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Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic... Sep 2019Adiponectin, a soluble adipocytokine, plays an important role in the functioning of adipose tissue and in the regulation of inflammation, particularly hepatic... (Review)
Review
Adiponectin, a soluble adipocytokine, plays an important role in the functioning of adipose tissue and in the regulation of inflammation, particularly hepatic inflammation. The adiponectin subsequently imparts a crucial role in metabolic and hepato-inflammatory diseases. The most recent evidences indicate that lipotoxicity-induced inflammation in the liver is associated with obesity-derived alterations and remolding in adipose tissue that culminates in most prevalent liver pathology named as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). A comprehensive crosstalk of adiponectin and its cognate receptors, specifically adiponectin receptor-2 in the liver mediates ameliorative effects in obesity-induced NAFLD by interaction with hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). Recent studies highlight the implication of molecular mediators mainly involved in the pathogenesis of obesity and obesity-driven NAFLD, however, the plausible mechanisms remain elusive. The present review aimed at collating the data regarding mechanistic approaches of adiponectin and adiponectin-activated PPARs as well as PPAR-induced adiponectin levels in attenuation of hepatic lipoinflammation. Understanding the rapidly occurring adiponectin-mediated pathophysiological outcomes might be of importance in the development of new therapies that can potentially resolve obesity and obesity-associated NAFLD.
Topics: Adiponectin; Animals; Humans; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Obesity; Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
PubMed: 31656991
DOI: 10.1007/s11154-019-09510-2 -
Neurological Sciences : Official... Aug 2014Although the pathogenesis of migraine is very complex and has not been thoughtfully elucidated, general consensus exists to date that this condition should be considered... (Review)
Review
Although the pathogenesis of migraine is very complex and has not been thoughtfully elucidated, general consensus exists to date that this condition should be considered a primary neurovascular disorder with an important inflammatory component. Owing to epidemiological evidence of increased risk of migraine in overweight and obese subjects and to the inverse relationship that exists between serum adiponectin concentration and obesity, we performed an electronic search on Medline, Scopus and Web of Science, using the keywords "migraine" and "adiponectin" with no language or date restriction to explore the existence of an association between serum adiponectin and migraine. According to our search criteria, five studies were finally included in this systematic review, four cross-sectional (totaling 300 patients with migraine and 177 controls) and one interventional. Collectively, the results of our analysis suggest that a link between serum adiponectin and migraine remains elusive, at the best. The four cross-sectional studies failed to find any significant association, whereas the outcome of the single interventional study reported a rather modest variation of serum adiponectin concentration in a very limited sample size. Further larger studies are needed to firmly establish the existence of a relationship between adiponectin metabolism and migraine.
Topics: Adiponectin; Adult; Comorbidity; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Migraine Disorders; Naproxen; Obesity; Sumatriptan
PubMed: 24648004
DOI: 10.1007/s10072-014-1719-3 -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2020Adiponectin is an adipokine produced by adipose tissue. It has numerous beneficial effects. In particular, it improves metabolic effects and glucose homeostasis, lipid... (Review)
Review
Adiponectin is an adipokine produced by adipose tissue. It has numerous beneficial effects. In particular, it improves metabolic effects and glucose homeostasis, lipid profile, and is involved in the regulation of cytokine profile and immune cell production, having anti-inflammatory and immune-regulatory effects. Adiponectin's role is already known in immune diseases and also in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, are a set of diseases of the central nervous system, characterized by a chronic and selective process of neuron cell death, which occurs mainly in relation to oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Lifestyle is able to influence the development of these diseases. In particular, unhealthy nutrition on gut microbiota, influences its composition and predisposition to develop many diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, given the importance of the "gut-brain" axis. There is a strong interplay between Adiponectin, gut microbiota, and brain-gut axis. For these reasons, a healthy diet composed of healthy nutrients such as probiotics, prebiotics, polyphenols, can prevent many metabolic and inflammatory diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases and obesity. The special Adiponectin role should be taken into account also, in order to be able to use this component as a therapeutic molecule.
