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International Journal of Medical... 2020Interleukin-17 (IL-17) C is a cytokine expressed by epithelial cells in response to bacterial stimulation. In contrast to other members of the IL-17 family of... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
Interleukin-17 (IL-17) C is a cytokine expressed by epithelial cells in response to bacterial stimulation. In contrast to other members of the IL-17 family of cytokines, IL-17C is upregulated early during infection, maintains integrity of the epithelial layer barrier, and mediates the innate immune response. We investigated the expression profile of IL-17C in pediatric adenoids. Pediatric adenoid tissues and lavage fluids were collected from a total of 38 subjects. The amebocyte lysate test and real-time PCR using primers were performed to evaluate bacterial contents in adenoids. Expression of IL-17RE in adenoids was analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot. The expression of IL-17C was evaluated by western blot and immunohistochemistry and compared between allergic rhinitis (AR) and control subjects. The levels of Hsp27, Hsp70, and IL-17C in adenoid lavage fluids were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the correlation between these molecules was statistically analyzed. The pediatric adenoids were found to be exposed to bacteria and had a normal flora comprising both gram-negative and -positive bacteria. IL-17RE, an IL-17C specific receptor, was highly expressed in the epithelium of adenoids. IL-17C was expressed in all evaluated adenoid tissue samples, irrespective of the allergic status of the patient. IL-17C secretion was detected in half of the adenoid lavage fluid samples and was associated with Hsp70 level. Our findings indicate the possible role of pediatric adenoids in innate immunity modulation via an innate immunity-associated cytokine.
Topics: Adenoids; Child; Child, Preschool; Epithelial Cells; Female; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Interleukin-17; Male; Receptors, Interleukin-17; Rhinitis, Allergic
PubMed: 33162788
DOI: 10.7150/ijms.49244 -
Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral... Jul 2022Adenoid ameloblastoma with dentinoid is an uncommon benign odontogenic neoplasm, and its unicystic variant seems to be even rarer. A 34-year-old man was referred for...
Adenoid ameloblastoma with dentinoid is an uncommon benign odontogenic neoplasm, and its unicystic variant seems to be even rarer. A 34-year-old man was referred for evaluation of an asymptomatic swelling in the posterior maxilla. Intraoral examination showed an expansive lesion, soft to palpation, covered by a normal color mucosa. Cone beam computed tomography revealed a well-defined unilocular hypodense tumor involving the left maxillary sinus. Histopathological examination of the surgically excised specimen showed a cystic tumor lined by an ameloblastic-like epithelium containing columnar basal cells with hyperchromatic and polarized nuclei. In some areas of the capsule, the tumor showed mural infiltration by sheets of cells containing central whirling structures. Dentinoid material was also observed in association with ameloblastic-like cells. The tumor was BRAF and KRAS wild-type. Collectively, these findings were consistent with the diagnosis of a unicystic variant of adenoid ameloblastoma with dentinoid.
Topics: Adenoids; Adult; Ameloblastoma; Epithelium; Humans; Male; Maxilla; Odontogenic Tumors
PubMed: 35153188
DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2021.10.005 -
BMC Pediatrics Apr 2023When analyzing the relationship between adenotonsillar hypertrophy and craniofacial morphology, researchers generally regarded hypertrophied adenoids and tonsils as a...
BACKGROUND
When analyzing the relationship between adenotonsillar hypertrophy and craniofacial morphology, researchers generally regarded hypertrophied adenoids and tonsils as a whole. It remains unclear whether different enlarged sites of pharyngeal lymphoid tissue would correlate with multiple craniofacial subtypes. We hypothesized there would be craniofacial subtypes correlated with different locations of hypertrophied adenoid and tonsil.
METHODS
Lateral cephalometric radiographs were obtained from 466 children (171 boys and 295 girls, aged 12.27 ± 2.69 years). They were divided into four groups according to different sites of enlarged pharyngeal lymphoid tissue: adenoid hypertrophy group (AG, n = 126), tonsillar hypertrophy group (TG, n = 59), adenotonsillar hypertrophy group (ATG, n = 69) and control group (CG, n = 212). Five commonly used angles for cephalometric measurements were investigated: SNA (Sella-Nasion-Point A), SNB (Sella-Nasion-Point B), ANB (Point A-Nasion-Point B), mandibular plane angle (MP/SN) and Y-axis angle (SGn/FH).
