonsillolith versus nontonsillolith tonsillectomy specimens.
STUDY DESIGN
Bi-institutional retrospective case-case study.
SETTING
University and county hospital.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Adult patients with a clinical history of tonsilloliths who underwent tonsillectomy from January 2006 to December 2018 were included. Patients undergoing tonsillectomy for tonsillar hypertrophy and chronic tonsillitis were identified as comparative cases. Similarly, patients with ipsilateral oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) who underwent contralateral tonsillectomy of a normal-appearing tonsil for prophylaxis against a second primary cancer were also included as comparative cases.
RESULTS
The study population comprised 134 patients who underwent tonsillectomy: 62 tonsillolith and 72 nontonsillolith (tonsillar hypertrophy, n = 30; chronic tonsillitis, n = 30; normal-appearing contralateral tonsil in patients with ipsilateral OPC, n = 12). was reported in 11% of the patients with tonsilloliths on initial pathology reports but in 95% after re-evaluation (n = 54 of 57). prevalence was significantly higher in patients with tonsilloliths as compared with patients with recurrent tonsillitis (73%, n = 22 of 30, < .001) and normal-appearing contralateral tonsils in patients with ipsilateral OPC (58%, n = 7 of 12, < .001). prevalence was not significantly different between patients with tonsilloliths and tonsillar hypertrophy (83%, n = 25 of 30, = .11).
CONCLUSION
The prevalence of in tonsillolith tonsil specimens is high; however, routinely colonizes nontonsillolith tonsil specimens. Therefore, is unlikely to be the primary driver of tonsillolith pathogenesis, and targeted treatment of tonsilloliths may not be effective. Treatment strategies addressing tonsilloliths should be further investigated.
Topics: Actinomyces; Adult; Female; Humans; Hypertrophy; Lithiasis; Male; Middle Aged; Palatine Tonsil; Retrospective Studies; Tonsillectomy; Tonsillitis
PubMed: 32366151
DOI: 10.1177/0194599820921392 -
EMBO Molecular Medicine Feb 2022The development of eukaryote-derived antimicrobial peptides as systemically administered drugs has proven a challenging task. Here, we report the first human oral...
The development of eukaryote-derived antimicrobial peptides as systemically administered drugs has proven a challenging task. Here, we report the first human oral actinomyces-sourced defensin-actinomycesin-that shows promise for systemic therapy. Actinomycesin and its homologs are only present in actinobacteria and myxobacteria, and share similarity with a group of ancient invertebrate-type defensins reported in fungi and invertebrates. Signatures of natural selection were detected in defensins from the actinomyces colonized in human oral cavity and ruminant rumen and dental plaque, highlighting their role in adaptation to complex multispecies bacterial communities. Consistently, actinomycesin exhibited potent antibacterial activity against oral bacteria and clinical isolates of Staphylococcus and synergized with two classes of human salivary antibacterial factors. Actinomycesin specifically inhibited bacterial peptidoglycan synthesis and displayed weak immunomodulatory activity and low toxicity on human and mammalian cells and ion channels in the heart and central nervous system. Actinomycesin was highly efficient in mice infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae and mice with MRSA-induced experimental peritoneal infection. This work identifies human oral bacteria as a new source of systemic anti-infective drugs.
Topics: Actinomyces; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Bacteria; Defensins; Humans; Mice
PubMed: 34927385
DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114499 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2023α-Glucosidase (AGS) inhibitors have been regarded as an ideal target for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) since they can maintain an acceptable blood...
α-Glucosidase (AGS) inhibitors have been regarded as an ideal target for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) since they can maintain an acceptable blood glucose level by delaying the digestion of carbohydrates and diminishing the absorption of monosaccharides. In the process of our endeavor in mining AGS inhibitors from natural sources, the culture broth of two mangrove-derived actinomycetes sp. WHUA03267 and sp. WHUA03072 exhibited an apparent inhibitory activity against AGS. A subsequent chemical investigation into the two extracts furnished 28 secondary metabolites that were identified by spectroscopic methods as two previously undescribed linear polyketides -, four benzenoid ansamycins -, fourteen cyclodipeptides -, one prenylated indole derivative , two fusicoccane-type diterpenoids -, two hydroxamate siderophore -, and five others -. Among all of the isolates, and were obtained from actinomycetes for the first time, while - had never been reported to occur in a marine-derived microorganism previously. In the in vitro AGS inhibitory assay, compounds , , , , , , and exhibited potent to moderate activity with IC values ranging from 35.76 ± 0.40 to 164.5 ± 15.5 μM, as compared with acarbose (IC = 422.3 ± 8.4 μM). The AGS inhibitory activity of , , , , and was reported for the first time. In particular, autolytimycin () represented the first ansamycin derivative reported to possess the AGS inhibitory activity. Kinetics analysis and molecular docking were performed to determine the inhibition types and binding modes of these inhibitors, respectively. In the MTT assay, , , , , , , and exhibited no apparent cytotoxicity to the human normal hepatocyte (LO2) cells, suggesting satisfactory safety of these AGS inhibitors.