Topics: Adiponectin; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Brain; Diet, Healthy; Disease Susceptibility; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Nutritional Status; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 33291597
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239255 -
Journal of Molecular Cell Biology Apr 2016Whole-body energy metabolism and cardiovascular homeostasis are tightly controlled processes that involve highly coordinated crosstalk among distal organs. This is... (Review)
Review
Whole-body energy metabolism and cardiovascular homeostasis are tightly controlled processes that involve highly coordinated crosstalk among distal organs. This is mainly achieved by a large number of hormones released from each organ. Among them, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and adiponectin have recently gained considerable attention, since both of them possess multiple profound protective effects against a myriad of cardio-metabolic disorders. Despite their distinct structures and production sites, these two hormones share striking functional similarity. This dichotomy is recently reconciled by the demonstration of the FGF21-adiponectin axis. In adipocytes, both transcription and secretion of adiponectin are strongly induced by FGF21, which is partially dependent on PPARγ activity. Furthermore, the glucose-lowering, lipid-clearing, and anti-atherosclerotic functions of FGF21 are diminished in adiponectin-null mice, suggesting that adiponectin serves as an obligatory mediator of FGF21-elicited metabolic and vascular benefits. However, in both animals and human subjects with obesity, circulating FGF21 levels are increased whereas plasma adiponectin concentrations are reduced, perhaps due to FGF21 resistance, suggesting that dysfunctional FGF21-adiponectin axis is an important contributor to the pathogenesis of obesity-related cardio-metabolic syndrome. The FGF21-adiponectin axis protects against a cluster of cardio-metabolic disorders via mediating multi-organ communications, and is a promising target for therapeutic interventions of these chronic diseases.
Topics: Adiponectin; Animals; Blood Vessels; Energy Metabolism; Fibroblast Growth Factors; Homeostasis; Humans; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 26993043
DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjw013 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2019Circulating adiponectin concentrations are reduced in obese individuals, and this reduction has been proposed to have a crucial role in the pathogenesis of... (Review)
Review
Circulating adiponectin concentrations are reduced in obese individuals, and this reduction has been proposed to have a crucial role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome. We focus on the effects of adiponectin on glucose and lipid metabolism and on the molecular anti-atherosclerotic properties of adiponectin and also discuss the factors that increase the circulating levels of adiponectin. Adiponectin reduces inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress, which leads to an improvement of insulin resistance. Adiponectin-induced improvement of insulin resistance and adiponectin itself reduce hepatic glucose production and increase the utilization of glucose and fatty acids by skeletal muscles, lowering blood glucose levels. Adiponectin has also β cell protective effects and may prevent the development of diabetes. Adiponectin concentration has been found to be correlated with lipoprotein metabolism; especially, it is associated with the metabolism of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglyceride (TG). Adiponectin appears to increase HDL and decrease TG. Adiponectin increases ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and decreases hepatic lipase, which may elevate HDL. Increased LPL mass/activity and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) receptor and reduced apo-CIII may increase VLDL catabolism and result in the reduction of serum TG. Further, adiponectin has various molecular anti-atherosclerotic properties, such as reduction of scavenger receptors in macrophages and increase of cholesterol efflux. These findings suggest that high levels of circulating adiponectin can protect against atherosclerosis. Weight loss, exercise, nutritional factors, anti-diabetic drugs, lipid-lowering drugs, and anti-hypertensive drugs have been associated with an increase of serum adiponectin level.
Topics: Adiponectin; Animals; Atherosclerosis; Disease Progression; Glucose; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Lipid Metabolism; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 30857216
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051190 -
Current Drug Metabolism 2019Cervical Cancer (CC) is the most common leading cancer in women globally. This is considered to be the type of cancer that is restricted to women. Any women in the... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Cervical Cancer (CC) is the most common leading cancer in women globally. This is considered to be the type of cancer that is restricted to women. Any women in the reproductive age range can develop CC. However, women between the ages of 25 and 39 are at a higher risk.
OBJECTIVE
In comparison with developed countries, the screening and awareness of CC in developing countries are significantly low. Infection with Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the main cause of CC, especially HPV-16 and HPV-18. Other than HPV, there are other factors that can contribute to CC, such as Human simplex virus (HSV) infection and immunocompromised patients with HIV.
CONCLUSION
Cervical cancer can be detected by molecular techniques such as (1) PCR, (2) visual acetic acid method, (3) DNA Hybrid II test, (4) liquid-based cytology, (5) Pap-Smear techniques, and (6) colposcopy techniques. Early detection of CC is very much needed; cryotherapy or LEEP (Loop electro surgical excision procedure) can be conducted during the pre-invasive stage of CC. Some metabolic changes in the human body such as fluctuating levels of insulin and triglycerides and increased activity of adiponectin may lead to CC. These contributing factors, such as adipokines, can be used as biomarkers for CC detection.
Topics: Adiponectin; Animals; Female; Humans; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
PubMed: 31902354
DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666200103113330 -
Molecular Neurobiology Dec 2019Depression is the most devastating mental disorder and one of the leading contributors to the global medical burden. Current antidepressant prescriptions present... (Review)
Review
Depression is the most devastating mental disorder and one of the leading contributors to the global medical burden. Current antidepressant prescriptions present drawbacks, including treatment resistance, delayed onset of treatment response, and side effects. The rapid and long-lasting antidepressant effect of ketamine has brought hope to treatment-resistant major depressive disorder patients. However, ketamine has undesirable addictive properties and is a drug of abuse. There is an urgent need, therefore, to develop novel pharmacological interventions that could be as effective as ketamine, but without its side effects. Adiponectin, a pleiotropic adipocyte-secreted hormone, has insulin-sensitizing and neurotrophic properties. It can cross the blood-brain barrier and target multiple brain regions where the adiponectin receptors are detected. Emerging evidence has suggested that adiponectin and the adiponectin receptor agonist, AdipoRon, could promote adult neurogenesis, dendritic and spine remodeling, and synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus, resulting in antidepressant effects in adult mice. By summarizing the most recent clinical and animal studies, this review provides a timely insight on how modulating the adiponergic system in the hippocampus could be a potential therapeutic target for an effective and fast-acting antidepressant response.