RESULTS
Children with isolated tonsillar hypertrophy correlated with increased SNA (unstandardized regression coefficient B = 1.38, p = 0.009) and SNB (B = 1.99, p = 0.001) compared with controls. However, children with isolated adenoid hypertrophy correlated with decreased SNB (B=-0.94, p = 0.036), increased ANB (B = 0.74, p = 0.014) and increased MP/SN (B = 2.22, p < 0.001). Similarly, children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy correlated with decreased SNB (B=-1.36, p = 0.015), increased ANB (B = 1.35, p < 0.001) and increased MP/SN (B = 2.64, p = 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
Isolated adenoid hypertrophy correlated with a retrognathic mandible, an increased maxillo-mandibular sagittal discrepancy, and an increased mandibular plane angle. Isolated tonsillar hypertrophy correlated with maxillary and mandibular protrusion. Adenotonsillar hypertrophy did not show a superimposed craniofacial pattern of the above two but showed the same craniofacial pattern as isolated adenoid hypertrophy.
Topics: Male; Child; Female; Humans; Palatine Tonsil; Adenoids; Mandible; Hypertrophy; Cephalometry
PubMed: 37024864
DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-03979-2 -
Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai... Jan 2021To investigate the effects of postoperative surgical treatment of infantile adenoidal hypertrophy on children, the recurrence rate, and the changes in immune levels...
To investigate the effects of postoperative surgical treatment of infantile adenoidal hypertrophy on children, the recurrence rate, and the changes in immune levels before and after surgery. Low temperature plasma ablation was performed in 11 infants with adenoidal hypertrophy to evaluate the risk of postoperative anesthesia and the effect of surgery on recurrence rate and immunity. During the follow-up period of 3 to 6 months, 2 patients had recurrence(18.18%), including 1 case with round pillow hyperplasia and 1 case with tonsil reactive hyperplasia. Three months after surgery, the immune level did not decrease significantly compared with that before surgery. No serious complications occurred in all children. Infants with adenoidal hypertrophy fall asleep, snoring, open mouth breathing, and belching seriously affect the quality of sleep and growth. Children who have been ineffective for more than 2 months undergo low-temperature plasma ablation. General anesthesia is safer. After that, the sleep quality of the children was significantly improved, and the immunity did not decrease significantly. Low temperature plasma ablation in infants with adenoidal hypertrophy is safe and effective, but it is not a routine treatment. Clinical symptoms are easy to repeat. The indications for surgery should be appropriately weighed.
Topics: Adenoids; Child; Humans; Hypertrophy; Infant; Mouth Breathing; Palatine Tonsil; Snoring
PubMed: 33540971
DOI: 10.13201/j.issn.2096-7993.2021.01.010 -
Advances in Oto-rhino-laryngology 2016Nose- or nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) has a unique role that is distinct from that of other lymphoid tissues. During upper airway mucosal immune... (Review)
Review
Nose- or nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) has a unique role that is distinct from that of other lymphoid tissues. During upper airway mucosal immune response, NALT induces a variety of responses, including cytokine and chemokine production and innate immune response, to establish acquired immunity. NALT consists of epithelial cells, epithelium-associated lymphoid tissues such as IgA-committed B cells, innate lymphocytes, T helper cells and dendritic cells. Intranasal immunization has recently been shown to effectively induce a proactive immune response in the local mucosa in addition to a systemic immune response. A variety of factors can cause otitis media, including Eustachian tube dysfunction, inflammation, allergy and viral and bacterial infections. However, the detailed pathogenesis of otitis media is not yet completely understood. In this report, we provide evidence suggesting that adenoid tissue as a component of NALT in children may play an important role in inducing innate immunity following viral infection.
