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Adipocyte Jul 2017Lipids have the potential to serve as bio-markers, which allow us to analyze and to identify cells under various experimental settings, and to serve as a clinical... (Review)
Review
Lipids have the potential to serve as bio-markers, which allow us to analyze and to identify cells under various experimental settings, and to serve as a clinical diagnostic tool. For example, diagnosis according to specific lipids that are associated with diabetes and obesity. The rapid development of mass-spectrometry techniques enables identification and profiling of multiple types of lipid species. Together, lipid profiling and data interpretation forge the new field of lipidomics. Lipidomics can be used to characterize physiologic and pathophysiological processes in adipocytes, since lipid metabolism is at the core of adipocyte physiology and energy homeostasis. A significant bulk of lipids are stored in adipocytes, which can be released and used to produce energy, used to build membranes, or used as signaling molecules that regulate metabolism. In this review, we discuss how exhaust of lipidomes can be used to study adipocyte differentiation, physiology and pathophysiology.
Topics: Adipocytes; Adipose Tissue; Cell Differentiation; Energy Metabolism; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Lipids; Obesity; Stem Cells
PubMed: 28425847
DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2017.1299298 -
Current Opinion in Genetics &... Jun 2023White adipocytes are highly specialized, lipid-storing cells. Their unique characteristics, including their large cell size and high buoyancy, have made adipocytes hard... (Review)
Review
White adipocytes are highly specialized, lipid-storing cells. Their unique characteristics, including their large cell size and high buoyancy, have made adipocytes hard to study in vitro. Most traditional monolayered adipocyte culture models also poorly reflect the morphology and expression of their mature counterparts. The recent invent of 3D adipocyte cultures seems to circumvent many of these shortcomings, and holds promise of improved adipocyte studies in vitro. Notable advances include vascularized and immunocompetent 3D adipose tissue models and organ-on-a-chip models. This short review aims to highlight some of the most recent advances, as well as discussing what challenges still lie ahead in order to develop culture models that are easily applicable, while adequately reflecting the characteristics of human adipose tissue.
Topics: Humans; Adipose Tissue; Adipocytes; Cell Culture Techniques; Cell Differentiation
PubMed: 37247571
DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2023.102057 -
Adipocyte Jul 2017Adipocytes were identified in human bone marrow more than a century ago, yet until recently little has been known about their origin, development, function or... (Review)
Review
Adipocytes were identified in human bone marrow more than a century ago, yet until recently little has been known about their origin, development, function or interactions with other cells in the bone marrow. Little functional significance has been attributed to these cells, a paradigm that still persists today. However, we now know that marrow adipose tissue increases with age and in response to a variety of physiologic induction signals. Bone marrow adipocytes have recently been shown to influence other cell populations within the marrow and can affect whole body metabolism by the secretion of a defined set of adipokines. Recent research shows that marrow adipocytes are distinct from white, brown and beige adipocytes, indicating that the bone marrow is a distinct adipose depot. This review will highlight recent data regarding these areas and the interactions of marrow adipose tissue (MAT) with cells within and outside of the bone marrow.
Topics: Adipocytes; Adipocytes, Brown; Adipocytes, White; Adipogenesis; Adipokines; Adipose Tissue; Adipose Tissue, Brown; Adipose Tissue, White; Animals; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Cell Differentiation; Humans; Mice; Thermogenesis
PubMed: 28872979
DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2017.1367881 -
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences :... Jan 2020Adipose tissue is located in discrete depots that are differentially associated with elevated risk of metabolic complications, with fat accretion in visceral depots... (Review)
Review
Adipose tissue is located in discrete depots that are differentially associated with elevated risk of metabolic complications, with fat accretion in visceral depots being most detrimental to metabolic health. Currently, the regulation of specific adipose depot expansion, by adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia and consequently fat distribution, is not well understood. However, a growing body of evidence from in vitro investigations indicates that mature adipocytes secrete factors that modulate the proliferation and differentiation of progenitor, adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs). It is therefore plausible that endocrine communication between adipocytes and ADSCs located in different depots influences fat distribution, and may therefore contribute to the adverse health outcomes associated with visceral adiposity. This review will explore the available evidence of paracrine and endocrine crosstalk between mature adipocytes and ADSCs that affects adipogenesis, as a better understanding of the regulatory roles of the extracellular signalling mechanisms within- and between adipose depots may profoundly change the way we view adipose tissue growth in obesity and related comorbidities.
