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Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in... Apr 2019Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) cause acute, self-limiting hepatic infections that are usually spread by the fecal-oral route in humans. Naturally... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) cause acute, self-limiting hepatic infections that are usually spread by the fecal-oral route in humans. Naturally occurring and experimental infections are possible in a variety of nonhuman primates and, in the case of HEV, a number of other species. Many advances in understanding the pathogenesis of these viruses have come from studies in experimental animals. In general, animals infected with these viruses recapitulate the histologic lesions seen in infected humans, but typically with less severe clinical and histopathological manifestations. This review describes the histopathologic changes associated with HAV and HEV infection in humans and experimental animals.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis A virus; Hepatitis E; Hepatitis E virus; Humans; Liver; Phylogeny; Primates
PubMed: 29712683
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a033456 -
Viruses May 2022The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is still one of the leading causes of acute viral hepatitis worldwide, despite there being an anti-HAV vaccine [...].
The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is still one of the leading causes of acute viral hepatitis worldwide, despite there being an anti-HAV vaccine [...].
Topics: Acute Disease; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis A Antibodies; Hepatitis A virus; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans; Vaccines, Inactivated
PubMed: 35746610
DOI: 10.3390/v14061138 -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2023Hepatitis is an inflammatory liver disease primarily caused by hepatitis A (HAV), B (HBV), C (HCV), D (HDV), and E (HEV) viruses. The chronic forms of hepatitis... (Review)
Review
Hepatitis is an inflammatory liver disease primarily caused by hepatitis A (HAV), B (HBV), C (HCV), D (HDV), and E (HEV) viruses. The chronic forms of hepatitis resulting from HBV and HCV infections can progress to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), while acute hepatitis can lead to acute liver failure, sometimes resulting in fatality. Viral hepatitis was responsible for over 1 million reported deaths annually. The treatment of hepatitis caused by viral infections currently involves the use of interferon-α (IFN-α), nucleoside inhibitors, and reverse transcriptase inhibitors (for HBV). However, these methods do not always lead to a complete cure for viral infections, and chronic forms of the disease pose significant treatment challenges. These facts underscore the urgent need to explore novel drug developments for the treatment of viral hepatitis. The discovery of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and the subsequent development of various modifications of this system have represented a groundbreaking advance in the quest for innovative strategies in the treatment of viral infections. This technology enables the targeted disruption of specific regions of the genome of infectious agents or the direct manipulation of cellular factors involved in viral replication by introducing a double-strand DNA break, which is targeted by guide RNA (spacer). This review provides a comprehensive summary of our current knowledge regarding the application of the CRISPR/Cas system in the regulation of viral infections caused by HAV, HBV, and HCV. It also highlights new strategies for drug development aimed at addressing both acute and chronic forms of viral hepatitis.
Topics: Humans; CRISPR-Cas Systems; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Liver Neoplasms; RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems; Hepatitis Viruses; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis C; Antiviral Agents
PubMed: 38203503
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010334 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology May 2017Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is one of the most common infectious etiologies of acute hepatitis worldwide. The virus is known to be transmitted fecal-orally, resulting in... (Review)
Review
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is one of the most common infectious etiologies of acute hepatitis worldwide. The virus is known to be transmitted fecal-orally, resulting in symptoms ranging from asymptomatic infection to fulminant hepatitis. HAV can also be transmitted through oral-anal sex. Residents from regions of low endemicity for HAV infection often remain susceptible in their adulthood. Therefore, clustered HAV infections or outbreaks of acute hepatitis A among men who have sex with men and injecting drug users have been reported in countries of low endemicity for HAV infection. The duration of HAV viremia and stool shedding of HAV may be longer in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals compared to HIV-negative individuals with acute hepatitis A. Current guidelines recommend HAV vaccination for individuals with increased risks of exposure to HAV (such as from injecting drug use, oral-anal sex, travel to or residence in endemic areas, frequent clotting factor or blood transfusions) or with increased risks of fulminant disease (such as those with chronic hepatitis). The seroconversion rates following the recommended standard adult dosing schedule (2 doses of HAVRIX 1440 U or VAQTA 50 U administered 6-12 mo apart) are lower among HIV-positive individuals compared to HIV-negative individuals. While the response rates may be augmented by adding a booster dose at week 4 sandwiched between the first dose and the 6-mo dose, the need of booster vaccination remain less clear among HIV-positive individuals who have lost anti-HAV antibodies.
