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Viruses Feb 2021Human adenoviruses cause disease at multiple mucosal sites, including the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tracts, and are common agents of... (Review)
Review
Human adenoviruses cause disease at multiple mucosal sites, including the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tracts, and are common agents of conjunctivitis. One site of infection that has received sparse attention is the cornea, a transparent tissue and the window of the eye. While most adenovirus infections are self-limited, corneal inflammation (keratitis) due to adenovirus can persist or recur for months to years after infection, leading to reduced vision, discomfort, and light sensitivity. Topical corticosteroids effectively suppress late adenovirus keratitis but are associated with vision-threatening side effects. In this short review, we summarize current knowledge on infection of the cornea by adenoviruses, including corneal epithelial cell receptors and determinants of corneal tropism. We briefly discuss mechanisms of stromal keratitis due to adenovirus infection, and review an emerging therapy to mitigate adenovirus corneal infections based on evolving knowledge of corneal epithelial receptor usage.
Topics: Adenoviridae Infections; Adenoviruses, Human; Animals; Cornea; Corneal Diseases; Humans
PubMed: 33668417
DOI: 10.3390/v13020293 -
Transplant Infectious Disease : An... Nov 2023Adenovirus (AdV) infection occurs in 0-20% of patients in the first 3-4 months after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), being higher in pediatric than... (Review)
Review
Adenovirus (AdV) infection occurs in 0-20% of patients in the first 3-4 months after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), being higher in pediatric than in adult patients. About 50% of AdV infections involve the blood, which in turn, correlates with an increased risk developing AdV diseases, end-organ damage, and 6-month overall mortality. The main risk factors for AdV infection are T-cell depletion of the graft by ex vivo selection procedures or in vivo use of alemtuzumab or antithymocyte serum, development of graft versus host disease (GVHD) grade III-IV, donor type (haploidentical or human leucocyte antigen mismatched related donor > cord blood> unrelated matched donor) and severe lymphopenia (<0.2 × 10 /L). The prevention of AdV disease relies on early diagnosis of increasing viral replication in blood or stool and the pre-emptive start of cidofovir as viral load exceeds the threshold of ≥10 copies/mL in blood and/or 10 copies/g stool in the stool. Cidofovir (CDV), a cytosine monophosphate nucleotide analog, is currently the only antiviral recommended for AdV infection despite limited efficacy and moderate risk of nephrotoxicity. Brincidofovir, a lipid derivative of CDV with more favorable pharmacokinetics properties and superior efficacy, is not available and currently is being investigated for other viral infections. The enhancement of virus-specific T-cell immunity in the first few months post-HCT by the administration of donor-derived or third-party-donor-derived virus-specific T-cells represents an innovative and promising modality of intervention and data of efficacy and safety of the ongoing prospective randomized studies are eagerly awaited.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Child; Cidofovir; Prospective Studies; Adenoviridae Infections; Risk Factors; Immunologic Factors; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
PubMed: 37846850
DOI: 10.1111/tid.14173 -
Viruses Jun 2021Adenovirus is a common cause of disease in humans and in animals [...].
Adenovirus is a common cause of disease in humans and in animals [...].
Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Adenoviruses, Human; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Humans
PubMed: 34200540
DOI: 10.3390/v13061112 -
Reviews in Medical Virology Nov 2015Five human adenovirus subtypes, Ad5, Ad9, Ad31, Ad36, and Ad37, and a non-human adenovirus, SMAM1, are linked to increased adiposity in vitro or in vivo. Experimental... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
Five human adenovirus subtypes, Ad5, Ad9, Ad31, Ad36, and Ad37, and a non-human adenovirus, SMAM1, are linked to increased adiposity in vitro or in vivo. Experimental infection with Ad5, Ad36, and Ad37 produced excess adiposity or weight gain in animals. Ad9 and Ad31 increase fat storage in tissue culture but are not associated with animal or human obesity. Ad36 is the most extensively studied adipogenic adenovirus and is correlated with some measure of overweight/obesity in humans from multiple countries. The correlation is strongest and most consistent in children, but some studies have been negative in both children and adults. About 30% of overweight/obese children and adults and about 15-20% of lean individuals have Ad36 antibodies in epidemiologic studies. The mechanisms of action of Ad36 are due to the early gene 4, open reading frame 1 (E4-ORF1). Blocking E4-ORF1 with siRNA prevents the effects of Ad36, and transfection of lentivirus with E4-ORF1 reproduces the Ad36 effects. Increased adiposity is caused by stimulation of at least three pathways by Ad36. Cell membrane glucose receptors are increased via the Ras pathway, leading to increased intracellular glucose. Fatty acid synthase is increased, which converts the glucose to fatty acids. Finally, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ is increased, resulting in differentiation of adult stem cells into adipocytes.
CONCLUSIONS
several adenoviruses increase adiposity in animals and are associated with obesity in humans. There are critical gaps in the literature needing further investigation including evaluation of other adenovirus subtypes and better research designs to improve the strength of causal inferences.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Animals; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Obesity
PubMed: 26352001
DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1852 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023Human adenovirus (HAdV) is a common respiratory virus, which can lead to severe pneumonia in children and immunocompromised persons, and canonical inflammasomes are...
