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European Journal of Pediatrics Apr 2021The Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference (PALICC) published pediatric-specific guidelines for the definition, management, and research in pediatric acute... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
The Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference (PALICC) published pediatric-specific guidelines for the definition, management, and research in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (PARDS). Acute viral bronchiolitis (AVB) remains one of the leading causes of admission to PICU. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of AVB. We aimed to evaluate the incidence of PARDS in AVB and identify the risk of RSV as a trigger pathogen for PARDS. This study is a retrospective single-center observational cohort study including children < 2 years of age admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit at St Mary's Hospital, London, and presented with AVB in 3 years (2016-2018). Clinical and demographic data was collected; PALICC criteria were applied to define PARDS. Data was expressed as median (IQR range); non-parametric tests were used. In this study, 144 infants with acute viral bronchiolitis were admitted to PICU in the study period. Thirty-nine infants fulfilled criteria of PARDS with RSV as the most common virus identified. Bacterial infection was identified as a risk factor for development of PARDS in infants with AVB.Conclusion: AVB is an important cause of PARDS in infants. RSV is associated with a higher risk of PARDS in AVB. Bacterial co-infection is a significant risk factor for development of PARDS in AVB. What is Known: • Bronchiolitis is a common cause of respiratory failure in children under 2 years. • ARDS is a common cause of PICU admission. What is New: • Evaluation of bronchiolitis as a cause of PARDS according to the PALLIC criteria. • Evaluation of different viruses' outcome in PARDS especially RSV as a commonest cause of AVB.
Topics: Bronchiolitis; Bronchiolitis, Viral; Child; Humans; Infant; London; Respiratory Distress Syndrome; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 33161501
DOI: 10.1007/s00431-020-03852-9 -
Minerva Pediatrica Dec 2018Bronchiolitis is one of the most frequent reasons for Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) admission in children less than 1 year of age. It causes a wide spectrum of... (Review)
Review
Bronchiolitis is one of the most frequent reasons for Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) admission in children less than 1 year of age. It causes a wide spectrum of clinical scenarios from mild to severe respiratory failure and supportive therapy range from high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) to nonconventional ventilation and extra corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in the most severe forms. Aim of this article is to review the available ventilation mode in children with bronchiolitis and the scientific evidence. The main medical databases were explored to search for clinical trials that address management strategies for respiratory support of infants with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. HFNC use is increasing and it seems to be useful as first line therapy in the emergency room and in the pediatric ward to prevent PICU admission but it is not clear yet if it is equivalent to noninvasive ventilation (NIV). NIV use in bronchiolitis is well established, mainly in continuous positive airway pressure mode in moderate and severe bronchiolitis. A mild evidence towards use of NIV to prevent endotracheal intubation is raising from few studies. Finally, for patients who failed a NIV trial, endotracheal intubation should be considered as the best option to support ventilation with conventional, nonconventional mode and ECMO in the most severe acute respiratory distress syndromes. There is a lack of quality studies for the use of any of the proposed ventilatory support in infants with bronchiolitis, especially in the severe forms. Nevertheless, in the last two decades daily use of noninvasive positive pressure supports have reached a large consensus based on clinical judgement and weak published evidence. We need specific and clear guidelines on which is the optimal management of these patients, and more robust randomized clinical trials to best evaluate timing and efficacy of HFNC and NIV use.
Topics: Bronchiolitis; Cannula; Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; Humans; Infant; Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; Intubation, Intratracheal; Noninvasive Ventilation; Respiration, Artificial; Respiratory Insufficiency; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Severity of Illness Index
PubMed: 30334625
DOI: 10.23736/S0026-4946.18.05358-6 -
Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health Jan 2019Bronchiolitis is the most common lower respiratory tract disorder in infants aged less than 12 months, and research has demonstrated that there is substantial...
AIM
Bronchiolitis is the most common lower respiratory tract disorder in infants aged less than 12 months, and research has demonstrated that there is substantial variation in practice patterns despite treatment being well defined. In order to align and improve the consistency of the management of bronchiolitis, an evidence-based guideline was developed for the Australasian population.