Topics: Adult; Comorbidity; Disease Outbreaks; Female; HIV Infections; HIV Seropositivity; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis A Antibodies; Hepatitis A Vaccines; Hepatitis A virus; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Immunization Programs; Immunization, Secondary; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Vaccination; Young Adult
PubMed: 28611512
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i20.3589 -
Best Practice & Research. Clinical... Oct 2020Viral hepatitis can cause significant maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Hepatitis A and E mainly present as acute hepatitis during pregnancy, while... (Review)
Review
Viral hepatitis can cause significant maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Hepatitis A and E mainly present as acute hepatitis during pregnancy, while hepatitis C and D are usually found as chronic infection in pregnant women. Hepatitis A remains self-limiting during pregnancy while hepatitis E has a higher prevalence and manifests with a rigorous course in pregnant women. Screening of hepatitis C during pregnancy and its subsequent management during pregnancy are still a debatable topic. New treatments of hepatitis C and E require further evaluation for use in pregnancy. This review summarizes the prevalence, clinical manifestations, maternal, foetal and neonatal effects, and the management of hepatitis A, C, D and E viral infection during pregnancy.
Topics: Female; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis C; Hepatitis D; Hepatitis E; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Prenatal Care; Prevalence
PubMed: 32305262
DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2020.03.009 -
Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation Apr 2022The aim of this review is to provide a critical analysis of liver transplantation for alcoholic hepatitis, with an emphasis on barriers to long-term success in current... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
The aim of this review is to provide a critical analysis of liver transplantation for alcoholic hepatitis, with an emphasis on barriers to long-term success in current implementation strategies across the United States.
RECENT FINDINGS
Alcohol-associated liver disease is the most rapidly increasing indication for liver transplantation in the USA. Its most severe form, acute alcoholic hepatitis, has a rising incidence particularly in the young, and is associated with a high mortality risk. Although excellent outcomes following liver transplantation for alcoholic hepatitis can be achieved, several barriers limit its routine use. These constraints include risk of allograft dysfunction, the recognition of alcohol use disorder as a multisystem disease and ethical considerations.
SUMMARY
Although liver transplantation is an important option in a carefully selected group of candidates, it should not be considered the standard of care in this condition. Consistency, transparency and consensus are necessary to formulate and implement policy changes at the national level. Following liver transplantation, wraparound services are important for relapse prevention, and to ensure long-term success and survival in this challenging group of patients.
Topics: Contraindications; Hepatitis, Alcoholic; Humans; Liver Diseases, Alcoholic; Liver Transplantation; Patient Selection; Recurrence; United States
PubMed: 35166269
DOI: 10.1097/MOT.0000000000000974 -
JAMA Jun 2022
Topics: Acute Disease; Child; Hepatitis; Humans; Internationality
PubMed: 35699698
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2022.9175 -
Annals of Agricultural and... Sep 2020Hepatitis A Virus (HAV), reportedly the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis in developing countries, infects millions of people worldwide each year. The aim of...
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE
Hepatitis A Virus (HAV), reportedly the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis in developing countries, infects millions of people worldwide each year. The aim of the study is to investigate the seropositivity of anti-hepatitis A virus (HAV) IgG and IgM in all age groups in Erzurum, and to determine the effect of various factors such as age, gender, climatic conditions and HAV vaccination (included in 2012 in the National Immunization Schedule on seroprevalence) on the seropositivity.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The serological results of 25,007 individuals referred to Erzurum Public Health Microbiology Laboratory between January 2015 - December 2018 were retrospectively reviewed to test for the presence of anti-HAV IgG and IgM. The patient ages were 0-93 years. Serum samples were analyzed by ELISA. S/CO values of ≥1.00 and >1.21 were considered positive for anti-HAV IgG and IgM, respectively; results below this value were considered negative.