Topics: Adipocytes; Adipogenesis; Animals; Cell Communication; Humans; Obesity; Paracrine Communication; Signal Transduction; Stem Cells
PubMed: 31352534
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03256-5 -
Genes & Development Jan 2017The ability to maintain and expand the pool of adipocytes in adults is integral to the regulation of energy balance, tissue/stem cell homeostasis, and disease... (Review)
Review
The ability to maintain and expand the pool of adipocytes in adults is integral to the regulation of energy balance, tissue/stem cell homeostasis, and disease pathogenesis. For decades, our knowledge of adipocyte precursors has relied on cellular models. The identity of native adipocyte precursors has remained unclear. Recent studies have identified distinct adipocyte precursor populations that are physiologically regulated and contribute to the development, maintenance, and expansion of adipocyte pools in mice. With new tools available, the properties of adipocyte precursors can now be defined, and the regulation and function of adipose plasticity in development and physiology can be explored.
Topics: Adipocytes, Brown; Adipocytes, White; Adipogenesis; Animals; Cell Differentiation; Humans; Research
PubMed: 28202540
DOI: 10.1101/gad.293704.116 -
The Journal of Experimental Medicine May 2022Metabolically beneficial beige adipocytes offer tremendous potential to combat metabolic diseases. The folliculin interacting protein 1 (FNIP1) is implicated in...
Metabolically beneficial beige adipocytes offer tremendous potential to combat metabolic diseases. The folliculin interacting protein 1 (FNIP1) is implicated in controlling cellular metabolism via AMPK and mTORC1. However, whether and how FNIP1 regulates adipocyte browning is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that FNIP1 plays a critical role in controlling adipocyte browning and systemic glucose homeostasis. Adipocyte-specific ablation of FNIP1 promotes a broad thermogenic remodeling of adipocytes, including increased UCP1 levels, high mitochondrial content, and augmented capacity for mitochondrial respiration. Mechanistically, FNIP1 binds to and promotes the activity of SERCA, a main Ca2+ pump responsible for cytosolic Ca2+ removal. Loss of FNIP1 resulted in enhanced intracellular Ca2+ signals and consequential activation of Ca2+-dependent thermogenic program in adipocytes. Furthermore, mice lacking adipocyte FNIP1 were protected against high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance and liver steatosis. Thus, these findings reveal a pivotal role of FNIP1 as a negative regulator of beige adipocyte thermogenesis and unravel an intriguing functional link between intracellular Ca2+ dynamics and adipocyte browning.
Topics: Adipocytes; Adipocytes, Beige; Animals; Calcium; Carrier Proteins; Glucose; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Thermogenesis
PubMed: 35412553
DOI: 10.1084/jem.20212491 -
Journal of Molecular Endocrinology Apr 2019Forkhead box-O1 (FOXO1) is a downstream target of AKT and plays crucial roles in cell cycle control, apoptosis, metabolism and adipocyte differentiation. It is thought... (Review)
Review
Forkhead box-O1 (FOXO1) is a downstream target of AKT and plays crucial roles in cell cycle control, apoptosis, metabolism and adipocyte differentiation. It is thought that FOXO1 affects adipocyte differentiation by regulating lipogenesis and cell cycle. With the deepening in the understanding of this field, it is currently believed that FOXO1 translocation between nuclei and cytoplasm is involved in the regulation of FOXO1 activity, thus affecting adipocyte differentiation. Translocation of FOXO1 depends on its post-translational modifications and interactions with 14-3-3. Based on these modifications and interactions, FOXO1 could regulate lipogenesis through PPARγ and the adipocyte cell cycle through p21 and p27. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive FOXO1 regulation network in adipocyte differentiation by linking together distinct functions mentioned above to explain their effects on adipocyte differentiation and to emphasize the regulatory role of FOXO1. In addition, we also focus on the novel findings such as the use of miRNAs in FOXO1 regulation and highlight the improvable issues, such as RNA modifications, for future research in the field.