METHODS
The guideline development committee included representation from emergency and paediatric specialty medical and nursing personnel in addition to geographical representation across Australia and New Zealand - rural, remote and metropolitan. Formulation of the guideline included identification of population, intervention, comparator, outcomes and time questions and was associated with an extensive literature search from 2000 to 2015. Evidence was summarised and graded using the National Health and Medical Research Council and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology, and consensus within the guideline group was sought using nominal group technique principles to formulate the clinical practice recommendations. The guideline was reviewed and endorsed by key paediatric health bodies.
RESULTS
The guideline consists of a usable clinical interface for bedside functionality supported by evidence summary and tables. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation and National Health and Medical Research Council processes provided a systematic and transparent process to review and assess the literature, resulting in a guideline that is relevant to the management of bronchiolitis in the Australasian setting.
CONCLUSION
This is the first robust Australasian acute paediatric guideline and provides clear guidance for the management of the vast majority of patients seen in Australasian emergency departments and general paediatric wards with bronchiolitis.
Topics: Australasia; Bronchiolitis; Hospitalization; Humans; Infant; Oximetry; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections
PubMed: 30009459
DOI: 10.1111/jpc.14104 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... May 2019Individuals with chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may suffer recurrent exacerbations with an increase in volume or purulence of sputum,...
BACKGROUND
Individuals with chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may suffer recurrent exacerbations with an increase in volume or purulence of sputum, or both. Personal and healthcare costs associated with exacerbations indicate that therapies that reduce the occurrence of exacerbations are likely to be useful. Mucolytics are oral medicines that are believed to increase expectoration of sputum by reducing its viscosity, thus making it easier to cough it up. Improved expectoration of sputum may lead to a reduction in exacerbations of COPD.
OBJECTIVES
Primary objective• To determine whether treatment with mucolytics reduces exacerbations and/or days of disability in patients with chronic bronchitis or COPDSecondary objectives• To assess whether mucolytics lead to improvement in lung function or quality of life• To determine frequency of adverse effects associated with use of mucolytics SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Airways Group Specialised Register and reference lists of articles on 12 separate occasions, most recently on 23 April 2019.
SELECTION CRITERIA
We included randomised studies that compared oral mucolytic therapy versus placebo for at least two months in adults with chronic bronchitis or COPD. We excluded studies of people with asthma and cystic fibrosis.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
This review analysed summary data only, most derived from published studies. For earlier versions, one review author extracted data, which were rechecked in subsequent updates. In later versions, review authors double-checked extracted data and then entered data into RevMan 5.3 for analysis.
MAIN RESULTS
We added four studies for the 2019 update. The review now includes 38 trials, recruiting a total of 10,377 participants. Studies lasted between two months and three years and investigated a range of mucolytics, including N-acetylcysteine, carbocysteine, erdosteine, and ambroxol, given at least once daily. Many studies did not clearly describe allocation concealment, and we had concerns about blinding and high levels of attrition in some studies. The primary outcomes were exacerbations and number of days of disability.Results of 28 studies including 6723 participants show that receiving mucolytics may be more likely to be exacerbation-free during the study period compared to those given placebo (Peto odds ratio (OR) 1.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.56 to 1.91; moderate-certainty evidence). However, more recent studies show less benefit of treatment than was reported in earlier studies in this review. The overall number needed to treat with mucolytics for an average of nine months to keep an additional participant free from exacerbations was eight (NNTB 8, 95% CI 7 to 10). High heterogeneity was noted for this outcome (I² = 62%), so results need to be interpreted with caution. The type or dose of mucolytic did not seem to alter the effect size, nor did the severity of COPD, including exacerbation history. Longer studies showed smaller effects of mucolytics than were reported in shorter studies.Mucolytic use was associated with a reduction of 0.43 days of disability per participant per month compared with use of placebo (95% CI -0.56 to -0.30; studies = 9; I² = 61%; moderate-certainty evidence). With mucolytics, the