RESULTS
Anti-HAV IgG and IgM seropositivities were 87.3% and 0.2%, respectively. Anti-HAV IgG prevalence - 88.5% and 86.4%, anti-HAV IgM positivity - 0.1% and 0.3% in men and women. Anti-HAV IgG seroprevalence - 87%, 73.2%, 58.7%, 75.2%, 86.1%, 89.8%, 96.1%, 99.1%, 99.1% and 99.3%, respectively, at 0-4, 5-9 10-14, 15-19, 20-24, 25-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59 and >60 age groups. Anti-HAV IgM seropositivity - 0, 0.1%, 0.7%, 0.7%, 0.3%, 0, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.1%, and 0.2%, respectively, in the same age groups. Anti-HAV IgM positivity was the highest in November - 36(0.97%.
CONCLUSIONS
In Erzurum, anti-HAV IgG prevalence is tremendously high, whereas prevalence of anti-HAV IgM is exceptionally low, especially in the paediatric age group. Therefore, HAV vaccine is provided free of charge in Turkey, including Erzurum, since 2012.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis A Antibodies; Hepatitis A virus; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Retrospective Studies; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Turkey; Young Adult
PubMed: 32955233
DOI: 10.26444/aaem/125394 -
Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao. Yi Xue Ban =... Jan 2024Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a serious neoplastic disease with increasing incidence and mortality, accounting for 90% of all liver cancers. Hepatitis viruses are... (Review)
Review
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a serious neoplastic disease with increasing incidence and mortality, accounting for 90% of all liver cancers. Hepatitis viruses are the major causative agents in the development of HCC. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) primarily causes acute infections, which is associated with HCC to a certain extent, as shown by clinicopathological studies. Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections lead to persistent liver inflammation and cirrhosis, disrupt multiple pathways associated with cellular apoptosis and proliferation, and are the most common viral precursors of HCC. Mutations in the HBV X protein (HBx) gene are closely associated with the incidence of HCC, while the expression of HCV core proteins contributes to hepatocellular lipid accumulation, thereby promoting tumorigenesis. In the clinical setting, hepatitis D virus (HDV) frequently co-infects with HBV, increasing the risk of chronic hepatitis. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) usually causes acute infections. However, chronic infections of HEV have been increasing recently, particularly in immuno-compromised patients and organ transplant recipients, which may increase the risk of progression to cirrhosis and the occurrence of HCC. Early detection, effective intervention and vaccination against these viruses may significantly reduce the incidence of liver cancer, while mechanistic insights into the interplay between hepatitis viruses and HCC may facilitate the development of more effective intervention strategies. This article provides a comprehensive overview of hepatitis viruses and reviews recent advances in research on aberrant hepatic immune responses and the pathogenesis of HCC due to viral infection.
Topics: Humans; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Liver Neoplasms; Hepatitis B, Chronic; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Hepatitis C; Liver Cirrhosis
PubMed: 38426692
DOI: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2023-0481 -
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in... Aug 2019The recognition of hepatitis E as a discreet disease entity in the late 1970s followed the development of serological tests for hepatitis A and the discovery that large... (Review)
Review
The recognition of hepatitis E as a discreet disease entity in the late 1970s followed the development of serological tests for hepatitis A and the discovery that large waterborne outbreaks of hepatitis in India were not caused by hepatitis A virus (HAV). These "enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis" outbreaks had distinctive epidemiologic features, including the highest attack rates among young adults, little secondary household transmission of infection, and severe disease in pregnant women. The responsible agent, hepatitis E virus (HEV), was identified several years later in extracts of feces from a self-inoculated virologist. Multiple genetically related HEV genotypes are now known to exist, two of which are common in domestic swine herds and the cause of sporadic cases of acute hepatitis in economically well-developed countries. HEV genotypes possess impressive genetic and biologic diversity, and present many unanswered questions concerning their natural host range, potential for zoonotic transmission, and disease pathogenesis.
Topics: Animals; Developing Countries; Hepatitis E; Hepatitis E virus; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Zoonoses
PubMed: 29735576
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a033449