INTRODUCTION
Human adenovirus (HAdV) is a common respiratory virus, which can lead to severe pneumonia in children and immunocompromised persons, and canonical inflammasomes are reported to be involved in anti-HAdV defense. However, whether HAdV induced noncanonical inflammasome activation has not been explored. This study aims to explore the broad roles of noncanonical inflammasomes during HAdV infection to investigate the regulatory mechanism of HAdV-induced pulmonary inflammatory damage.
METHODS
We mined available data on GEO database and collected clinical samples from adenovirus pneumonia pediatric patients to investigate the expression of noncanonical inflammasome and its clinical relevance. An cell model was employed to investigate the roles of noncanonical inflammasomes in macrophages in response to HAdV infection.
RESULTS
Bioinformatics analysis showed that inflammasome-related genes, including caspase-4 and caspase-5, were enriched in adenovirus pneumonia. Moreover, caspase-4 and caspase-5 expression levels were significantly increased in the cells isolated from peripheral blood and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of pediatric patients with adenovirus pneumonia, and positively correlated with clinical parameters of inflammatory damage. experiments revealed that HAdV infection promoted caspase-4/5 expression, activation and pyroptosis in differentiated THP-1 (dTHP-1) human macrophages via NF-κB, rather than STING signaling pathway. Interestingly, silencing of caspase-4 and caspase-5 in dTHP-1 cells suppressed HAdV-induced noncanonical inflammasome activation and macrophage pyroptosis, and dramatically decreased the HAdV titer in cell supernatants, by influencing virus release rather than other stages of virus life cycle.
DISCUSSION
In conclusion, our study demonstrated that HAdV infection induced macrophage pyroptosis by triggering noncanonical inflammasome activation via a NF-kB-dependent manner, which may explore new perspectives on the pathogenesis of HAdV-induced inflammatory damage. And high expression levels of caspase-4 and caspase-5 may be a biomarker for predicting the severity of adenovirus pneumonia.
Topics: Humans; Child; Inflammasomes; Pyroptosis; Adenovirus Infections, Human; Macrophages; NF-kappa B; Caspases; Pneumonia, Viral; Adenoviridae Infections
PubMed: 37180156
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1169968 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Feb 2023Human adenovirus (HAdV) is a major pathogen that causes acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) and is frequently associated with outbreaks. The HAdV prevalence and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Human adenovirus (HAdV) is a major pathogen that causes acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) and is frequently associated with outbreaks. The HAdV prevalence and the predominant types responsible for ARTI outbreaks remains obscure in China.
METHODS
A systematic review was performed to retrieve literature that reported outbreaks or etiological surveillance of HAdV among ARTI patients in China from 2009 to 2020. Patient information was extracted from the literature to explore the epidemiological characteristics and clinical manifestations of the infection of various HAdV types. The study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42022303015.
RESULTS
A total of 950 articles (91 about outbreaks and 859 about etiological surveillance) meeting the selection criteria were included. Predominant HAdV types from etiological surveillance studies differed from those in outbreak events. Among 859 hospital-based etiological surveillance studies, positive detection rates of HAdV-3 (32.73%) and HAdV-7 (27.48%) were significantly higher than other virus types. While nearly half (45.71%) of outbreaks were caused by HAdV-7 with an overall attack rate of 22.32% among the 70 outbreaks for which the HAdVs were typed by the meta-analysis. Military camp and school were main outbreak settings with significantly different seasonal pattern and attack rate, where HAdV-55 and HAdV-7 were identified as the leading type, respectively. Clinical manifestations mainly depended on the HAdV types and patient's age. HAdV-55 infection tends to develop into pneumonia with poorer prognosis, especially in children <5 years old.
CONCLUSIONS
This study improves the understanding of epidemiological and clinical features of HAdV infections and outbreaks with different virus types, and helps to inform future surveillance and control efforts in different settings.
Topics: Child; Humans; Child, Preschool; Prevalence; Phylogeny; Adenoviridae Infections; China; Respiratory Tract Infections; Adenovirus Infections, Human; Adenoviruses, Human
PubMed: 36812245
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011151 -
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases Dec 2019To provide an update on risk factors associated with adenovirus (ADV) infection in patients after hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) and on options for ADV monitoring... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
To provide an update on risk factors associated with adenovirus (ADV) infection in patients after hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) and on options for ADV monitoring and treatment in the setting of HCT.
RECENT FINDINGS
Among patients undergoing HCT, ADV infection continues to be more common amongst those receiving a T-cell-depleted or graft other than from a matched-related donor. Among children undergoing HCT, reactivation in the gastrointestinal tract appears to be the most common source, and the virus is detectable by quantitative PCR in the stool before it is detectable in the blood. Thus, screening for the virus in the stool of these children may allow for preemptive therapy to reduce mortality. Brincidofovir, although still not approved by any regulatory agency, remains a potential agent for preemptive therapy and for salvage in cases not responding to cidofovir. Rapidly generated off-the-shelf virus-specific T cells may facilitate adoptive cell therapy in populations with a special need and previously not eligible for adoptive cell therapy, such as cord blood recipients.