number of people with one or more hospitalisations was reduced, but study results were not consistent (Peto OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.89; participants = 1788; studies = 4; I² = 58%; moderate-certainty evidence). Investigators reported improved quality of life with mucolytics (mean difference (MD) -1.37, 95% CI -2.85 to 0.11; participants = 2721; studies = 7; I² = 64%; moderate-certainty evidence). However, the mean difference did not reach the minimal clinically important difference of -4 units, and the confidence interval includes no difference. Mucolytic treatment was associated with a possible reduction in adverse events (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.74 to 0.94; participants = 7264; studies = 24; I² = 46%; moderate-certainty evidence), but the pooled effect includes no difference if a random-effects model is used. Several studies that could not be included in the meta-analysis reported high numbers of adverse events, up to a mean of five events per person during follow-up. There was no clear difference between mucolytics and placebo for mortality, but the confidence interval is too wide to confirm that treatment has no effect on mortality (Peto OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.51 to 1.87; participants = 3527; studies = 11; I² = 0%; moderate-certainty evidence).
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
In participants with chronic bronchitis or COPD, we are moderately confident that treatment with mucolytics leads to a small reduction in the likelihood of having an acute exacerbation, in days of disability per month and possibly hospitalisations, but is not associated with an increase in adverse events. There appears to be limited impact on lung function or health-related quality of life. Results are too imprecise to be certain whether or not there is an effect on mortality. Our confidence in the results is reduced by high levels of heterogeneity in many of the outcomes and the fact that effects on exacerbations shown in early trials were larger than those reported by more recent studies. This may be a result of greater risk of selection or publication bias in earlier trials, thus benefits of treatment may not be as great as was suggested by previous evidence.
Topics: Bronchitis, Chronic; Disease Progression; Expectorants; Humans; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Quality of Life; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 31107966
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001287.pub6 -
Indian Journal of Pharmacology 2015A 53-year-old woman visited her physician complaining of acute breathlessness and productive cough. Her medications included budesonide and formoterol for asthma,...
A 53-year-old woman visited her physician complaining of acute breathlessness and productive cough. Her medications included budesonide and formoterol for asthma, fixed-dose combination aspirin 150 mg + clopidogrel 75 mg + atorvastatin 20 mg for ischemic heart disease. History revealed that she had allergic rhinitis and was hypersensitive to penicillins. The patient was prescribed acebrophylline (ABP). Six hours after ABP therapy she presented with generalized urticarial lesions, swelling of hands, feet, lips and face, suggestive of angioedema. ABP was stopped immediately, and the patient was treated symptomatically. This case was categorized as probable as per standard causality assessment scale.
Topics: Ambroxol; Angioedema; Asthma; Bronchitis; Bronchodilator Agents; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Theophylline; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 25878387
DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.153435 -
Nursing New Zealand (Wellington, N.Z. :... Jun 2016CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE pulmonary diseases (COPD) affect 14 per cent of the population over 40 years of age. With an ageing population, the number of those requiring care... (Review)
Review
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE pulmonary diseases (COPD) affect 14 per cent of the population over 40 years of age. With an ageing population, the number of those requiring care for COPD is expected to increase, having a significant effect on health-care resources. COPD is projected to become the third leading cause of death globally by 2020. This disease has a major impact on economic and social well-being, and on quality of life. It is regarded as largely preventable but, once developed, is a progressive and complex condition characterised by frequent exacerbations and co-morbidities. Smoking is the primary cause of COPD but up to 30 per cent of those with COPD have never smoked. It is increasingly recognised COPD may have its origins prenatally and in early childhood. Treating exacerbations, improving exercise capacity, and delaying progression of disease are key management strategies. No curative or disease modifying therapies are available. Nurses are essential in providing comprehensive care to patients in both acute care and for long-term management. They also have a vital role to play in preserving healthy lung function in the early years of life to reduce the risk of COPD in older age.
Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Bronchitis, Chronic; Bronchodilator Agents; Disease Progression; Forced Expiratory Volume; Humans; Hypercapnia; Hypoxia; Lung; Microbiota; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Pulmonary Emphysema; Pulmonary Gas Exchange; Smoking; Smoking Cessation
PubMed: 27514228
DOI: No ID Found -
Annals of Internal Medicine Mar 2016Acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) is the most common reason for antibiotic prescription in adults. Antibiotics are often inappropriately prescribed for patients...
Appropriate Antibiotic Use for Acute Respiratory Tract Infection in Adults: Advice for High-Value Care From the American College of Physicians and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
BACKGROUND
Acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) is the most common reason for antibiotic prescription in adults. Antibiotics are often inappropriately prescribed for patients with ARTI. This article presents best practices for antibiotic use in healthy adults (those without chronic lung disease or immunocompromising conditions) presenting with ARTI.
METHODS
A narrative literature review of evidence about appropriate antibiotic use for ARTI in adults was conducted. The most recent clinical guidelines from professional societies were complemented by meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and randomized clinical trials. To identify evidence-based articles, the Cochrane Library, PubMed, MEDLINE, and EMBASE were searched through September 2015 using the following Medical Subject Headings terms: "acute bronchitis," "respiratory tract infection," "pharyngitis," "rhinosinusitis," and "the common cold."
HIGH-VALUE CARE ADVICE 1
Clinicians should not perform testing or initiate antibiotic therapy in patients with bronchitis unless pneumonia is suspected.
HIGH-VALUE CARE ADVICE 2
Clinicians should test patients with symptoms suggestive of group A streptococcal pharyngitis (for example, persistent fevers, anterior cervical adenitis, and tonsillopharyngeal exudates or other appropriate combination of symptoms) by rapid antigen detection test and/or culture for group A Streptococcus. Clinicians should treat patients with antibiotics only if they have confirmed streptococcal pharyngitis.
HIGH-VALUE CARE ADVICE 3
Clinicians should reserve antibiotic treatment for acute rhinosinusitis for patients with persistent symptoms for more than 10 days, onset of severe symptoms or signs of high fever (>39 °C) and purulent nasal discharge or facial pain lasting for at least 3 consecutive days, or onset of worsening symptoms following a typical viral illness that lasted 5 days that was initially improving (double sickening).
HIGH-VALUE CARE ADVICE 4
Clinicians should not prescribe antibiotics for patients with the common cold.
Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bronchitis; Common Cold; Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; Inappropriate Prescribing; Pharyngitis; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinitis; Sinusitis; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus pyogenes; United States
PubMed: 26785402
DOI: 10.7326/M15-1840 -
The Lancet. Infectious Diseases Jan 2023Seasonal epidemics of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) cause a clinically significant burden of disease among young children. Non-pharmaceutical interventions targeted... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
Epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus in children younger than 5 years in England during the COVID-19 pandemic, measured by laboratory, clinical, and syndromic surveillance: a retrospective observational study.
BACKGROUND
Seasonal epidemics of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) cause a clinically significant burden of disease among young children. Non-pharmaceutical interventions targeted at SARS-CoV-2 have affected the activity of other respiratory pathogens. We describe changes in the epidemiology of RSV among children younger than 5 years in England since 2020.
METHODS
Surveillance data on RSV infections, comprising laboratory-confirmed cases, proportion of positive tests, hospital admissions for RSV-attributable illness, and syndromic indicators for RSV-associated disease (emergency department attendances for acute bronchitis or bronchiolitis, non-emergency health advice telephone service [NHS 111] calls for cough, general practitioner [GP] in-hours consultations for respiratory tract infections, and GP out-of-hours contacts for acute bronchitis or bronchiolitis) were analysed from Dec 29, 2014 to March 13, 2022, for children younger than 5 years. Data were extracted from national laboratory, clinical, and syndromic surveillance systems. Time-series analyses using generalised linear models were used to estimate the effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions targeting SARS-CoV-2 on RSV indicators, with absolute and relative changes calculated by comparing observed and predicted values.