Topics: Humans; Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; Actinobacteria; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Actinomyces; Molecular Docking Simulation; Streptomyces; alpha-Glucosidases; Molecular Structure
PubMed: 37175232
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093822 -
Journal of Dental Research May 2024Halitosis is a common oral condition, which leads to social embarrassment and affects quality of life. Cumulative evidence has suggested the association of...
Halitosis is a common oral condition, which leads to social embarrassment and affects quality of life. Cumulative evidence has suggested the association of tongue-coating microbiome with the development of intraoral halitosis. The dynamic variations of tongue-coating microbiota and metabolites in halitosis have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the tongue-coating microbial and metabolic characteristics in halitosis subjects without other oral diseases using metagenomics and metabolomics analysis. The participants underwent oral examination, halitosis assessment, and tongue-coating sample collection for the microbiome and metabolome analysis. It was found that the microbiota richness and diversity were significantly elevated in the halitosis group. Furthermore, species from , , , and were significantly more abundant in the halitosis group. However, the and species exhibited opposite tendencies. Eleven Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways were significantly enriched in the halitosis tongue coatings, including cysteine and methionine metabolism. Functional genes related to sulfur, indole, skatole, and cadaverine metabolic processes (such as and ) were identified to be more abundant in the halitosis samples. The metabolome analysis revealed that indole-3-acetic, ornithine, and L-tryptophan were significantly elevated in the halitosis samples. Furthermore, it was observed that the values of volatile sulfur compounds and indole-3-acetic abundances were positively correlated. The multiomics analysis identified the metagenomic and metabolomic characteristics to differentiate halitosis from healthy individuals using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator logistic regression and random forest classifier. A total of 19 species and 39 metabolites were identified as features in halitosis patients, which included indole-3-acetic acid, , , and species. In conclusion, an evident shift in microbiome and metabolome characteristics was observed in the halitosis tongue coating, which may have a potential etiological significance and provide novel insights into the mechanism for halitosis.
Topics: Humans; Halitosis; Tongue; Male; Microbiota; Female; Adult; Metabolome; Metabolomics; Middle Aged; Metagenomics; Young Adult; Actinomyces
PubMed: 38623900
DOI: 10.1177/00220345241230067 -
Microbiology (Reading, England) Sep 2021Last year ActinoBase, a Wiki-style initiative supported by the UK Microbiology Society, published a review highlighting the research of particular interest to the... (Review)
Review
Last year ActinoBase, a Wiki-style initiative supported by the UK Microbiology Society, published a review highlighting the research of particular interest to the actinomycete community. Here, we present the second ActinoBase review showcasing selected reports published in 2020 and early 2021, integrating perspectives in the actinomycete field. Actinomycetes are well-known for their unsurpassed ability to produce specialised metabolites, of which many are used as therapeutic agents with antibacterial, antifungal, or immunosuppressive activities. Much research is carried out to understand the purpose of these metabolites in the environment, either within communities or in host interactions. Moreover, many efforts have been placed in developing computational tools to handle big data, simplify experimental design, and find new biosynthetic gene cluster prioritisation strategies. Alongside, synthetic biology has provided advances in tools to elucidate the biosynthesis of these metabolites. Additionally, there are still mysteries to be uncovered in understanding the fundamentals of filamentous actinomycetes' developmental cycle and regulation of their metabolism. This review focuses on research using integrative methodologies and approaches to understand the bigger picture of actinomycete biology, covering four research areas: ) technology and methodology; ) specialised metabolites; ) development and regulation; and ) ecology and host interactions.
Topics: Actinobacteria; Actinomyces; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Multigene Family; Synthetic Biology
PubMed: 34515628
DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001084 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2023Marine natural products have been recognized as the most promising source of bioactive substances for drug discovery research. This review illustrates the diversity of... (Review)
Review
Marine natural products have been recognized as the most promising source of bioactive substances for drug discovery research. This review illustrates the diversity of culturable actinobacteria associated with marine algae, their bioactivity and metabolites, and approaches to their isolation and determination of their biological properties. Furthermore, actinobacteria associated with marine algae are presented as a new subject for an extensive investigation to find novel and active natural products, which make them a potentially rich and innovative source for new drug development deserving more attention and exploration.
Topics: Actinobacteria; Actinomyces; Biological Products; Drug Discovery; Bacteria
PubMed: 37446800
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135138 -
European Journal of Clinical... Nov 2014Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is a rare complication of bisphosphonate treatment characterized by the development of exposed, necrotic bone in... (Review)
Review
Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is a rare complication of bisphosphonate treatment characterized by the development of exposed, necrotic bone in the jaw with inflammatory signs. The pathogenesis of BRONJ is not yet fully understood. This review analyzes the evidence supporting the hypothesis that BRONJ may be considered as a bisphosphonate-induced Actinomyces infection of the jaw according to the modified Koch's postulates. The main arguments relies on the following factors: (1) the high prevalence of isolation of Actinomyces from bone BRONJ lesions (73.2 % in retrospective series); (2) the similar pathological appearance of BRONJ and Actinomyces osteomyelitis in most studies, although BRONJ lesions without inflammation have been reported; (3) the high incidence of events that disrupt the normal mucosal barrier as a necessary trigger to develop BRONJ in bisphosphonate-exposed patients; (4) the predilection of bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis for the bones of the jaws; and (5) the favorable response of BRONJ on treatment that is active on Actinomyces. If BRONJ confirms to be a bisphosphonate-induced Actinomyces osteomyelitis of the jaw, this has major consequences for the prevention and treatment of this condition.