Topics: Adenoids; Child; Epithelium; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Immunity, Mucosal; Lymphatic Vessels; Otitis Media
PubMed: 27115876
DOI: 10.1159/000441868 -
Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai... Aug 2021Obstructive sleep apnea(OSA) is a common disease in otolaryngology in children, and its incidence rate is increasing gradually, which seriously endangers children's... (Review)
Review
Obstructive sleep apnea(OSA) is a common disease in otolaryngology in children, and its incidence rate is increasing gradually, which seriously endangers children's growth and development, behavior cognition and so on. There are many etiologies of OSA in children. Besides tonsil hypertrophy and/or adenoid hypertrophy, the most common one, there are many different levels of airway obstruction caused by inflammation, dysplasia, obesity and other reasons. Different individualized treatment plan should be taken according to different etiology. This paper summarizes the different treatment methods of children OSA.
Topics: Adenoidectomy; Adenoids; Child; Humans; Palatine Tonsil; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive; Tonsillectomy
PubMed: 34304541
DOI: 10.13201/j.issn.2096-7993.2021.08.018 -
L' Orthodontie Francaise Dec 2018Enlarged adenoids are often associated with oral breathing. The latter can impact the dental arches. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between...
INTRODUCTION
Enlarged adenoids are often associated with oral breathing. The latter can impact the dental arches. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between dental arch measurements and the size of adenoids.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A cross-sectional study was carried out on 86 children. The dimensions of the adenoids were determined from nine radiographic evaluation methods and the dental arch measurements made on the casts. The association between the grade of adenoids and the dental arch measurements was sought by Spearman correlation. That between the quantitative variables assessing adenoids and dental arch measurements was sought by Pearson correlation. The strength of these associations was analyzed using Cohen's values in 1988. The significance was set at p = 0.05.
RESULTS
Palatal depth was significantly and positively correlated with adenoid grade according to the method of Holmberg and Linder-Aronson (rho = 0.55, p = 0.005) and with the adenoid measurements according to the methods of Kemaloglu, Fujioka, Johannesson, De Menezes and Maran with r respectively equal to 0.65, 0.59, 0.63, 0.47, 0.74; and p respectively equal to 0.001, 0.002, 0.001, 0.019, and < 0.001. It was also significantly but negatively correlated with the adenoids measurements according to Hibbert's method (r = -0.52, p = 0.008). Overbite was significantly and negatively correlated with adenoid dimension using the De Menezes method (r = -0.541, p = 0.006).
DISCUSSION
The strength of the associations shows that using respectively Maran and De Menezes methods can allow to better highlight the association between the dimensions of the adenoids and the palatal depth and the overbite.
Topics: Adenoids; Cephalometry; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Arch; Female; Humans; Hypertrophy; Male; Nasopharynx; Odontometry; Organ Size; Overbite
PubMed: 30565559
DOI: 10.1051/orthodfr/2018037 -
The Laryngoscope Feb 2016The tonsils and adenoids are secondary lymphoid organs, where antigen processing and immune cell development occur to control bacterial colonization and infection in the...
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS
The tonsils and adenoids are secondary lymphoid organs, where antigen processing and immune cell development occur to control bacterial colonization and infection in the upper respiratory tract. Both organs are abundant in follicular T helper cells (TFH), a subset of T cells specialized for promoting B-cell development. There are no prior studies on differences between the immune cells of the tonsils and adenoids and whether the cells function differently.
STUDY DESIGN
In vitro assays to assess cell phenotype of tonsils and adenoids from young children (median age = 40 months).
METHODS
Mononuclear cells from tonsils and adenoids were cultured with or without 1 µg/mL Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB) for 4 days. Cell phenotype and function were assessed by flow cytometry and multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
RESULTS
We found that in resting adenoids, TFH expressed higher CXCR5 and inducible costimulator but lower PD-1 than those from the tonsils, and that adenoidal B cells expressed higher CD27. Upon polyclonal stimulation with SEB, both TFH and B cells from the adenoids proliferated to a greater extent, and culture supernatants contained higher levels of interleukin 21.
CONCLUSIONS
We conclude that the cells of the adenoid are disposed toward the provision of more robust B-cell help than the tonsils.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
NA.
Topics: Adenoids; B-Lymphocytes; Child, Preschool; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Flow Cytometry; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Infant; Interleukins; Male; Palatine Tonsil; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer
PubMed: 26511445
DOI: 10.1002/lary.25536 -
Molecular Medicine Reports Mar 2021Adenoid hypertrophy (AH) is a common pediatric disease caused by inflammatory stimulation. The pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-32 has been reported to promote airway...