FINDINGS
RSV-associated activity was reduced for all RSV indicators during winter 2020-21 in England, with 10 280 (relative change -99·5% [95% prediction interval -100·0 to -99·1]) fewer laboratory-confirmed cases, 22·2 (-99·6%) percentage points lower test positivity, 92 530 (-80·8% [-80·9 to -80·8]) fewer hospital admissions, 96 672 (-73·7% [-73·7 to -73·7]) fewer NHS 111 calls, 2924 (-88·8% [-90·4 to -87·2]) fewer out-of-hours GP contacts, 91 304 (-89·9% [-90·0 to -89·9]) in-hours GP consultations, and 27 486 (-85·3% [-85·4 to -85·2]) fewer emergency department attendances for children younger than 5 years compared with predicted values based on winter seasons before the COVID-19 pandemic. An unprecedented summer surge of RSV activity occurred in 2021, including 11 255 (1258·3% [1178·3 to 1345·8]) extra laboratory-confirmed cases, 11·6 percentage points (527·3%) higher test positivity, 7604 (10·7% [10·7 to 10·8]) additional hospital admissions, 84 425 (124·8% [124·7 to 124·9]) more calls to NHS 111, 409 (39·0% [36·6 to 41·8]) more out-of-hours GP contacts, and 9789 (84·9% [84·5 to 85·4]) more emergency department attendances compared with the predicted values, although there were 21 805 (-34·1% [-34·1 to -34·0]) fewer in-hours GP consultations than expected. Most indicators were also lower than expected in winter 2021-22, although to a lesser extent than in winter 2020-21.
INTERPRETATION
The extraordinary absence of RSV during winter 2020-21 probably resulted in a cohort of young children without natural immunity to RSV, thereby raising the potential for increased RSV incidence, out-of-season activity, and health-service pressures when measures to restrict SARS-CoV-2 transmission were relaxed.
FUNDING
None.
Topics: Humans; Child; Infant; Child, Preschool; COVID-19; Sentinel Surveillance; Pandemics; Laboratories, Clinical; SARS-CoV-2; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; England; Bronchiolitis; Bronchitis; Seasons
PubMed: 36063828
DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00525-4 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Jun 2017The benefits and risks of antibiotics for acute bronchitis remain unclear despite it being one of the most common illnesses seen in primary care. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
The benefits and risks of antibiotics for acute bronchitis remain unclear despite it being one of the most common illnesses seen in primary care.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the effects of antibiotics in improving outcomes and to assess adverse effects of antibiotic therapy for people with a clinical diagnosis of acute bronchitis.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched CENTRAL 2016, Issue 11 (accessed 13 January 2017), MEDLINE (1966 to January week 1, 2017), Embase (1974 to 13 January 2017), and LILACS (1982 to 13 January 2017). We searched the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP) and ClinicalTrials.gov on 5 April 2017.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised controlled trials comparing any antibiotic therapy with placebo or no treatment in acute bronchitis or acute productive cough, in people without underlying pulmonary disease.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
At least two review authors extracted data and assessed trial quality.