Topics: Adiponectin; Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Depressive Disorder, Major; Humans; Receptors, Adiponectin; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 31140056
DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01644-3 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2017The adipocyte-secreted protein adiponectin (APN) has several protective functions in the peripheral tissues including insulin sensitizing, anti-inflammatory and... (Review)
Review
The adipocyte-secreted protein adiponectin (APN) has several protective functions in the peripheral tissues including insulin sensitizing, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects that may benefit neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, dysregulation of cerebral insulin sensitivities and signaling activities have been implicated in AD. Emerging insights into the mechanistic roles of adiponectin and AD highlight the potential therapeutic effects for AD through insulin signaling.
Topics: Adipocytes; Adiponectin; Alzheimer Disease; Animals; Humans; Neuroprotective Agents; PPAR gamma
PubMed: 28282917
DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030592 -
BMC Medical Genomics Dec 2022The role of adiponectin (ADIPOQ) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been documented, however, demonstrating controversial results. In this study, we investigated blood...
BACKGROUND
The role of adiponectin (ADIPOQ) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been documented, however, demonstrating controversial results. In this study, we investigated blood serum ADIPOQ levels, methylation of the adiponectin gene promoter, and adiponectin receptors (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) expression in blood samples isolated from AD patients and healthy controls.
METHODS
We performed a case-control study including 248 subjects (98 AD patients and 150 healthy controls); ADIPOQ serum levels, AdipoR1, and AdipoR2 levels in PBMC were measured by ELISA Kits, and ADIPOQ gene methylation was analyzed using methyl-specific PCR.
RESULTS
Serum adiponectin levels were threefold higher in the AD group compared to the controls. We have also found a positive correlation between adiponectin and MMSE scores and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in AD patients. A significant difference in the proportion of methylation of the CpG sites at - 74 nt of the ADIPOQ gene promoter was detected in AD cases, and the levels of adiponectin in blood serum were significantly higher in methylated samples in the AD group compared to controls. The amount of AdipoR1 was significantly higher among AD subjects, while the expression of AdipoR2 did not vary between AD patients and controls.
CONCLUSION
These findings may contribute to a deeper understanding of the etiological factors leading to the development of dementia and may serve as a basis for the development of predictive biomarkers of AD.
Topics: Humans; Receptors, Adiponectin; Adiponectin; Methylation; Case-Control Studies; Alzheimer Disease; Leukocytes, Mononuclear
PubMed: 36527105
DOI: 10.1186/s12920-022-01420-8 -
Theriogenology Jan 2021Adiponectin is a hormone secreted by adipose tissue that is involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis and reproduction. In this study, the expression levels of...
Adiponectin is a hormone secreted by adipose tissue that is involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis and reproduction. In this study, the expression levels of adiponectin and its receptors in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis of laying hens were investigated using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting, and the localization of these proteins was explored using immunohistochemistry. The morphological relationships between adiponectin receptors and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons were analyzed using double immunofluorescence labeling. The results showed that adiponectin mRNA and protein were widely expressed in all tissues involved in the HPO axis in laying hens, with especially high expression in the hypothalamus. Both AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 were more highly expressed in the pituitary than in other tissues and exhibited similar mRNA and protein expression patterns. The immunohistochemistry results showed that adiponectin and AdipoR2 were localized in the major hypothalamic nuclei that regulate food intake and energy balance (i.e., the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), infundibular nucleus (IN), dorsomedial nucleus (DMN), and paraventricular nucleus (PVN)). Immunostaining revealed that adiponectin and its receptors were also localized in the cytoplasm of cells in the adenohypophysis. In the ovaries, adiponectin was localized in the granulosa layer, in the theca externa of follicles and in basal cells, while AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 were localized in basal cells. In the double immunofluorescence labeling experiment, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 were localized in GnRH neurons in the IN and DMN. These results suggest that adiponectin and its receptors may play major roles in the endocrine network, which integrates energy balance and reproduction.
Topics: Adiponectin; Animals; Chickens; Female; Ovary; Pituitary Gland; Receptors, Adiponectin
PubMed: 33113442
DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.10.020