Adenoid hypertrophy (AH) is a common pediatric disease caused by inflammatory stimulation. The pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-32 has been reported to promote airway inflammation and also be involved in the pyroptosis pathway. However, whether IL-32 can contribute to AH by mediating pyroptosis remains to be elucidated. The present study aimed to investigate the role of IL-32 in AH and determine the potential underlying mechanisms. Adenoid tissues were collected from healthy children and children with AH, and the expression of IL-32, NACHT LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) and IL-1β in normal and hypertrophic tissues were measured. Human nasal epithelial cells (HNEpCs) were exposed to a series of IL-32 concentrations. HNEpCs with or without IL-32 silencing were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, gasdermin D (GSDMD) activation, production of inflammatory cytokines and the expression levels of proteins related to the potential mechanisms were evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence staining, ELISA and western blot assays, respectively. The results showed that IL-32, NLRP3 and IL-1β exhibited higher expression in adenoid tissues with AH compared with normal tissues. In HNEpC cells, treatment with IL-32 (2 and 10 ng/ml) promoted cell proliferation, while 50 ng/ml IL-32 inhibited cell proliferation at 12, 24 and 48 h post-treatment. IL-32 (2, 10 and 50 ng/ml) also resulted in differing degrees of apoptosis, GSDMD activation, release of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, and increased protein expression levels of NLRP3, cleaved-caspase-1, activated GSDMD, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein (NOD) 1/2 and Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, compared with the LPS group, IL-32 knockdown significantly inhibited LPS-induced enhancement of cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, GSDMD activation and production of inflammatory cytokines, and reversed the increased protein expression of NLRP3, cleaved-caspase-1, activated GSDMD, NOD1/2 and TLR4. In conclusion, IL-32 may play a role in the progression of AH via promoting inflammation, and the potential mechanism may involve the activation of NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis.
Topics: Adenoids; Cell Line; Child; Female; Humans; Hypertrophy; Inflammation; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukins; Male; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; Pyroptosis
PubMed: 33495843
DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.11865 -
Journal of Computer Assisted TomographyThis study aimed to quantify the adenoidal-nasopharyngeal ratio (ANR) in a cohort of healthy adults on cone beam computed tomography (CT) using the Fujioka method, which...
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to quantify the adenoidal-nasopharyngeal ratio (ANR) in a cohort of healthy adults on cone beam computed tomography (CT) using the Fujioka method, which is a reproducible measure of adenoid size and nasopharyngeal patency.
METHODS
Electronic health records and maxillofacial cone beam CT in 202 consecutive patients aged 16 years and older were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with a history of adenoidectomy, sinonasal disease, lymphoproliferative disorders, and cleft palate were excluded from the study. The midsagittal reconstructed cone beam CT image was used to determine the ANR. Statistical analysis was conducted using 1-way analysis of variance.
RESULTS
Of the 202 subjects, 131 were female and 71 were male. The mean ± SD subject age was 45.43 ± 20.79 years (range, 16-91 years). The mean ± SD ANR in all subjects was 0.22 ± 0.13 (range, 0.03-0.75) and in each decade of adult life was as follows: younger than 21 years, 0.39 ± 0.12; 21 to 30 years, 0.29 ± 0.11; 31 to 40 years, 0.21 ± 0.09; 41 to 50 years, 0.20 ± 0.07; 51 to 60 years, 0.16 ± 0.10; 61 to 70 years, 0.13 ± 0.05; 71 to 80 years, 0.12 ± 0.05; 81 to 90 years, 0.11 ± 0.04; and 91 years or older, 0.10 ± 0. The differences in mean ANR among the age subgroups were statistically significant ( P < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
The mean ANR gradually decreased from 0.39 in the second decade of life to 0.16 in the sixth decade of life and plateaued at approximately 0.10 thereafter.
Topics: Adenoids; Adult; Cleft Palate; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; Female; Humans; Male; Nasopharynx; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 35819911
DOI: 10.1097/RCT.0000000000001346