MAIN RESULTS
We did not identify any new trials for inclusion in this 2017 update. We included 17 trials with 5099 participants in the primary analysis. The quality of trials was generally good. At follow-up there was no difference in participants described as being clinically improved between the antibiotic and placebo groups (11 studies with 3841 participants, risk ratio (RR) 1.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.99 to 1.15). Participants given antibiotics were less likely to have a cough (4 studies with 275 participants, RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.49 to 0.85; number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) 6) and a night cough (4 studies with 538 participants, RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.54 to 0.83; NNTB 7). Participants given antibiotics had a shorter mean cough duration (7 studies with 2776 participants, mean difference (MD) -0.46 days, 95% CI -0.87 to -0.04). The differences in presence of a productive cough at follow-up and MD of productive cough did not reach statistical significance.Antibiotic-treated participants were more likely to be improved according to clinician's global assessment (6 studies with 891 participants, RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.79; NNTB 11) and were less likely to have an abnormal lung exam (5 studies with 613 participants, RR 0.54, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.70; NNTB 6). Antibiotic-treated participants also had a reduction in days feeling ill (5 studies with 809 participants, MD -0.64 days, 95% CI -1.16 to -0.13) and days with impaired activity (6 studies with 767 participants, MD -0.49 days, 95% CI -0.94 to -0.04). The differences in proportions with activity limitations at follow-up did not reach statistical significance. There was a significant trend towards an increase in adverse effects in the antibiotic group (12 studies with 3496 participants, RR 1.20, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.36; NNT for an additional harmful outcome 24).
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
There is limited evidence of clinical benefit to support the use of antibiotics in acute bronchitis. Antibiotics may have a modest beneficial effect in some patients such as frail, elderly people with multimorbidity who may not have been included in trials to date. However, the magnitude of this benefit needs to be considered in the broader context of potential side effects, medicalisation for a self limiting condition, increased resistance to respiratory pathogens, and cost of antibiotic treatment.
Topics: Acute Disease; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bronchitis; Cough; Humans; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 28626858
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000245.pub4 -
Current Pediatric Reviews 2024Acute bronchiolitis is a viral infection of the lower respiratory tract affecting infants aged under 12 months, variably presenting with respiratory distress, diffuse...
BACKGROUND
Acute bronchiolitis is a viral infection of the lower respiratory tract affecting infants aged under 12 months, variably presenting with respiratory distress, diffuse crackles and inflammatory wheezing. The main causative agent is Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV). The diagnosis is clinical and treatment mainly supportive. Despite the availability of more than 30 international guidelines, consistent management recommendations are lacking and considerable variability in patients' care persists among different providers.
OBJECTIVE
To review and describe current knowledge about epidemiology, physiopathology, clinic, diagnosis and management of acute bronchiolitis, with particular emphasis on updated evidence and future perspectives in terms of treatment and prevention.
METHODS AND RESULTS
We searched Cochrane for systematic reviews and PubMed for scientific articles published in the last 10 years, using a combination of the following search terms: "bronchiolitis", "respiratory syncytial virus", "epidemiology", "risk factors", "severity", "diagnosis", "clinic", "diagnostic imaging", "management", "asthma", "wheezing", "bronchodilator", "steroids", "hypertonic saline", "oxygen", "blood gas analysis", "HHHFNC", "rehydration", "enteral feeding", "parenteral hydration", "prevention", "vaccine" and "COVID-19 or SARS-CoV2". We accordingly performed a deep and extensive selection of the most updated and considerable literature on the matter, summarizing the most significant evidence concerning all aspects of acute bronchiolitis (epidemiology, clinic, diagnosis, management and prevention). Furthermore, we examined references and available guidelines from UK, USA, Canada, Italy and Spain. Results are extensively discussed below.
CONCLUSION
Although acute bronchiolitis has been a widely known disease for decades, its therapeutic approach remained unchanged and essentially limited to respiratory and metabolic support. Despite the abundance of studies, there is no significant evidence concerning therapeutic alternatives (e.g. steroids, inhaled hypertonic solution), which are therefore not recommended. According to most recent data, "acute bronchiolitis" definition encompasses a plethora of different clinical entities related to each subject's genetic and immune predisposition. Therefore, future research should focus on the precise characterization of such subcategories in order to individualize therapeutic management and ensure the most appropriate evidence-based care.
Topics: Infant; Humans; RNA, Viral; Systematic Reviews as Topic; Bronchiolitis; Bronchodilator Agents; Risk Factors; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections
PubMed: 37873951
DOI: 10.2174/0115733963267129230919091338