Topics: Actinomyces; Actinomycosis; Bisphosphonate-Associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaw; Humans; Osteomyelitis
PubMed: 24880820
DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2160-5 -
Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases Apr 2021Hepatic Actinomycosis (HA) is one of the infections that causes disorders in patients when diagnosed untimely and inappropriately. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Hepatic Actinomycosis (HA) is one of the infections that causes disorders in patients when diagnosed untimely and inappropriately.
METHODS
Case reports on HA in patients published between 2000 and April 2020 were gathered by carrying out a structured search through PubMed/Medline.
RESULTS
Through a survey of the Medline database, 130 studies were identified and then, 64 cases with HA were included in the final analysis. Asia had the largest share of cases with 37.5% (24 reports), followed by Europe and the Americas. Affected patients were predominantly males (64%) and the overall mortality rate was 1% with only one male patient in his 50 s dying. Nearly all patients (92%) were immunocompetent. However, in four patients, the use of immunosuppressive medication led to depression of the immune system. Most of the patients (80%) experienced complications. In terms of the complications, the most frequent ones were previous history of abdominal surgery (32%) and foreign bodies in the abdominopelvic region (20%). Actinomyces israelii was the most common pathogen isolated from patients. Abdominal pain (66%), fever (62%), weight loss (48%), night sweat, malaise, and anorexia (14%) over about 3.1 months were the most frequently reported clinical symptoms. Extension to one or more surrounding organs was evident in 18 patients (28%). Histopathologic examination confirmed infection in 67% of the patients and samples obtained from liver puncture biopsy (32%) were most frequently used in diagnosis. Surgery or puncture drainage + anti-infection was the most common method to treat patients and penicillin, Amoxicillin, Doxycycline, and ampicillin were the most frequently used drugs to control infection.
CONCLUSION
HA should be considered in patients with a subacute or chronic inflammatory process of the liver. With accurate and timely diagnosis of infection, extensive surgery can be prevented.
Topics: Actinomyces; Actinomycosis; Asia; Europe; Humans; Male
PubMed: 33931097
DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-01821-5 -
Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive... 2020Orbital actinomyces is a rare diagnosis with only a few cases reported in the literature. It can be difficult to diagnose due to its slow, indolent course, and...
Orbital actinomyces is a rare diagnosis with only a few cases reported in the literature. It can be difficult to diagnose due to its slow, indolent course, and nonspecific findings on imaging and clinical examination, and frequently it can masquerade as other pathologies such as neoplasm and inflammatory disease. The authors present a case of actinomyces masquerading as meningioma with findings of hyperostosis and a superior orbital roof interosseous tract on imaging.
Topics: Actinomyces; Humans; Hyperostosis; Meningeal Neoplasms; Meningioma; Orbit
PubMed: 32134768
DOI: 10.1097/IOP.0000000000001626 -
Anaerobe Dec 2017There are few reports on the bacterial species Actinomyces radicidentis in the literature. In this study, putative A. radicidentis isolates were collected from 16 root...
There are few reports on the bacterial species Actinomyces radicidentis in the literature. In this study, putative A. radicidentis isolates were collected from 16 root canal samples from 601 examined patients. The isolates were examined by biochemical tests, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, Arbitrarily-primed (AP-) PCR, antibiotic susceptibility testing, and MALDI-TOF analyses. In parallel, two A. radicidentis reference strains and two putative A. radicidentis isolates from United Kingdom were tested. Sixteen of the 18 isolates were confirmed as A. radicidentis. The remaining two isolates, both of which were isolated from root canals (one from Sweden and the other from the UK), but were identified as Actinomyces haliotis by sequencing ∼ 1300 base pairs of the 16S rRNA-gene. This isolates had a divergent, but between them similar, AP-PCR pattern, and a common distribution of sequence signatures in the 16S rRNA gene, but were not identified by MALDI-TOF. A. haliotis is a close relative to A. radicidentis, hitherto only been described from a sea-snail. The identity of A. haliotis was confirmed by a phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences with species specific sequences included, and by additional biochemical tests. The examined bacteria exhibited similar antibiotic susceptibility patterns when tested for 10 separate antibiotic classes with E-tests (bioMérieux). The MIC for β-lactams (benzylpenicillin and cefuroxime) and vancomycin was 0.5 mg/L, for colistin and ciprofloxacin 8 mg/mL and for the other antibiotic classes ≤ 25 mg/mL The isolation of A. haliotis from infected dental root canals cast doubt on the accepted opinion that all Actinomyces infections have an endogenous source.
Topics: Actinomyces; Actinomycosis; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Dental Pulp Cavity; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mouth; Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
PubMed: 28647397
DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.06.011