Topics: 14-3-3 Proteins; Adipocytes; Animals; Cell Differentiation; Forkhead Box Protein O1; Humans; MicroRNAs; Obesity; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 30780132
DOI: 10.1530/JME-18-0178 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2020Maintenance of adipocyte precursors is critical for regulating metabolism and preventing obesity related disease. These precursors have been immortalized and studied in... (Review)
Review
Maintenance of adipocyte precursors is critical for regulating metabolism and preventing obesity related disease. These precursors have been immortalized and studied in cellular models as well as-more recently-in animal models. However, little is known about adipocyte precursors from animals of different ages. Most research has focused on adipocyte precursors during obesity. This review goes over the most recent reports of adipocyte precursors during development and in adulthood. Some of these new analyses are due to new techniques such as single cell-RNA sequencing and temporally controlled lineage tracing. With these tools, we have been able to further our understanding of adipocyte precursor lineages and their different regulatory mechanisms. As we learn more about adipocyte precursor plasticity and regulation, we can hope to use this knowledge for future clinical applications.
Topics: Adipocytes; Adipogenesis; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Cell Differentiation; Humans; Obesity; Single-Cell Analysis
PubMed: 33679601
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.613606 -
Journal of Interferon & Cytokine... Aug 2019Comprehension of adipocyte function has evolved beyond a long-held belief of their inert nature, as simple energy storing and releasing cells. Adipocytes, including... (Review)
Review
Comprehension of adipocyte function has evolved beyond a long-held belief of their inert nature, as simple energy storing and releasing cells. Adipocytes, including white, brown, and beige, are capable mediators of global metabolic health, but their intersection with inflammation is a budding field of exploration. Evidence hints at a reciprocal relationship adipocytes share with immune cells. Adipocyte's capacity to behave in an "immune-like" manner and ability to sense inflammatory cues that subsequently alter core adipocyte function might play an important role in shaping immune responses. Clarifying this intricate relationship could uncover previously underappreciated contribution of adipocytes to inflammation-driven human health and disease. In this review, we highlight the potential of largely underappreciated adipocyte "immune-like" function and how it may contribute to inflammation, immunity, and pathology of various diseases.
Topics: Adipocytes; Animals; Humans; Inflammation
PubMed: 30920343
DOI: 10.1089/jir.2019.0014 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2023The ability to generate thermogenic fat could be a targeted therapy to thwart obesity and improve metabolic health. Brown and beige adipocytes are two types of... (Review)
Review
The ability to generate thermogenic fat could be a targeted therapy to thwart obesity and improve metabolic health. Brown and beige adipocytes are two types of thermogenic fat cells that regulate energy balance. Both adipocytes share common morphological, biochemical, and thermogenic properties. Yet, recent evidence suggests unique features exist between brown and beige adipocytes, such as their cellular origin and thermogenic regulatory processes. Beige adipocytes also appear highly plastic, responding to environmental stimuli and interconverting between beige and white adipocyte states. Additionally, beige adipocytes appear to be metabolically heterogenic and have substrate specificity. Nevertheless, obese and aged individuals cannot develop beige adipocytes in response to thermogenic fat-inducers, creating a key clinical hurdle to their therapeutic promise. Thus, elucidating the underlying developmental, molecular, and functional mechanisms that govern thermogenic fat cells will improve our understanding of systemic energy regulation and strive for new targeted therapies to generate thermogenic fat. This review will examine the recent advances in thermogenic fat biogenesis, molecular regulation, and the potential mechanisms for their failure.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Adipocytes; Adipose Tissue, Brown; Adipocytes, Beige; Energy Metabolism; Obesity
PubMed: 37020585
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1150059