SUMMARY
ADV infection continues to adversely affect survival in HCT recipients. Screening stool in children and preemptive therapy may reduce mortality. Brincidofovir and adoptive T-cell therapy remain potential options for treatment.
Topics: Adenoviridae Infections; Antiviral Agents; Disease Management; Disease Susceptibility; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Humans; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Risk Factors; Transplant Recipients; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 31567568
DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000605 -
Reviews in Medical Virology Jan 2022As a health problem, obesity has several risk factors; it has been suggested that human adenovirus type 36 (HAdV-36) infections may possibly be associated with obesity.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
As a health problem, obesity has several risk factors; it has been suggested that human adenovirus type 36 (HAdV-36) infections may possibly be associated with obesity. This updated meta-analysis was designed and conducted with an emphasis on articles published from 2015 to 2020. The PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched up to 1 December 2020. Overall, pooled prevalence and odds ratio of antibodies against HAdV-36 in people with obesity and controls was assessed among different ages. Case-control and cohort studies were included in the analysis. The overall prevalence of HAdV-36 infection in obese population was 31% (CI: 0.24%-0.38%) which was 32% in cases and 27% in controls, respectively; a significant association was found between the cases and the controls (OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.39-2.43), especially in children younger than 18 years of age (OR, 2.44; 95% CI, 1.85-3.22). A significant association between adenovirus infection and obesity was found, especially in adolescents.
Topics: Adenoviridae Infections; Adenoviruses, Human; Adolescent; Case-Control Studies; Child; Humans; Obesity; Odds Ratio
PubMed: 34028108
DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2255 -
Journal of the Chinese Medical... Mar 2020The relationship between adenovirus infection and Kawasaki disease (KD) is unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between adenovirus...
BACKGROUND
The relationship between adenovirus infection and Kawasaki disease (KD) is unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between adenovirus infection and KD using a cohort study in Taiwan.
METHODS
We used Taiwan National Health Insurance data (from 2000 to 2008) to conduct a population-based cohort study, analyzing children that was under 18 years of age. In total, 5280 children had adenovirus infection, and 5280 children without adenovirus infection were matched and followed up. Subsequent KD was the major outcome event. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of developing KD associated with adenovirus infection.
RESULTS
There was a significantly higher cumulative incidence of KD in the adenovirus-infected cohort than that in the control cohort (log-rank test, p < 0.001). In the adenovirus-infected cohort, overall incidence of KD was 5.29 times higher than that of the control cohort (adjusted HR 5.29, 95% CI: 2.48-11.3). Increased KD risk was associated with previous adenovirus infection in children aged 3-5 years, in female patients, in those with a low urbanization level, and in those with allergies.
CONCLUSION
An association between previous adenovirus infection and KD was identified in Taiwanese children, but other potential risk factors were not fully analyzed. The relationship between infection and KD requires further study.
Topics: Adenoviridae Infections; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome; Proportional Hazards Models; Risk Factors
PubMed: 31990817
DOI: 10.1097/JCMA.0000000000000266 -
The Israel Medical Association Journal... Jul 2021Adenovirus infections are prevalent in children. They usually cause a mild self-limited disease. However, this infection can be associated with considerable morbidity...
BACKGROUND
Adenovirus infections are prevalent in children. They usually cause a mild self-limited disease. However, this infection can be associated with considerable morbidity and mortality in specific populations, especially among immunocompromised children. Children with Down syndrome are susceptible to a higher frequency and increased severity of viral infections. Little is known about the severity and clinical course of adenovirus infections in children with Down syndrome.
OBJECTIVES
To characterize hospitalized children diagnosed with Down syndrome and presenting with adenovirus infection.
METHODS
We performed a retrospective review of children admitted with adenovirus from January 2005 to August 2014 from a single tertiary pediatric medical center in Israel. Data were compared between patients with and without Down syndrome.
RESULTS
Among the 486 hospitalized children with adenoviral infection, 11 (2.28%) were diagnosed with Down syndrome. We found that children with Down syndrome were more likely to experience a higher incidence of complications (18.2% vs. 2.4%, P = 0.008), a higher rate of admissions to the intensive care unit (36.4% vs. 2.4%, P < 0.001), and more prolonged hospitalizations (17 ± 15.9 days compared to 4.46 ± 3.16, P = 0.025).
CONCLUSIONS
Children with Down syndrome who were hospitalized with adenovirus infection represent a high-risk group and warrant close monitoring. If a vaccine for adenovirus becomes available, children with Down syndrome should be considered as candidates.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenovirus Infections, Human; Child, Preschool; Critical Care; Down Syndrome; Female; Hospitalization; Hospitals, Pediatric; Humans; Incidence; Israel; Length of Stay; Male; Risk Assessment; Severity of Illness Index; Tertiary Care Centers
PubMed: 34251123
DOI: No ID Found